{"id":35421,"date":"2019-07-21T03:32:18","date_gmt":"2019-07-21T00:32:18","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/?p=35421"},"modified":"2019-07-24T14:14:22","modified_gmt":"2019-07-24T11:14:22","slug":"bilimin-onculeri-francis-bacon-1561-1626","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2019\/07\/21\/bilimin-onculeri-francis-bacon-1561-1626","title":{"rendered":"Bilimin \u00d6nc\u00fcleri: Francis Bacon (1561 -1626)"},"content":{"rendered":"

Bilime katk\u0131lar\u0131 g\u00f6z\u00f6n\u00fcne al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda bilimin \u00f6nc\u00fclerin kabaca \u00fc\u00e7 grupta toplanabilir. “Kaba\u00adca” diyoruz, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc bilim insanlar\u0131n\u0131n en az\u0131ndan bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc i\u00e7in b\u00f6yle bir s\u0131n\u0131flama yapay olmak\u00adtan ileri ge\u00e7mez.<\/p>\n

1)\u00c7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 deneysel a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131kl\u0131 olanlar (Faraday, Marie Curie, Rutherford, vb.);
\n2)Kuramsal d\u00fczeyde devrim niteli\u011fini ta\u015f\u0131\u00adyan at\u0131l\u0131mlar\u0131yla tan\u0131nanlar (Newton, Darwin, Maxwell, Einstein, vb.);
\n3)\u00c7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131nda pratik sorunlar\u0131n \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fc\u00adne a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131k verenler (Archimedes, Pasteur, vb.).<\/p>\n

Katk\u0131s\u0131 bu \u00fc\u00e7 t\u00fcr \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmadan hi\u00e7 birine girme\u00adyen, ama bilimsel y\u00f6ntem anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131, bilimin uy\u00adgar ya\u015fam i\u00e7in \u00f6nemini, uygulamaya y\u00f6nelik bil\u00adginin g\u00fc\u00e7 ve de\u011ferini i\u015fleyen yap\u0131tlar\u0131; “k\u0131s\u0131r” di\u00adye niteledi\u011fi skolastik d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce gelene\u011fine kar\u015f\u0131 y\u00fcreklice ortaya koydu\u011fu tepkisiyle bilim tarihi\u00adne y\u00f6n \u00e7izen bir \u00f6nc\u00fc vard\u0131r: Francis Bacon.<\/p>\n

Bacon, dar anlamda bir bilim insan\u0131 olmaktan \u00e7ok, kendisine \u00f6zg\u00fc yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131yla bir bilim yo\u00adrumcusu, \u00f6ng\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc bilgi d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131 kurma mis\u00adyonuyla tabular\u0131 k\u0131rma sava\u015f\u0131m\u0131 veren bir d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u00adn\u00fcrd\u00fc, i\u00e7ine do\u011fdu\u011fu d\u00fcnya, \u00e7eli\u015fkilerle dolu bir d\u00f6nemden ge\u00e7mekteydi: Bir yanda insano\u011flunun yeni ke\u015fiflerle bilinmeyene a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131, bilgi aray\u0131\u015f\u0131\u00adna girdi\u011fi; \u00f6te yanda b\u00fcy\u00fc, fal t\u00fcr\u00fcnden aldat\u0131c\u0131 uygulamalar\u0131n yayg\u0131nl\u0131k kazand\u0131\u011f\u0131, kilise buy\u00adru\u011funa ters d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnenlerin yak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir d\u00f6nem! R\u00f6nesans\u2019la birlikte sanatta belirginlik kazanan co\u015fkulu at\u0131l\u0131m, 16. y\u00fczy\u0131lda do\u011fay\u0131 anlama, olup bitenleri a\u00e7\u0131klama aray\u0131\u015f\u0131na d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Bacon’un bu d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fc yorumlama ve y\u00f6nlendirme tutkusu, ayd\u0131nlanma \u00e7a\u011f\u0131n\u0131 hen\u00fcz yakalayama\u00adm\u0131\u015f toplumlar i\u00e7in bug\u00fcn de ge\u00e7erli bir \u00f6rnektir. Bacon, \u0130ngiliz Kraliyet Saray\u0131 \u00e7evresinde, \u00fcst-d\u00fczey y\u00f6netici bir ailenin \u00e7ocu\u011fu olarak b\u00fcy\u00fc\u00adm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. Amcas\u0131 d\u00f6nemin en etkili politikac\u0131s\u0131yd\u0131. Daha k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck ya\u015flar\u0131ndayken Francis, g\u00fczel ve ciddi konu\u015fmalar\u0131yla Krali\u00e7e Elizabeth’in ilgisi\u00adni \u00e7ekti. Krali\u00e7e, ziyaret\u00e7i ve misafirlerine, sa\u00e7\u00adlar\u0131n\u0131 ok\u015famaktan ho\u015fland\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu \u00e7ocu\u011fu, “Sa\u00adray’\u0131n Minik Lordu” diye tan\u0131t\u0131rd\u0131. \u00c7ok y\u00f6nl\u00fc bir e\u011fitimle yeti\u015fen delikanl\u0131, 18 ya\u015f\u0131na geldi\u011finde diplomatlar aras\u0131na kat\u0131lmaya, el\u00e7ilerle birlikte Avrupa ba\u015fkentlerine gidip gelmeye ba\u015flad\u0131. Ne var ki, bu parlak ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 uzun s\u00fcrmedi. Baba\u00ads\u0131n\u0131n erken \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc, yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 politik skandal ne\u00addeniyle a\u011fabeyinin \u00f6l\u00fcm cezas\u0131na \u00e7arpt\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131, aileyi \u00e7\u00f6kertti. Annesinin ge\u00e7im sorumlulu\u011funu \u00fcstlenen Francis, bir yandan aile bor\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6de\u00adme u\u011fra\u015f\u0131 verirken, bir yandan da kendi gelece\u00ad\u011fini kurma \u00e7abas\u0131n\u0131 elden b\u0131rakm\u0131yordu. Ba\u015fta Krali\u00e7e olmak \u00fczere, hi\u00e7 kimse y\u00fcz\u00fcne bakm\u0131\u00adyordu art\u0131k! Ama h\u00fcsrana d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fen ya\u015fam\u0131nda onu ayakta tutan ve ya\u015fam boyu s\u00fcrecek bir inanc\u0131 vard\u0131: Uygar gelece\u011fe giden yolda ayd\u0131n kesime bilimin \u00f6nemini kavratmak, bilimsel ara\u015ft\u0131rmaya kurumsal bir kimlik kazand\u0131rmak! “\u0130lgi alan\u0131mda yaln\u0131zca bilgi, bilgiye y\u00f6nelik ara\u015ft\u0131rma vard\u0131r,” diyordu Bacon.<\/p>\n

Deneyimci (ampirik) felsefenin \u00f6nc\u00fcs\u00fc olan Bacon, temelde somut sorunlara a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131k veren pragmatist bir d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcrd\u00fc, insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n mutlu ve ayd\u0131nl\u0131k gelece\u011fine ili\u015fkin, biraz \u00fctopik ve iyim\u00adser bir beklentisi vard\u0131. Ona g\u00f6re, bu gelece\u011fin ba\u015fl\u0131ca g\u00fc\u00e7 kayna\u011f\u0131 g\u00fcvenilir bilgiydi, ilerleme\u00adyi t\u0131kayan tek engel, “idolamentis” dedi\u011fi yerle\u00ad\u015fik tabulard\u0131. \u00d6ncelikle akl\u0131 teolojinin tutsakl\u0131\u00ad\u011f\u0131ndan kurtarmak, kap\u0131lar\u0131 deneysel ara\u015ft\u0131rma\u00adlara a\u00e7mak gerekiyordu. Bacon, militan bir tu\u00adtum i\u00e7indeydi; ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131, tas\u0131msal arg\u00fcmanlar\u0131\u00adn\u0131 laf cambazl\u0131\u011f\u0131 sayd\u0131\u011f\u0131 skolastik “bilginlerin” yetkisini k\u0131rmaya adam\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n

\"\"
Bacon, y\u00f6ntem anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 ilgin\u00e7 bir benzet\u00acmeyle ortaya \u015fu \u015fekilde koymu\u015ftur: “Bilim insan\u0131 ne a\u011f\u0131n\u0131 i\u00e7inden \u00e7ekerek \u00f6ren \u00f6r\u00fcmcek gibi, ne de \u00e7evreden toplad\u0131\u011f\u0131yla yetinen kar\u0131nca gibi davranmal\u0131d\u0131r. Bilim insan\u0131 toplad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 i\u015fleyen, d\u00fczenleyen bal ar\u0131s\u0131 gibi yap\u0131c\u0131 bir etkinlik i\u00e7in\u00acde olmal\u0131d\u0131r.”<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Bacon’un \u00f6nerdi\u011fi bilim, se\u00e7kin ki\u015filerin bi\u00adreysel etkinli\u011fi olmaktan \u00e7ok, \u00f6rg\u00fcn, kurumsal nitelikte bir giri\u015fimdi. Bunun i\u00e7in t\u00fcm dillerde yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f de\u011ferli kitaplar\u0131 da i\u00e7ine alan zengin bir kitapl\u0131k, geni\u015f botanik ve hayvanat bah\u00e7ele\u00adri, g\u00f6rkemli bir m\u00fcze ve her t\u00fcrl\u00fc deneye yeterli b\u00fcy\u00fck bir laboratuvar kurulmal\u0131yd\u0131. Do\u011fan\u0131n gizlerinin \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclmesi ve \u00f6zlenen uygar d\u00fcnyan\u0131n kurulmas\u0131, ancak bu kurulu\u015flardan olu\u015fan kompleks bir bilim merkeziyle ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilebi\u00adlirdi. Bacon, se\u00e7kin bilimadamlar\u0131n\u0131 b\u00fcnyesinde toplayan Kraliyet Bilim Akademisi’ni (The Royal Society) de bu ama\u00e7la kurmu\u015ftu.<\/p>\n

Bacon, bilimin \u00f6nemini vurgulamakla kalma\u00adm\u0131\u015f, bilimsel y\u00f6ntemi a\u00e7\u0131klama i\u015fini de \u00fcstlen\u00admi\u015fti. Do\u011fay\u0131 tan\u0131mak, do\u011fa g\u00fc\u00e7lerini denetim alt\u0131na alma yolunda istenen sonucu verecek y\u00f6ntemi belirlemek, ba\u015fl\u0131ca ama\u00e7lar\u0131ndan biriy\u00addi. Ona g\u00f6re g\u00f6zlem ve deney, bilimsel ara\u015ft\u0131r\u00adman\u0131n asal \u00f6zellikleriydi. Olgusal verileri topla\u00adyarak bunlar\u0131 belli bir d\u00fczen i\u00e7inde i\u015flemek d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda, do\u011fay\u0131 tan\u0131man\u0131n bir yolu yoktu. Skolas\u00adtik yakla\u015f\u0131mda oldu\u011fu gibi, do\u011frulu\u011fu sorgulan\u00admaz birtak\u0131m pe\u015fin ilkelerden t\u00fcmdengelimle olgular\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klamaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmak k\u0131s\u0131r bir \u00e7abayd\u0131. Do\u011fru olan y\u00f6ntem, g\u00f6zlem veya deneyle olgula\u00adr\u0131 saptamak, toplanan verilerden ind\u00fcksiyonla genellemelere gitmek, ula\u015f\u0131lan genellemelerden en kapsaml\u0131 olanlar\u0131 aksiyom (\u00f6nc\u00fcl ilke) olarak se\u00e7mekti. T\u00fcmdengelim (ded\u00fcksiyon), ancak bu a\u015famadan sonra yararl\u0131 olabilirdi.<\/p>\n

Bacon, y\u00f6ntem anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 ilgin\u00e7 bir benzet\u00admeyle ortaya \u015fu \u015fekilde koymu\u015ftur: “Bilim insan\u0131 ne a\u011f\u0131n\u0131 i\u00e7inden \u00e7ekerek \u00f6ren \u00f6r\u00fcmcek gibi, ne de \u00e7evreden toplad\u0131\u011f\u0131yla yetinen kar\u0131nca gibi davranmal\u0131d\u0131r. Bilim insan\u0131 toplad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 i\u015fleyen, d\u00fczenleyen bal ar\u0131s\u0131 gibi yap\u0131c\u0131 bir etkinlik i\u00e7in\u00adde olmal\u0131d\u0131r.” Bacon’un, olgusal i\u00e7erikten yok\u00adsun ded\u00fcktif \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131m\u0131 yarars\u0131z saymakta haks\u0131z oldu\u011fu s\u00f6ylenemez. Ger\u00e7ekten de Aristoteles’in tas\u0131msal mant\u0131k y\u00f6ntemiyle bilimde bir ad\u0131m bi\u00adle ileri gidilemeyece\u011fi bilinmeliydi art\u0131k. Ama Bacon’un \u00f6nerdi\u011fi t\u00fcmevar\u0131m y\u00f6nteminin de ye\u00adterli oldu\u011funu s\u00f6ylemek g\u00fc\u00e7t\u00fcr. T\u00fcmevar\u0131mla yap\u0131lan genellemeler, olgular\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klay\u0131c\u0131 de\u011fil, betimleyicidir. \u00d6rne\u011fin, t\u00fcm bak\u0131r tellerin ilet\u00adken oldu\u011fu genellemesi, bak\u0131r telin neden ilet\u00adken oldu\u011funu a\u00e7\u0131klamamakta, yaln\u0131zca g\u00f6zlem\u00adlenen bak\u0131r tellerin ortak bir \u00f6zelli\u011fini belirt\u00admekle kalmaktad\u0131r. Betimleyici genellemelerin bilimde \u00f6nemli yer tuttu\u011fu elbette yads\u0131namaz. Ancak bilimin, olgular\u0131 betimlemenin \u00f6tesinde daha \u00f6nemli i\u015flevi, olgular\u0131 veya olgusal ili\u015fkile\u00adri a\u00e7\u0131klamakt\u0131r. Boyle’un yasas\u0131n\u0131 alal\u0131m. Sabit s\u0131cakl\u0131kta, gazlar\u0131n hacimleri ile bas\u0131n\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n ters orant\u0131l\u0131 oldu\u011fu genellemesi, g\u00f6zlemsel bir ili\u015fkiyi dile getirmekle kalmaktad\u0131r. Bu ili\u015fki ise ancak daha sonra, “gazlar\u0131n kinetik teorisi” olarak bilinen kuramsal ilkeyle a\u00e7\u0131klanabilmi\u015ftir. Bacon, g\u00f6zleme dayanan genellemeler gibi a\u00e7\u0131klay\u0131c\u0131 ilkelere de t\u00fcmevar\u0131mla ula\u015f\u0131labilece\u00ad\u011fi yan\u0131lg\u0131s\u0131 i\u00e7indeydi. Oysa, hipotez ya da ku\u00adram olu\u015fturman\u0131n bilinen bir y\u00f6ntemi yoktur. Bu ba\u011flamda, bilim insan\u0131n\u0131n deneyim, sezgi ve\u00adya yarat\u0131c\u0131 hayal g\u00fcc\u00fcnden s\u00f6zedilebilir; ama ind\u00fcktif, ded\u00fcktif ya da ba\u015fka t\u00fcrden bilinen bir y\u00f6ntemden kolayca s\u00f6z edilemez, herhalde.<\/p>\n

Bacon’un bilimsel y\u00f6ntem anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki bir yetersizlik de, matemati\u011fin bilimdeki i\u015flevini kavrayamam\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131d\u0131r. \u0130leri s\u00fcr\u00fclen bir hipo\u00adtez ya da kuram\u0131n olgusal olarak yoklanmas\u0131, \u00f6ncelikle o hipotez ya da kuramdan “\u00f6ndeyi” de\u00adnen test edilebilir \u00f6nermelerin \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 gerek\u00adtirir. Bu ise uzun s\u00fcre\u00e7li mant\u0131ksal bir i\u015flem olup \u00e7o\u011fu kez ancak matemati\u011fin t\u00fcmdengelim tekni\u011fiyle olas\u0131d\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca matematik, bilim i\u00e7in etkili bir dildir; \u00f6zellikle fizikteki, yasa ve ilkele\u00adrin matematiksel denklemlerle dile getirilmesi, \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131m i\u015flemlerini kolayla\u015ft\u0131rman\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra bilime daha g\u00fcvenilir ve a\u00e7\u0131k bir ifade g\u00fcc\u00fc de sa\u011flamaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Bacon, deneysel bilimin inan\u00e7l\u0131 bir savunucu\u00adsu, bilimsel y\u00f6ntem bilincini \u00f6n plana \u00e7\u0131karan bir \u00f6nc\u00fcyd\u00fc. Ne var ki, onun kendi ya\u015fam d\u00f6ne\u00admindeki bilimsel \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 yeterince izledi\u011fi s\u00f6ylenemez. Kepler’in ortaya koydu\u011fu do\u011frula\u00ady\u0131c\u0131 sonu\u00e7lara kar\u015f\u0131n, Kopernik dizgesini i\u00e7ine sindirememesi, \u00fczerinde durulacak bir nokta\u00add\u0131r. \u00c7a\u011fda\u015f\u0131 Galile’nin, deneyle matemati\u011fi birle\u015ftirerek bilimsel y\u00f6nteme kazand\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 yeni kimli\u011fin fark\u0131na varmam\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131 da ilgin\u00e7tir. Ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde, modern anatominin \u00f6nc\u00fcs\u00fc Vesalius’un \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131na gereken ilgiyi g\u00f6stermedi\u011fi gibi, kendi hekimi Harvey’in, kan dola\u015f\u0131m\u0131na ili\u015fkin bulu\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 da bir bak\u0131ma g\u00f6rmezlikten gelmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

De\u011findi\u011fimiz t\u00fcm yetersizliklerine kar\u015f\u0131n, Bacon’un bilimsel geli\u015fme i\u00e7in gerekli ortam\u0131n haz\u0131rlanmas\u0131nda oynad\u0131\u011f\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck rol\u00fcn \u00f6nemi tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lamaz. Unutmamak gerekir ki, Bacon bir bilim adam\u0131 olmaktan \u00e7ok, bilimi ba\u011fnazl\u0131\u011f\u0131n tekelinden kurtarma sava\u015f\u0131 veren bir d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcr\u00add\u00fc. Bilimin daha sonraki geli\u015fmeleri \u00fczerindeki etkisi, bu geli\u015fmelerin uygar ya\u015fama y\u00f6nelik kazan\u0131mlar\u0131na ili\u015fkin \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fcleri g\u00f6z\u00f6n\u00fcne al\u0131\u00adnacak olursa, Bacon daima \u00f6vg\u00fcyle an\u0131lacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Bacon, “bilgi kudrettir,” demi\u015ftir. Ancak y\u00fcz\u00ady\u0131l\u0131m\u0131za gelinceye dek yaln\u0131z o de\u011fil hi\u00e7 kimse, bilgelikle birle\u015fmeyen bilginin, ayn\u0131 zamanda bir y\u0131k\u0131m arac\u0131 olarak da kullan\u0131labilece\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnebilmi\u015f de\u011fildir.<\/p>\n

Kaynak:<\/strong> Cemal Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m, Bilimin \u00d6nc\u00fcleri, Bilim ve Gelecek Kitapl\u0131\u011f\u0131, Ekim 2014, 28. Bask\u0131, s.80-85<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Bilime katk\u0131lar\u0131 g\u00f6z\u00f6n\u00fcne al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda bilimin \u00f6nc\u00fclerin kabaca \u00fc\u00e7 grupta toplanabilir. “Kaba\u00adca” diyoruz, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc bilim insanlar\u0131n\u0131n en az\u0131ndan bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc i\u00e7in b\u00f6yle bir s\u0131n\u0131flama yapay olmak\u00adtan ileri ge\u00e7mez. 1)\u00c7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 deneysel a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131kl\u0131 olanlar (Faraday, Marie Curie, Rutherford, vb.); 2)Kuramsal d\u00fczeyde devrim niteli\u011fini ta\u015f\u0131\u00adyan at\u0131l\u0131mlar\u0131yla tan\u0131nanlar (Newton, Darwin, Maxwell, Einstein, vb.); 3)\u00c7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131nda pratik sorunlar\u0131n \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fc\u00adne a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131k verenler (Archimedes, […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":429,"featured_media":35422,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[3845],"tags":[3373,3110,482,1507,5046,5047,5048],"class_list":["post-35421","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-bilimin-onculeri","tag-ampirizm","tag-bacon","tag-bilim","tag-bilimsel-yontem","tag-deneycilik","tag-gelileo","tag-vesalius"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t