{"id":34924,"date":"2019-07-01T03:13:30","date_gmt":"2019-07-01T00:13:30","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/?p=34924"},"modified":"2019-07-03T15:23:28","modified_gmt":"2019-07-03T12:23:28","slug":"gunes-nasil-olustu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2019\/07\/01\/gunes-nasil-olustu","title":{"rendered":"G\u00fcne\u015f nas\u0131l olu\u015ftu?"},"content":{"rendered":"

G\u00fcne\u015f Sistemi, i\u00e7inde 200 milyar dolay\u0131nda y\u0131ld\u0131z\u0131n ve y\u0131ld\u0131zlar\u0131n aras\u0131ndaki uzayda da dev gaz ve toz bulutlar\u0131n\u0131n bulundu\u011fu b\u00fcy\u00fck\u00e7e bir g\u00f6kadan\u0131n i\u00e7inde yer al\u0131r. Bu gaz ve toz bulutlar\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc \u00f6nceki ku\u015faktan baz\u0131 y\u0131ld\u0131zlar\u0131n kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczden yakla\u015f\u0131k 4,6 milyar y\u0131l \u00f6nce G\u00fcne\u015f Sistemi\u2019miz de yaln\u0131zca gaz molek\u00fclleri ve toz zerreciklerinden olu\u015fan dev bir hammadde bulutuydu. G\u00fcne\u015f, gezegenler, kuyrukluy\u0131ld\u0131zlar, hayvanlar, bitkiler, verem bakterileri, grip vir\u00fcsleri vs. hepsi bu buluttan ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00c7ap\u0131 50-100 \u0131\u015f\u0131k y\u0131l\u0131 olan bulut, Samanyolu\u2019ndaki b\u00fct\u00fcn nesneler gibi g\u00f6kada merkezinin \u00e7evresinde sakin bir bi\u00e7imde d\u00f6n\u00fcyordu. K\u00fctlesinin b\u00fcy\u00fck b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc (y\u00fczde 73\u2019\u00fc) hidrojenden olu\u015fuyordu. Geri kalan\u0131n\u0131n neredeyse tamam\u0131 helyumdu; ancak eser miktarda karbon, azot ve oksijen gibi a\u011f\u0131r elementler ve toz par\u00e7ac\u0131klar\u0131 da vard\u0131. S\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 -250\u00b0C dolay\u0131nda olan bulutun yo\u011funlu\u011fu santimetrek\u00fcpte birka\u00e7 bin ile birka\u00e7 milyon molek\u00fcl aras\u0131nda de\u011fi\u015fiyordu.<\/p>\n

Dev gaz ve toz bulutu \u00e7evreden gelen bir itme ya da \u00e7ekme etkisiyle hareketlendi. (Bulut, b\u00fcy\u00fck\u00e7e bir y\u0131ld\u0131z\u0131n yan\u0131ndan ge\u00e7mi\u015f olabilir. K\u00fctle\u00e7ekim etkisiyle bulutun durgunlu\u011fu bozulmu\u015f ve i\u00e7eri\u011findeki molek\u00fcller hareketlenmeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f olabilir. Ya da bulutun yak\u0131nlar\u0131nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen bir s\u00fcpernovan\u0131n \u015fok dalgalar\u0131n\u0131n bulutu iterek i\u00e7eri\u011fini s\u0131k\u0131\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015f olabilir.) Ku\u015fkusuz bu dev bulutu harekete ge\u00e7iren etmenin ne oldu\u011fu tam olarak bilinemez. Ancak bilinen \u015fey, bunlara benzeyen tetikleyici bir etkiyle hareketlenen bulutun i\u00e7eri\u011finin, k\u00fctle\u00e7ekim kuvveti nedeniyle merkeze do\u011fru y\u00f6nelmi\u015f ve hafif bir d\u00f6nme hareketiyle birlikte i\u00e7ine \u00e7\u00f6kmeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fudur.<\/p>\n

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Y\u00fczlerce, hatta binlerce \u0131\u015f\u0131k y\u0131l\u0131 \u00e7apl\u0131 bir bulutsudan zamanla \u00e7ok say\u0131da \u201c\u00e7ekirdek bulutsu\u201d ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar. \u00c7ekirdek bulutsular \u00e7evrelerine g\u00f6re maddeleri daha b\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u00fctle\u00e7ekim kuvvetiyle \u00e7ekerler. B\u00fcy\u00fck olas\u0131l\u0131kla her biri ileride bir y\u0131ld\u0131za d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fecektir.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Bulutun hareketlenmesiyle birlikte, G\u00fcne\u015f\u2019i ve G\u00fcne\u015f Sistemi\u2019ni olu\u015fturan s\u00fcre\u00e7 de ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. S\u00fcrecin ba\u015flamas\u0131ndan yakla\u015f\u0131k iki milyon y\u0131l sonra bulutun bir\u00e7ok noktas\u0131nda \u00e7evrelerinden daha yo\u011fun olan \u201c\u00e7ekirdek\u201d bulutlar ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Bu b\u00f6lgeler \u00e7evrelerine g\u00f6re daha b\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u00fctle\u00e7ekimiyle maddeleri kendilerine daha \u00e7ok \u00e7ekmeye ba\u015flad\u0131. Bunlar\u0131n kendi eksenlerinde, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck de olsa bir d\u00f6nme hareketi vard\u0131. Bu d\u00f6nme, \u00e7ekirdek bulutlar k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcld\u00fck\u00e7e giderek h\u0131zland\u0131; t\u0131pk\u0131 buz pateni yapan birinin kollar\u0131n\u0131 kapad\u0131\u011f\u0131nda h\u0131z\u0131n\u0131n artmas\u0131 gibi. B\u00f6ylesi y\u00fczlerce \u00e7ekirdek buluttan baz\u0131lar\u0131ndan, bir s\u00fcre sonra, aralar\u0131nda G\u00fcne\u015f\u2019in de bulunaca\u011f\u0131 y\u0131ld\u0131zlar olu\u015facakt\u0131.<\/p>\n

G\u00fcne\u015f\u2019i olu\u015fturacak \u00e7ekirdek bulut, bu d\u00f6nemde bir \u0131\u015f\u0131k y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fczde biri \u00e7ap\u0131ndayd\u0131. D\u00f6nen buluttaki madde merkeze do\u011fru \u00e7ekiliyor, bulut giderek k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fcyor ve d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f h\u0131z\u0131 da art\u0131yordu. Bulutun merkezine do\u011fru olan madde ak\u0131\u015f\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda, atomlar\u0131n ve molek\u00fcllerin birbirine s\u00fcrt\u00fcnmesi \u0131s\u0131nmaya yol a\u00e7\u0131yordu. Merkez giderek \u0131s\u0131n\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n

Giderek k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fclen bulutun merkezinde, G\u00fcne\u015f\u2019ten Pl\u00fcton\u2019a kadar olan, k\u00fcre \u015feklinde dev bir yap\u0131 olu\u015fmaya ba\u015flad\u0131. Merkezdeki bu k\u00fcrenin k\u00fctlesi kendine \u00e7ekti\u011fi maddelerle s\u00fcrekli artt\u0131. Artan k\u00fctleyle birlikte b\u00fcy\u00fcyen k\u00fctle\u00e7ekim kuvveti de, hem giderek daha \u00e7ok maddenin \u00e7ekilmesine, hem de k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fclmeye yol a\u00e7t\u0131. K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fclen k\u00fcrenin merkezinde yaln\u0131zca s\u0131cakl\u0131k de\u011fil, d\u00f6nme h\u0131z\u0131 ve yo\u011funluk da giderek artt\u0131. G\u00fcne\u015f \u00f6ny\u0131ld\u0131z a\u015famas\u0131na girdi. \u00d6ng\u00fcne\u015fin kendi ekseninde belirgin bir d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fc vard\u0131.<\/p>\n

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\u00c7ekirdek bulutsular kendi eksenlerinde d\u00f6nerler ve giderek b\u00fcz\u00fcl\u00fcr, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fcrler. K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcld\u00fck\u00e7e de h\u0131zlar\u0131 ve s\u0131cakl\u0131klar\u0131 artar.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Merkezinde \u00f6ng\u00fcne\u015f bulunan gaz ve toz bulutunun geri kalan b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc d\u00f6nme hareketi nedeniyle disk \u015feklini ald\u0131. Bu yap\u0131ya g\u00fcne\u015f bulutsusu denir. (G\u00f6kbilimciler g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde b\u00f6ylesi disklerle ku\u015fat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bir\u00e7ok gen\u00e7 y\u0131ld\u0131z ke\u015ffetmi\u015ftir.) G\u00fcne\u015f bulutsusunun \u00e7ap\u0131 100-200 AB ve k\u00fctlesi de y\u00fczde 1-10 G\u00fcne\u015f k\u00fctlesi kadard\u0131.<\/p>\n

Merkezindeki s\u0131cakl\u0131k 5.000.000\u00b0C ve y\u00fczey s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 da 4500\u00b0C dolaylar\u0131na geldi\u011finde, \u00f6ng\u00fcne\u015f T-Tauri denen bir evreye girdi. K\u0131sa s\u00fcren ama manyetik olarak \u00e7ok etkin bu evrede, g\u00fcne\u015f r\u00fczg\u00e2r\u0131(1) diye bilinen yeni bir etkinlik ba\u015flad\u0131. \u00d6ng\u00fcne\u015fin k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fclmesi s\u00fcrerken, art\u0131k bir yandan da her saniye b\u00fcy\u00fck miktarlarda elektrik y\u00fckl\u00fc atomalt\u0131 par\u00e7ac\u0131k, y\u00fcksek h\u0131zlarla uzaya yay\u0131lmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n

Dev gaz ve toz bulutunun hareketlenmeye ba\u015flamas\u0131ndan sonra ge\u00e7en 40 milyon y\u0131l i\u00e7inde, \u00f6ng\u00fcne\u015fin merkezindeki s\u0131cakl\u0131k 15.000.000\u00b0C\u2019a ula\u015ft\u0131 ve \u00f6ng\u00fcne\u015fin k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fclmesi durdu.<\/p>\n

\u00d6ng\u00fcne\u015fin merkezindeki a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 bas\u0131n\u00e7 ve s\u0131cakl\u0131kta hidrojen atomlar\u0131 iyonla\u015fm\u0131\u015f haldeydi; yani elektronlar atom \u00e7ekirdeklerinden (protonlar\u0131ndan) kopmu\u015ftu. Protonlar ve elektronlar \u00f6ng\u00fcne\u015fin merkezinde \u00e7ok y\u00fcksek h\u0131zlarla rasgele dola\u015f\u0131yordu. Protonlar, s\u0131k s\u0131k birbirleriyle kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya geliyor; ama m\u0131knat\u0131s\u0131n ayn\u0131 kutuplar\u0131 gibi birbirlerini itiyorlard\u0131. Ancak s\u0131cakl\u0131k 15.000.000\u00b0C\u2019a ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fan protonlar art\u0131k birbirlerini itemez oldu; art\u0131k \u00e7arp\u0131\u015f\u0131p birbirleriyle kayna\u015fmaya ba\u015flad\u0131lar. Bu durumda iki protonlu yeni \u00e7ekirdekler (helyum \u00e7ekirdekleri) olu\u015ftu. Bir ba\u015fka deyi\u015fle bu y\u00fcksek s\u0131cakl\u0131kta \u00f6ng\u00fcne\u015fin merkezindeki hidrojen atomlar\u0131 helyum atomlar\u0131na d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcyor ve d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm s\u0131ras\u0131nda da artan \u00e7ok k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir k\u00fctleden, E=mc2<\/sup> form\u00fcl\u00fcn\u00fcn g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi, b\u00fcy\u00fck bir enerji ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yordu. Bu n\u00fckleer tepkimelerin ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmesiyle birlikte, ilk kez \u00f6ng\u00fcne\u015fin merkezinde \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck miktarlarda enerji \u00fcretilmeye ba\u015fland\u0131. K\u00fctle\u00e7ekim kuvveti nedeniyle milyonlarca y\u0131ld\u0131r s\u00fcrekli k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fclen \u00f6ng\u00fcne\u015fin i\u00e7ine \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f\u00fc, merkezinde \u201cyakt\u0131\u011f\u0131\u201d hidrojenden sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7le durdu. \u00d6ng\u00fcne\u015f g\u00f6kbilimcilerin hidrostatik denge ad\u0131n\u0131 verdi\u011fi kararl\u0131 bir duruma ula\u015ft\u0131. Art\u0131k \u00f6ng\u00fcne\u015f bir \u201cana kol\u201d y\u0131ld\u0131z\u0131na d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. Ana kol evresi (hidrojen yakma evresi) G\u00fcne\u015f\u2019in ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131n en uzun evresidir. G\u00fcne\u015f bir ana kol y\u0131ld\u0131z\u0131 olarak yakla\u015f\u0131k 4,56 milyar y\u0131ld\u0131r ilk anlar\u0131ndaki durumundan \u00e7ok da de\u011fi\u015fmemi\u015f haliyle \u0131\u015f\u0131mas\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fcyor. Yakla\u015f\u0131k be\u015f milyar y\u0131l daha \u00f6yle kalaca\u011f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcl\u00fcyor. Ancak ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131n sonlar\u0131na yakla\u015ft\u0131k\u00e7a ba\u015fka baz\u0131 evrelerden ge\u00e7ecektir.<\/p>\n

Dipnot<\/strong><\/p>\n

1)G\u00fcne\u015f r\u00fczg\u00e2r\u0131: G\u00fcne\u015f\u2019in atmosferinin \u00fcst k\u0131s\u0131mlar\u0131ndan -g\u00fcne\u015f tac\u0131ndan- uzaya do\u011fru h\u0131zla akan elektrik y\u00fckl\u00fc par\u00e7ac\u0131klara g\u00fcne\u015f r\u00fczg\u00e2r\u0131 denir. G\u00fcne\u015f r\u00fczg\u00e2r\u0131 \u00e7o\u011funlukla elektron ve protonlardan olu\u015fur. G\u00fcne\u015f tac\u0131n\u0131n s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6ylesine y\u00fcksektir ki, G\u00fcne\u015f\u2019in k\u00fctle\u00e7ekim kuvveti, y\u00fcksek enerjili par\u00e7ac\u0131klar\u0131n ka\u00e7\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 engelleyemez. G\u00fcne\u015f r\u00fczg\u00e2r\u0131n\u0131n h\u0131z\u0131 saniyede 300-800 km aras\u0131nda de\u011fi\u015fir.<\/p>\n

Kaynak: <\/strong>\u00c7a\u011flar Sunay, 50 Soruda Evren, Bilim ve Gelecek Kitapl\u0131\u011f\u0131, 2011, s.40-43<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

G\u00fcne\u015f Sistemi, i\u00e7inde 200 milyar dolay\u0131nda y\u0131ld\u0131z\u0131n ve y\u0131ld\u0131zlar\u0131n aras\u0131ndaki uzayda da dev gaz ve toz bulutlar\u0131n\u0131n bulundu\u011fu b\u00fcy\u00fck\u00e7e bir g\u00f6kadan\u0131n i\u00e7inde yer al\u0131r. Bu gaz ve toz bulutlar\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc \u00f6nceki ku\u015faktan baz\u0131 y\u0131ld\u0131zlar\u0131n kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131d\u0131r. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczden yakla\u015f\u0131k 4,6 milyar y\u0131l \u00f6nce G\u00fcne\u015f Sistemi\u2019miz de yaln\u0131zca gaz molek\u00fclleri ve toz zerreciklerinden olu\u015fan dev bir hammadde […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":429,"featured_media":34925,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[3624],"tags":[657,293,795,4955,2300,1780],"class_list":["post-34924","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-sorularla-bilim","tag-evren","tag-gezegenler","tag-gunes","tag-kutle-cekim","tag-supernova","tag-yildiz"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t