{"id":35169,"date":"2019-07-05T03:20:15","date_gmt":"2019-07-05T00:20:15","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/?p=35169"},"modified":"2019-07-06T13:05:48","modified_gmt":"2019-07-06T10:05:48","slug":"ilk-soyut-dusunce-kavrami-ve-simgesel-anlatim-ne-zaman-ortaya-cikti","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2019\/07\/05\/ilk-soyut-dusunce-kavrami-ve-simgesel-anlatim-ne-zaman-ortaya-cikti","title":{"rendered":"\u0130lk soyut d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce kavram\u0131 ve simgesel anlat\u0131m ne zaman ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131?"},"content":{"rendered":"

Arkaik anatomik g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcml\u00fc insan \u00e7izgisinden modern insan tipine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm s\u00fcreci modern davran\u0131\u015f \u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn do\u011fu\u015fuyla paralellik g\u00f6sterir. \u00d6zellikle soyut d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce kavram\u0131 ile simgesel anlat\u0131m olarak bildi\u011fimiz yeni davran\u0131\u015f \u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcs\u00fc, insanl\u0131k tarihinde \u00f6nemli bir d\u00f6nemecin ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131 oldu. Arkeolojik bulgular bu kritik d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fcn Afrika\u2019dan \u00e7\u0131kmadan \u00e7ok \u00f6nce oldu\u011funu g\u00f6stermeketedir. \u0130ster yava\u015f yava\u015f (120 bin-50 biny\u0131l \u00f6ncesi aras\u0131nda), isterse h\u0131zl\u0131 ve ani bir de\u011fi\u015fimle (50 biny\u0131l \u00f6nesinde) ortaya \u00e7\u0131ks\u0131n, uzun vadede giderek \u00f6nemli sosyoekonomik, teknolojik ve demografik geli\u015fmeler \u015feklinde kendini yans\u0131tan bu modern davran\u0131\u015f \u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcs\u00fc belki de Afrika d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda yeni d\u00fcnyalara sapiens<\/em> insan topluluklar\u0131n\u0131n yay\u0131lmas\u0131nda temel itici g\u00fc\u00e7 olmu\u015ftur. Fas, Etyopya, Kongo Demokratik Cumhuriyeti ve G\u00fcney Afrika\u2019da bulunan deniz yumu\u015fak\u00e7alar\u0131n\u0131n kabuklar\u0131ndan yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f boncuklar, k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 boyal\u0131 s\u00fcs e\u015fyalar\u0131 ya da kemik ve boynuzdan yap\u0131lma \u00e7entikli z\u0131pk\u0131nlar modern davran\u0131\u015f \u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fc simgeleyen soyut d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce ve simgesel anlat\u0131m\u0131n en g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc kan\u0131tlar\u0131 ve ayn\u0131 zamanda bilinen en eski \u00f6rnekleri olarak kabul edilmektedir. O halde, modern insan\u0131 \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131\u015ft\u0131ran en eski fosillerle, modern davran\u0131\u015f \u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn en eski arkeolojik kan\u0131tlar\u0131 \u015fimdilik Afrika\u2019dan gelmektedir. Yap\u0131lan son radyometrik tarihlemeler modern d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n zaman\u0131m\u0131zdan a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 yukar\u0131 80 biny\u0131l \u00f6nce ye\u015ferdi\u011fine i\u015faret etmektedir.<\/p>\n

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Modern insan\u0131n anatomisine sahip Kromanyon ve \u00e7a\u011fda\u015flar\u0131, geli\u015ftirdikleri teknolojik \u00fcr\u00fcnler sayesinde her t\u00fcr iklime \u00e7ok iyi uyum sa\u011flad\u0131lar.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

127 biny\u0131l \u00f6ncesine giden baz\u0131 buluntular\u0131n tarihlemesi ise \u015fimdilik tart\u0131\u015fmal\u0131 gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcnmektedir. Modern insan\u0131n anatomisine sahip Kromanyon<\/em> ve \u00e7a\u011fda\u015flar\u0131, geli\u015ftirdikleri teknolojik \u00fcr\u00fcnler sayesinde her t\u00fcr iklime \u00e7ok iyi uyum sa\u011flad\u0131lar. Modern g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcml\u00fc \u00fcst yontma ta\u015f \u00e7a\u011f\u0131 avc\u0131 ve toplay\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131 25 biny\u0131ll\u0131k bir s\u00fcre i\u00e7erisinde k\u00fclt\u00fcrlerini Atlantik\u2019ten Ural Da\u011flar\u0131\u2019na, Balt\u0131k Denizi\u2019nden Akdeniz\u2019e kadar yayd\u0131lar . \u00dcst yontma ta\u015f \u00e7a\u011f\u0131 kendi i\u00e7inde perigordiyen (Z\u00d6 35-23 bin aras\u0131), orinyasiyen (Z\u00d6 35-20 bin aras\u0131), sol\u00fctreyen (Z\u00d6 20- 17 bin aras\u0131) ve magdalenyen (Z\u00d6 17- 12 bin aras\u0131) olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lan \u00e7e\u015fitli k\u00fclt\u00fcr evrelerine ayr\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Avrupa’da geli\u015fen Perigordiyen, Neandertal<\/em>\u2019in yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 musteriyen k\u00fclt\u00fcrden izler ta\u015f\u0131r. Bu k\u00fclt\u00fcr \u00e7a\u011f\u0131n\u0131n ilerlemi\u015f evresinde burin ad\u0131 verilen ta\u015f aletlerin, olanca \u00e7e\u015fitlili\u011fi i\u00e7inde \u00fcretildi\u011fini g\u00f6r\u00fcyoruz. Zaman\u0131m\u0131zdan \u00f6nce 36-30 bin aras\u0131 ile tarihlenen orinyasiyen ise Avrupa\u2019ya yabanc\u0131 bir k\u00fclt\u00fcrd\u00fc, d\u0131\u015far\u0131dan geldi. Bu k\u00fclt\u00fcr evresinde burin, dilgi, kaz\u0131y\u0131c\u0131, kemikten yap\u0131lma karg\u0131, m\u0131zrak gibi aletleri ve silahlar\u0131 buluyoruz. Perigordiyen ve orinyasiyen end\u00fcstrileri birbirlerinden ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z olarak evrimle\u015fti. Sol\u00fctreyen k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc defne ya da s\u00f6\u011f\u00fct yapra\u011f\u0131 bi\u00e7iminde yontularak haz\u0131rlanan, \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck ustal\u0131k gerektiren ta\u015f aletlerle tan\u0131n\u0131r. Ad\u0131n\u0131 Fransa\u2019daki Sol\u00fctre K\u00f6y\u00fc\u2019nden al\u0131r. 1971 yaz\u0131nda bu b\u00f6lgede yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z kaz\u0131larda bu t\u00fcr aletlere \u00e7ok say\u0131da rastlad\u0131k. Asl\u0131nda bunlar\u0131n ne ama\u00e7la \u00fcretildi\u011fi tam olarak bilinmiyor. O devirde insanlar\u0131n kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir \u00e7e\u015fit para m\u0131yd\u0131? Simgesel bir anlam\u0131 m\u0131 vard\u0131? Sol\u00fctreyen insan\u0131 ok ve yay\u0131 da buldu. W\u00fcrm buzulunun III. ve IV. ara evrelerine e\u015f d\u00fc\u015fen \u00fcst yontma ta\u015f \u00e7a\u011f\u0131n\u0131n son k\u00fclt\u00fcr evresi magdalenyende ise aletler daha da \u00e7e\u015fitlendi; burinlerin papa\u011fan gagas\u0131 bi\u00e7iminde olanlar\u0131, \u00e7ok \u00e7e\u015fitli i\u015fler i\u00e7in \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclen mikroburinler, y\u0131ld\u0131z bi\u00e7iminde \u00e7ok tarafl\u0131 deliciler, trapez u\u00e7lar magdalenyen insan\u0131n\u0131n alet \u00e7antas\u0131na girdi. \u00a0Baz\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131c\u0131lar magdalanyen insan\u0131n\u0131n, keskin kenarl\u0131 dilgi aletleri orak gibi kullanarak yabani tah\u0131llar\u0131 bi\u00e7ti\u011fini, bu tah\u0131llar\u0131n tanelerini ise ta\u015f dibeklerde ezip yedi\u011fini kaz\u0131lardan elde edilen bilgilere dayanarak ileri s\u00fcrmektedir. \u00dcst yontma ta\u015f \u00e7a\u011f\u0131 genelinde tam 92 tip ta\u015f alet tespit edildi. Fildi\u015fi veya kemikten \u00fcretilen olta ve z\u0131pk\u0131n ilk kez bu \u00e7a\u011fda kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za \u00e7\u0131kar. Kaburgadan ate\u015f k\u00fcre\u011fini, ren geyi\u011fi boynuzundan kazmay\u0131, hatta su barda\u011f\u0131n\u0131, ku\u015f kemi\u011finden t\u00fcp \u015feklinde boya kaplar\u0131n\u0131 ilk kez bu atalar\u0131m\u0131z yapt\u0131. Derileri kaz\u0131mak i\u00e7in mamutun az\u0131 di\u015finden yararland\u0131lar. Magdalanyen terzileri mamut ya da gergedan\u0131n k\u00fcrek kemi\u011fini tabla gibi kullanarak \u00fczerinde deri kestiler.<\/p>\n

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Sol\u00fctreyen insan\u0131 ok ve yay\u0131 da buldu. W\u00fcrm buzulunun III. ve IV. ara evrelerine e\u015f d\u00fc\u015fen \u00fcst yontma ta\u015f \u00e7a\u011f\u0131n\u0131n son k\u00fclt\u00fcr evresi magdalenyende ise aletler daha da \u00e7e\u015fitlendi; burinlerin papa\u011fan gagas\u0131 bi\u00e7iminde olanlar\u0131, \u00e7ok \u00e7e\u015fitli i\u015fler i\u00e7in \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclen mikroburinler, y\u0131ld\u0131z bi\u00e7iminde \u00e7ok tarafl\u0131 deliciler, trapez u\u00e7lar magdalenyen insan\u0131n\u0131n alet \u00e7antas\u0131na girdi.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

\u00dcst yontma ta\u015f \u00e7a\u011f\u0131 insanlar\u0131 kemi\u011fi, boynuzu, fildi\u015fini, deriyi, a\u011fa\u00e7 ya da yumu\u015fak ta\u015flar\u0131 i\u015fleyebilecek aletler geli\u015ftirdiler. Ta\u015f end\u00fcstrisinde dilgi ad\u0131 verdi\u011fimiz yeni bir teknik icat ettiler. Dilgi, \u00f6nceden haz\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015f olan bir \u00e7akmakta\u015f\u0131 ya da obsidiyen yumrusundan \u00f6zel tekniklerle elde edilir. Bir dilgi, geni\u015fli\u011finden en az iki kat daha uzundur. \u00dcst yontma ta\u015f \u00e7a\u011f\u0131nda alet \u00fcretiminde giderek etkinle\u015fen bir standartla\u015fmaya tan\u0131k oluyoruz. Bu \u00e7a\u011fda alet yapan aletler imal edildi. Ekolojik ko\u015fullara ve ekonomik faaliyetlere g\u00f6re de\u011fi\u015fik t\u00fcrde aletler yap\u0131ld\u0131. Sol\u00fctreyen k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn sonlar\u0131na do\u011fru, bir ba\u015fka deyi\u015fle zaman\u0131m\u0131zdan 17 biny\u0131l \u00f6nce diki\u015f i\u011fnesini buluyoruz. Atlar\u0131n bilek kemiklerinden, ku\u015flar\u0131n bacak kemiklerinden ya da fildi\u015finden yontularak yap\u0131lan i\u011fneler 2 cm ile 10 cm aras\u0131nda de\u011fi\u015fiyordu. Magdalanyende bu i\u011fneler giderek artt\u0131. Herhalde zamanla so\u011fuyan iklim kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda giyinme \u00f6n plana \u00e7\u0131k\u0131nca i\u011fneye de daha fazla i\u015f d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. \u0130nsano\u011flu bal\u0131k avlamak amac\u0131yla kemikten ya da boynuzdan tek ve iki s\u0131ral\u0131 z\u0131pk\u0131n\u0131 icat etti. W\u00fcrm buzulunun ikinci yar\u0131s\u0131ndan itibaren daha da so\u011fuyan ve sertle\u015fen iklime ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak step ve tundra alanlar\u0131 yayg\u0131nla\u015ft\u0131. Buzul \u00e7a\u011f\u0131n\u0131 simgeleyen ren geyi\u011fi, mavi tilki, step at\u0131 ve ma\u011fara ay\u0131s\u0131 gibi hayvan t\u00fcrleri \u0130spanya, \u0130talya i\u00e7lerine kadar sokuldu. \u00d6rne\u011fin Sayga antilopu Orta Asya\u2019y\u0131 simgelese de, biz onu magdalanyen k\u00fclt\u00fcr \u00e7a\u011f\u0131nda Fransa\u2019da g\u00f6r\u00fcyoruz. Bu geni\u015f alanlarda h\u0131zla hareket eden hayvanlar\u0131 avlamak i\u00e7in uzaktan f\u0131rlat\u0131labilecek etkin silahlar gerekliydi. Asl\u0131nda \u00fcretilen hep av aleti olmad\u0131; ok, m\u0131zrak vb. aletler sadece hayvanlar\u0131 avlamak i\u00e7in yap\u0131lmad\u0131; bu silahlarla ayn\u0131 zamanda sava\u015f\u0131ld\u0131. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc \u00e7at\u0131\u015fma ve kavga insanla hep varoldu.<\/p>\n

Kaynak: <\/strong>Metin \u00d6zbek, 50 Soruda \u0130nsan\u0131n Tarih \u00d6ncesi Evrimi, Bilim ve Gelecek Kitapl\u0131\u011f\u0131, 4. Bask\u0131 Nisan 2015, s.153-156.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Arkaik anatomik g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcml\u00fc insan \u00e7izgisinden modern insan tipine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm s\u00fcreci modern davran\u0131\u015f \u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn do\u011fu\u015fuyla paralellik g\u00f6sterir. \u00d6zellikle soyut d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce kavram\u0131 ile simgesel anlat\u0131m olarak bildi\u011fimiz yeni davran\u0131\u015f \u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcs\u00fc, insanl\u0131k tarihinde \u00f6nemli bir d\u00f6nemecin ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131 oldu. Arkeolojik bulgular bu kritik d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fcn Afrika\u2019dan \u00e7\u0131kmadan \u00e7ok \u00f6nce oldu\u011funu g\u00f6stermeketedir. \u0130ster yava\u015f yava\u015f (120 bin-50 biny\u0131l \u00f6ncesi aras\u0131nda), isterse […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":429,"featured_media":35170,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[3624],"tags":[4993,4992,244,816,4994,4995],"class_list":["post-35169","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-sorularla-bilim","tag-anatomik","tag-arkaik","tag-arkeoloji","tag-fosil","tag-perigordiyen","tag-solutreyen"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t