Pek \u00e7ok Eski \u00c7a\u011f toplumunda oldu\u011fu gibi Eski Yunan toplumunda da faizle bor\u00e7 vermenin ge\u00e7mi\u015fi \u015f\u00fcphesiz olduk\u00e7a eskilere uzanmaktad\u0131r. Ancak Eski Yunan toplumunda M\u00d6 5. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n sonu 4. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131nda, s\u0131radan sarraflar\u0131n emanet\u00e7ilikten bankerli\u011fe uzanan mesleki d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm s\u00fcrecinin k\u00f6keninde yatan prototipler, eski Do\u011fu toplumlar\u0131nda, \u00f6zellikle de Mezopotamya\u2019da bulunmakta idi ve oradan gelmi\u015fti. Ancak Eski Yunan\u2019daki \u00f6zel bankalar\u0131n di\u011fer \u00f6rneklerden fark\u0131, sadece kendi sermayeleri ile \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yor olmamalar\u0131, mevduat almalar\u0131 ve bunlar\u0131 ba\u015fkalar\u0131na kredi olarak vermeleriydi. (2) Bu \u00f6nemli bir farkt\u0131. \u0130nsanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n ekonomik evriminde, para ekonomisinin geli\u015fmesinin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra parasal birikimlerin, mevduat- kredi ili\u015fkisi halinde para piyasalar\u0131nda yer almas\u0131n\u0131n da b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6nemi vard\u0131r. Eski Yunan toplumu bu geli\u015fmede itici rol oynam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Bu itici role ve \u00f6nemine R. Bogaert de i\u015faret eder: \u201cBana daha da \u00f6nemli gelen bir husus, \u00e7o\u011fu k\u00f6le k\u00f6kenli olan basit Yunanl\u0131 para de\u011fi\u015ftiricilerin M\u00d6 5. y\u00fczy\u0131lda para ticaretinin tekniklerini bulmu\u015f olmalar\u0131d\u0131r. Tap\u0131naklar ve \u00f6zel ki\u015filer bankalardan \u00e7ok daha \u00f6nceden bor\u00e7 para vermi\u015flerdir, hatta Mezopotamya\u2019da 3. biny\u0131l\u0131n sonundan itibaren; ancak bu paralar dini veya \u00f6zel sermayedarlardan gelmekteydi, mevduat kaynakl\u0131 de\u011fildi. Trpezites\u2019ler (yani bankerler) ilk olarak paray\u0131, kendilerine k\u00e2r sa\u011flamak \u00fczere, hizmet veya \u00fccret kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 temin etmi\u015fler ve acil para ihtiyac\u0131 olanlara bor\u00e7 vermi\u015flerdir. Bu teknikler Eski \u00c7a\u011f\u2019daki di\u011fer \u00fclkelere, \u00f6rne\u011fin G\u00fcney \u0130talya\u2019daki Yunan kolonilerinden Roma\u2019ya, Ptolemaioslar D\u00f6nemi M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019\u0131na daha sonradan gelmi\u015ftir.\u201d (3)<\/p>\n Eski Yunan bankac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n k\u00f6keni sarrafl\u0131k yani para bozuculuk ve sikke ayar kontrol\u00f6rl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc idi. \u00c7ok \u00e7e\u015fitli sikkenin darp ediliyor olmas\u0131, bunlar\u0131n farkl\u0131 kaynaklardan gelmesi ve hali haz\u0131r durumlar\u0131, a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131klar\u0131, bunlar\u0131n kontrol\u00fcn\u00fcn yap\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 ve birbirlerine kar\u015f\u0131 de\u011ferlerinin iyi bilinmesini gerektirmekteydi. (4) M\u00d6 6. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131ndan M\u00d6 5. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n sonlar\u0131na kadar uzanan s\u00fcre\u00e7te trapezites\u2019ler (\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c0\u03b5\u03b6\u03b9\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2) sarrafl\u0131ktan bankerli\u011fe uzanan bir d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm ge\u00e7irdiler.<\/p>\n \u0130ki \u00fcnl\u00fc banker: <\/strong><\/p>\n Pasion ve Phormion<\/strong><\/p>\n Para hareketlerinin en fazla oldu\u011fu yerler do\u011fal olarak yo\u011fun ticaretin ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti\u011fi liman kentleriydi. Bu \u00e7er\u00e7evede Byzantion, Delos, Atina, Korinthos, Thebai ve Orkhomenos ilk akla gelen yerlerdir. Tap\u0131nak bankalar\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra \u00f6zel bankalar \u00f6zellikle M\u00d6 2. ve 1 y\u00fczy\u0131llarda en y\u00fcksek noktas\u0131na \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. (5) Atina\u2019da M\u00d6 4. y\u00fczy\u0131l ba\u015flar\u0131nda en az\u0131ndan 8 \u00f6zel banka e\u015fzamanl\u0131 olarak faaliyet g\u00f6stermekteydi. (6) Banka i\u015fletmeye Eski Yunanca\u2019da kataskeuazesthai [tarpezan] (\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03b1\u03b6\u03b5\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9 [\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c0\u03b5\u03b6\u03b1\u03bd]) denmekteydi. Atina\u2019da bankac\u0131l\u0131k g\u00fcnl\u00fck ya\u015fam\u0131n bir par\u00e7as\u0131 haline gelmi\u015fti.<\/p>\n Atina\u2019da M\u00d6 4. y\u00fczy\u0131lda bankac\u0131l\u0131k yapm\u0131\u015f olan Pasion ve halefi Phormion, hatiplerin s\u00f6ylevleri nedeniyle haklar\u0131nda ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 bilgi bulunan iki b\u00fcy\u00fck bankerdir. Pasion\u2019un do\u011fum tarihi ve yeri tam olarak bilinmiyor; ancak \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc 370. Mesle\u011fe giri\u015fi 390\u2019l\u0131 y\u0131llar olmas\u0131 nedeniyle, daha eski de\u011filse bile en az\u0131ndan Peloponnesos Sava\u015flar\u0131\u2019n\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131nda do\u011fmu\u015f ve 60 ya\u015flar\u0131nda \u00f6lm\u00fc\u015f olmal\u0131. Genel olarak Akharnai\u2019l\u0131 oldu\u011fu kabul ediliyor. Attika ya da Atina\u2019da do\u011fmad\u0131\u011f\u0131, buraya k\u00f6le olarak ba\u015fka k\u00f6lelerle birlikte getirildi\u011fi san\u0131l\u0131yor.<\/p>\n Fakat ilk ba\u015flarda Pasion\u2019un k\u00f6le oldu\u011fu kesindir, hatta Atinal\u0131 Arkhestratos\u2019un k\u00f6lesidir. (7) Arkhestratos ise Atina yurtta\u015f\u0131 Antisthenes ile para ticareti ve sarrafl\u0131k i\u015finde ortakt\u0131r. G\u00f6r\u00fcnen o ki, bu i\u015fte \u00f6\u011frendikleriyle g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi ba\u015far\u0131 nedeniyle azat edilmi\u015ftir. Azat edildikten sonra efendilerinin sahip oldu\u011fu bankay\u0131 olas\u0131l\u0131kla \u00f6nce kiralam\u0131\u015f, sonra da sahibi olmu\u015ftur. (8) Pasion, \u00f6zellikle Pontos\u2019taki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131ndan sonra M\u00d6 394 civar\u0131nda \u00f6nemli bir banker haline gelir; Pontos\u2019ta olas\u0131l\u0131kla metoikos (9) konumunda bulunmu\u015ftur. \u0130sokrates\u2019in, Pasion ile Pontos\u2019lu bir yabanc\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki davadan bahsetti\u011fi s\u00f6ylevinde, kentteki bir yabanc\u0131, servetinin bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc Pasion\u2019a emaneten teslim etmi\u015f; ancak daha sonra bu konuda bir uyu\u015fmazl\u0131k ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f, mevduat\u0131 zimmetine ge\u00e7irmekle su\u00e7lanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. (10)<\/p>\n Pasion, aralar\u0131nda komutan (strategos) Timotheos ve hatip Demosthenes\u2019in babas\u0131n\u0131n da bulundu\u011fu \u00e7ok zengin i\u015f ve arkada\u015f \u00e7evresi nedeniyle k\u0131sa s\u00fcrede Atina\u2019n\u0131n en \u00f6nde gelen bankeri olur. (11) Bu konumundan \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fc M\u00d6 390 veya 376\u2019da kendisine Atina yurtta\u015fl\u0131k hakk\u0131 verilir. (12) Attika yurtta\u015f\u0131 olarak Pasion, Akharnai Demos\u2019unda g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. (13) Ancak hangi sebeple oldu\u011fu bilinmemekle birlikte ikamet yeri Atina de\u011fil Pire\u2019dir (Piraeus). (14) M\u00d6 372\u2019de h\u00e2l\u00e2 i\u015finin ba\u015f\u0131nda oldu\u011fu anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131yor. (15) M\u00d6 372-370 aras\u0131nda Pasion hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131 nedeniyle bankas\u0131n\u0131 ve kalkan at\u00f6lyesini kendi azatl\u0131 k\u00f6lesi Phormion\u2019a bir y\u0131ll\u0131\u011f\u0131na 2 talent 4000 drakhme bedelle kiralar.<\/p>\n Pasion\u2019un i\u015fi bir y\u00f6n\u00fcyle, yabanc\u0131lar\u0131n gelirlerinin ve servetlerinin y\u00f6netimiyle ilgilidir; (16) \u00f6rne\u011fin bunlar\u0131 bor\u00e7 vererek de\u011ferlendirmektedir. (17) Her t\u00fcrl\u00fc bor\u00e7 verme i\u015fini yapar. Pasion\u2019un bankas\u0131, mevduat kabul eder ve nakde d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fclebilecek k\u0131ymetli \u015feyleri rehin alarak bu mevduat\u0131 bor\u00e7 verir ya da i\u015fletir. Mevcut bilgilere g\u00f6re M\u00d6 400-372 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda Attika\u2019n\u0131n pek \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli \u015fahsiyeti onunla i\u015f ili\u015fkisine girmi\u015ftir. Peloponnesos Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019ndan k\u0131sa bir s\u00fcre sonra \u00f6nde gelen siyaset\u00e7i Agyrrhios, \u00fcnl\u00fc hatip Demosthenes\u2019in babas\u0131 Demosthenes (18) ve ayn\u0131 d\u00f6nemin sonlar\u0131na do\u011fru Timotheos ondan bor\u00e7 alm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r; yakla\u015f\u0131k M\u00d6 373-72\u2019de komutan Timotheos\u2019a bir\u00e7ok defa bor\u00e7 vermi\u015ftir, ayr\u0131ca Korykyra\u2019ya kar\u015f\u0131 bir donanma haz\u0131rlanmas\u0131n\u0131 da desteklemi\u015ftir. (19)<\/p>\n Pasion\u2019un hem evi (20) hem de i\u015fyeri (21) Pire\u2019de bulunmaktayd\u0131; burada olmas\u0131, belki de pek \u00e7ok yabanc\u0131yla i\u015f ili\u015fkisinde olmas\u0131 nedeniyleydi. \u00d6rne\u011fin Bosphoros\u2019tan (K\u0131r\u0131m) I. Satyros\u2019un komutanlar\u0131ndan Sopaios kendi o\u011flunu tah\u0131l gemileri ve parayla Atina\u2019ya g\u00f6ndermi\u015f ve paray\u0131 faiz kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 Pasion\u2019un bankas\u0131na yat\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n Para simsar\u0131 olarak hem i\u00e7erde hem de d\u0131\u015far\u0131da \u00fcn\u00fc \u00e7ok yayg\u0131nd\u0131; bu y\u00fczden Pasion\u2019un o\u011flu Apollodoros, daha sonra gururlanarak, Pasion\u2019un ili\u015fkilerinin t\u00fcm Yunanistan\u2019da b\u00f6ylesine yayg\u0131n ve g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc olmas\u0131 nedeniyle hi\u00e7bir g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fckle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fmadan bor\u00e7lanabilece\u011fini \u00f6ne s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. (22) Pasion\u2019un siyasal ya\u015fama kat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 pek bilinmez. G\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fc sorumluluk almak anlam\u0131nda trierarkhos\u2019luk (\u00fc\u00e7 s\u0131ra k\u00fcrekli sava\u015f gemisi sponsorlu\u011fu) g\u00f6revini \u00fcstlendi\u011fi Demosthenes\u2019in s\u00f6ylevlerinden bilinir. Bunun d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kendi at\u00f6lyesinde (ergasterion -\u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd) \u00fcrettirdi\u011fi 1000 adet tun\u00e7 kalkan\u0131 da \u015fehir y\u00f6netimine hediye etmi\u015ftir. (23)<\/p>\n Hans Schaefer\u2019e g\u00f6re Pasion, kalkan imalat\u0131ndan y\u0131lda 1 talent kazanmakta, bankadan da 100 mina gelir elde etmekteydi. (24) W. Sontheimer, Pasion\u2019un bankac\u0131l\u0131ktan 10.000 drakhme, at\u00f6lyeden ise 6000 drakhme geliri oldu\u011funu belirtir. (25) August B\u00f6ckh ise, Pasion\u2019un sarraf d\u00fckk\u00e2n\u0131 i\u00e7in Phormion\u2019dan y\u0131ll\u0131k 160 mina kira bedeli ald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ifade eder. (26) Bu farkl\u0131 rakamlara ra\u011fmen Pasion\u2019un \u00f6nemli bir gelire sahip oldu\u011fu a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r. Pasion\u2019un servetinin b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc ayn\u0131 d\u00f6nemdeki di\u011fer para simsarlar\u0131yla k\u0131yaslama imk\u00e2n\u0131na sahip de\u011filiz. Bankerli\u011fin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra \u00f6zellikle ticaret ve sanayi ile de u\u011fra\u015fan d\u00f6nemin bankerlerinin, b\u00fcy\u00fck servet edindikleri kesindir.<\/p>\n Pasion M\u00d6 370-69\u2019da \u00f6ld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde geride 20 talentlik bir servet ve bor\u00e7 olarak verilmi\u015f en az\u0131ndan 39 veya 40 talentlik (27) bir alacak b\u0131rak\u0131r. (28) Vasiyeti gere\u011fi azatl\u0131s\u0131 Phormion, Pasion\u2019un kar\u0131s\u0131 Arkhippe ile evlenir ve onun gen\u00e7 o\u011flu Pasikles\u2019in vasisi olur. Kalan miras da b\u00fcy\u00fck o\u011flu Apollodoros\u2019un talebi \u00fczerine payla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r; buna g\u00f6re kalkan at\u00f6lyesi Apollodoros\u2019a, banka ise Pasikles\u2019e kal\u0131r. (29)<\/p>\n M\u00d6 4. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Atina\u2019daki \u00f6nemli bankac\u0131lardan biri de Phormion\u2019dur. Phormion, kendisi de bir zamanlar k\u00f6le olan banker Pasion\u2019un k\u00f6lesi olarak d\u00fcnyaya gelmi\u015fti. Pasion, \u201ci\u015flek zek\u00e2s\u0131, tutumlu olu\u015fu ve d\u00fcr\u00fcstl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnden \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fc\u201d Phormion\u2019a \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc ba\u011f\u0131\u015flar ve onu kendi bankas\u0131nda veznedar olarak g\u00f6revlendirir. M\u00d6 372\u2019de Pasion hastalan\u0131nca bankas\u0131n\u0131 ve kalkan at\u00f6lyesini g\u00fcvendi\u011fi dostu (socius) Phormion\u2019a iki y\u0131ll\u0131\u011f\u0131na kiralar. (30) \u00c7ok ge\u00e7meden vefat eden Pasion\u2019un miras i\u015flerinin hallinden sonra M\u00d6 362\u2019de kendi bankas\u0131n\u0131 kurar ve 361\/60\u2019ta vatanda\u015fl\u0131k hakk\u0131n\u0131 elde eder; bu s\u0131rada itibar\u0131n\u0131n zirvesindedir.<\/p>\n Phormion\u2019un bankas\u0131 \u00e7ok g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fcyd\u00fc ve d\u00fcnya \u00e7ap\u0131nda parasal bir sayg\u0131nl\u0131\u011fa sahipti. Atina kentine ve yabanc\u0131 devletlere bor\u00e7 para vermekteydi. Karadeniz k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131ndaki Pontos\u2019a d\u00fczenli seferler yapan trieres\u2019ler (3 s\u0131ra k\u00fcrekli gemi) \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131rmaktayd\u0131. Byzanion ile ticari ili\u015fkileri vard\u0131 ve K\u0131r\u0131m\u2019dan tah\u0131l ithalat\u0131 da yapmaktayd\u0131.<\/p>\n Pasion\u2019un M\u00d6 394 civar\u0131nda do\u011fan o\u011flu Apollodoros, babas\u0131 \u00f6ld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde hen\u00fcz 24 ya\u015f\u0131ndayd\u0131. (31) Babas\u0131n\u0131n miras\u0131, varis olarak Apollodoros ile karde\u015fi Pasikles\u2019e kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. (32) Apollodoros, M\u00d6 370\u2019ten sonra Atina\u2019n\u0131n en zengin yurtta\u015flar\u0131ndan biriydi. Apollodoros trierarkhos\u2019luk yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u0131rada M\u00d6 369\u2019da Sicilya\u2019ya gitti. Atina\u2019ya d\u00f6nd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde \u00fcvey babas\u0131 Phormion\u2019a kar\u015f\u0131 dava a\u00e7t\u0131, fakat davay\u0131 geri \u00e7ekti. (33) Pasion\u2019un \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden 8 y\u0131l sonra M\u00d6 362\u2019de Apollodoros ve karde\u015fi Pasikles, o g\u00fcne kadar Phormion\u2019un y\u00f6netti\u011fi miras\u0131, ki bu mirasta bir banka ve bir de kalkan imalat at\u00f6lyesi de vard\u0131, payla\u015ft\u0131lar. Apollodoros kalkan at\u00f6lyesini ald\u0131. (34) M\u00d6 360\u2019ta annesi Arkhippe\u2019nin \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden sonra Apollodoros ile Phormion aras\u0131nda meydana gelen bir anla\u015fmazl\u0131k \u00fczerine yeniden bir dava ba\u015flad\u0131. (35) M\u00d6 350\u2019de a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131 davada \u00fcvey babas\u0131ndan 20 talent istedi. Bu davada Phormion\u2019u Apollodoros\u2019a kar\u015f\u0131 Demosthenes savundu. (36) Demosthenes de bir s\u00f6ylevinde, bankac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n pek \u00e7ok risk ta\u015f\u0131mas\u0131na ili\u015fkin olarak, servetini kaybetmi\u015f bir\u00e7ok bankerin ad\u0131n\u0131 sayar. (38)<\/p>\n \u00c7e\u015fitli yerlerdeki \u00f6zel bankac\u0131l\u0131k faaliyetleri Karadeniz\u2019in kuzey sahilindeki ticaret kenti Olbia\u2019da da canl\u0131 bir bankac\u0131l\u0131k piyasas\u0131 vard\u0131. Bu \u00f6nemli emporion\u2019da devlet, i\u015f hayat\u0131n\u0131 belirli bir d\u00fczene koymu\u015ftu. Darp edilen t\u00fcm alt\u0131n ve g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f sikkeler kente sokulabilmekte ve \u00e7\u0131kart\u0131labilmekteydi. Ancak bankalar taraf\u0131ndan bu sikkelerin ticareti, yani de\u011fi\u015fimi halk meclisinin (ekklesiasterion) bulundu\u011fu alanda merkezi bir yere dikilen yaz\u0131tta yer alan temel sikke kurlar\u0131na g\u00f6re yap\u0131lmak zorundayd\u0131. (40) M\u00d6 4. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Olbia\u2019da al\u0131nan bir karar, bankac\u0131l\u0131k faaliyetlerine bir d\u00fczenleme getirmekteydi. \u201cBu kararname d\u00f6rt temel kural\u0131 ortaya koymaktad\u0131r: 1) \u015eehir i\u00e7indeki i\u015flemlerde sadece Olbia g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f\u00fc kullan\u0131lacakt\u0131r; 2) Elektron ve yerel g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f sikkeler aras\u0131ndaki de\u011fi\u015fim oran\u0131 devlet taraf\u0131ndan belirlenecektir; 3) \u2018Her iki taraf\u0131n anla\u015fmas\u0131 durumunda, taraflar ne karar alm\u0131\u015flarsa\u2019 sikke de\u011fi\u015fiminde de bu esas olacakt\u0131r ve 4) Her t\u00fcrl\u00fc sikkenin ithali veya ihrac\u0131nda s\u0131n\u0131rs\u0131z hak tan\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Elektrona ili\u015fkin g\u00fc\u00e7 durumlara m\u00fcdahale edilmesinin d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kanun, devleti para meselelerine hi\u00e7bir \u015fekilde kar\u0131\u015fm\u0131yor, siyasi durumun korunmas\u0131 i\u00e7in de yerel sikkelerin kullan\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fcyordu. Olbial\u0131lara, yabanc\u0131lara giden ve \u00fclkeye yabanc\u0131 sikkeyle d\u00f6nen bir Olbial\u0131 ile ayn\u0131 t\u00fcr parayla Olbia\u2019ya gelen bir yabanc\u0131n\u0131n getirdi\u011fi sikkeyi sarraf ayn\u0131 orandan i\u015fleme al\u0131yordu.\u201d (41)<\/p>\n Delos\u2019ta bankac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n oda\u011f\u0131nda tap\u0131nak bankac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 yer alsa da burada \u00f6zel bankalar da faaliyet g\u00f6stermekteydi. Sikke ticareti yapan bankerlere (M\u00d6 4. y\u00fczy\u0131ldan itibaren ergazestai – \u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03b6\u03b5\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9) Delos\u2019ta ergazomenoi tes trapezes (\u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03b6\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c0\u03b5\u03b6\u03b5\u03c2) denmekteydi; daha s\u0131k kullan\u0131lan deyi\u015f ise ergasia tes trapezes (\u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c0\u03b5\u03b6\u03b7\u03c2) idi. (42) Ad\u0131 ge\u00e7en baz\u0131 \u00f6zel bankalar \u015funlard\u0131: Syrakousai\u2019l\u0131 Timon, M\u00d6 200 civar\u0131nda Delos\u2019ta kendi bankas\u0131n\u0131 kurmu\u015ftu. M\u00d6 190\u2019da o\u011flu Nymphodoros bankan\u0131n y\u00f6netimine ge\u00e7ti ve bu \u015fah\u0131s daha sonra kendini Tarent\u2019li Herakleides olarak adland\u0131rd\u0131. Delos\u2019ta \u201cHellen ve Mantineus bankas\u0131\u201d adl\u0131 bir ba\u015fka \u00f6zel banka daha vard\u0131. Hellen\u2019in kim oldu\u011fu bilinmemekte, fakat Mantineus Tenos\u2019lu Satyros\u2019un o\u011flu idi ve Delos\u2019taki Proksenos\u2019ta faaliyet g\u00f6stermekteydi. \u201cPaktyas ve Philophon bankas\u0131\u201dnda ad\u0131 ge\u00e7en Paktyas\u2019\u0131n Kythnos\u2019lu oldu\u011fu san\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. M\u00d6 192\u2019ye tarihlenen Theon bankas\u0131n\u0131n sahibi olas\u0131l\u0131kla Theon adl\u0131 \u015fah\u0131st\u0131 ve bu Byzantion\u2019lu Meniskos\u2019un o\u011fluydu; banka Delos\u2019taki Proksenos\u2019ta faaliyet g\u00f6stermekteydi. (43)<\/p>\n Antik D\u00f6nem\u2019in deniz ticareti ve bankac\u0131l\u0131k y\u00f6n\u00fcnden \u00f6nemli bir di\u011fer adas\u0131 ise Rhodos\u2019tu. Bu ada uzun bir s\u00fcre bankac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n merkezi olmu\u015ftur. Buradaki bankerlerden ad\u0131 ge\u00e7enlerden baz\u0131lar\u0131 \u015f\u00f6yleydi: Abdera\u2019l\u0131 Python, \u0130stros\u2019lu Aristagoras, Olbia\u2019l\u0131 Nikeratos. Bunlar ayn\u0131 zamanda zahire, ya\u011f ve k\u00f6le ticareti de yap\u0131yorlard\u0131. D\u00f6rt bir yana gemiler ve kervanlar sevk ediyor, mallar\u0131 toptan al\u0131p sat\u0131yor, bir yandan mevduat al\u0131rken \u00f6b\u00fcr yandan faizle bor\u00e7 veriyorlard\u0131. (44) David Magie de Rhodos\u2019un bir bankac\u0131l\u0131k ve ticaret merkezi olarak \u00f6nemine i\u015faret eder: \u201cM\u00d6 3. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131nda Rhodos, Argos\u2019a faizsiz 100 talent bor\u00e7 verebilecek ve Priene\u2019ye kredi a\u00e7abilecek kadar zengin idi.\u201d (45)<\/p>\n M\u00d6 2. y\u00fczy\u0131lda ad\u0131 ge\u00e7en baz\u0131 \u00f6zel bankalar da \u015funlard\u0131: Hephaistion ve Philistos bankas\u0131 (M\u00d6 192), Askalon\u2019lu Philostratos\u2019un bankas\u0131 (bu \u015fah\u0131s Neapolis kenti vatanda\u015f\u0131yd\u0131), Philon ve Silenos bankas\u0131 (\u00f6nemli bir bankayd\u0131), M. Minatios Sexti f. Bankas\u0131 (M\u00d6 153\u2019te faaldi). (46)<\/p>\n Anadolu\u2019da \u00f6zel bankac\u0131l\u0131k Eubolos\u2019un Hermias adl\u0131 bir had\u0131m k\u00f6lesi vard\u0131. Bazen Hermeias \u015feklinde yanl\u0131\u015f yaz\u0131lan Hermias, Bithynia k\u00f6kenli bir filozoftu. Eubolos taraf\u0131ndan azat edildikten sonra Atina\u2019ya giden Hermias, Platon\u2019un okuluna girdi, gen\u00e7 Aristoteles ve Ksenokrates\u2019le s\u0131k\u0131 dost oldu. Atarneus\u2019a d\u00f6nd\u00fckten sonra \u00f6nce Eubulos ile ortak h\u00fck\u00fcmdar, daha sonra da onun ard\u0131l\u0131 oldu. Platon\u2019un \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden sonra her iki dostunu da Assos\u2019a davet etti ve onlar\u0131 burada \u00fc\u00e7 y\u0131l misafir etti. (49)<\/p>\n \u0130stanbul \u00dcniversitesi\u2019nden Hamdi \u015eahin, Anadolu\u2019nun Kilikia (\u00c7ukurova) B\u00f6lgesi\u2019ndeki meslekleri inceledi\u011fi doktora \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131nda, 11 lahitte trapezites (para bozucu) adlar\u0131na rastland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirtir. Lahitlerde genellikle \u201cpara bozucu …..n\u0131n lahdidir\u201d \u015feklinde bir ifade yer almaktad\u0131r. S\u00f6z konusu trapezites\u2019lerden ikisi Anastasios, ikisi de Iohannes ad\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131maktayd\u0131; di\u011ferlerinin adlar\u0131 ise \u015f\u00f6yleydi: Paulos, Basilios, Indios, Danielos, Barsymos, Antiokhos, Elephas Romanos ve Synegdemos (lakab\u0131 Billos). (50)<\/p>\n Tarih\u00e7i David Magie, Anadolu\u2019da trapezites\u2019lerin ad\u0131n\u0131n ge\u00e7ti\u011fi kentleri \u015f\u00f6yle s\u0131ralar: \u0130lion\u2019da (Troia \/ Hisarkale) trapezitai\u2019dan -ki burada onlar bir gelir sa\u011flama fonunu y\u00f6netmi\u015flerdir-; Kyzikos\u2019ta (Erdek) kentin bankerinden (\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c0\u03b5\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2); Temnos\u2019ta (Menemen G\u00f6rece Kale) Quattour Mensarii\u2019den; ve Lampsakos\u2019ta (Lapseki) bir trapeziteia\u2019dan (\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c0\u03b5\u03b6\u03b9\u03c4\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1) s\u00f6z edilmektedir.\u201d (51)<\/p>\n Magie\u2019nin yukar\u0131daki al\u0131nt\u0131da bahsetti\u011fi, Ge\u00e7 Roma \u0130mparatorluk d\u00f6nemine tarihlenen bu Kzykos yaz\u0131t\u0131nda s\u00f6z konusu edilen bir yap\u0131y\u0131 (\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u03ba\u03b5\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03b9= korkuluklar \/ parmakl\u0131klar) yapt\u0131ran ki\u015fi olarak ad\u0131 zikredilen Auksanon, yine yaz\u0131tta s\u00f6z\u00fc edilen Bakkhos k\u00fclt grubunun \u00fcyesi oldu\u011fu derne\u011fin grammateus\u2019u (\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b5\u03c5\u03c2), kentin ise trapezeites\u2019idir (\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c0\u03b5\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2). (52)<\/p>\n Anadolu\u2019da ayr\u0131ca antik Alabanda (\u00c7ine \/ Do\u011fanyurt [esk. Araphisan] K\u00f6y\u00fc), Knidos (Eski Dat\u00e7a), Metropolis (\u0130zmir Yenik\u00f6y \/ \u00d6zbey), Ephesos (Sel\u00e7uk \/ Efes), \u0130znik, Prusa ad Olympum (Bursa) ve Dorylaion (Eski\u015fehir \u015earh\u00f6y\u00fck) kentlerinde de, i\u00e7inde \u201ctrapezeites\u201dlerden bahsedilen yaz\u0131tlar ele ge\u00e7mi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019da \u00f6zel bankac\u0131l\u0131k M\u00d6 3. y\u00fczy\u0131lda M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019da resmi sikke ayar kontrol\u00f6rleri (dokimastai – \u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9) ve \u00e7ok say\u0131daki devlet bankas\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra pek \u00e7ok da \u00f6zel banka vard\u0131; fakat devlet, \u00f6zel banka sahipli\u011fini az say\u0131da giri\u015fimci aras\u0131nda pay etmi\u015fti. Ayr\u0131ca yabanc\u0131 para ticareti yapmak da resmi g\u00f6revli olmayan \u015fah\u0131slara yasakt\u0131 (yani para de\u011fi\u015ftirme tekeli vard\u0131) ve bunlar\u0131n verdikleri kredilere uygulayacaklar\u0131 sarrafiye (acyo \/ komisyon) ve faiz oranlar\u0131 da resmi emirnamelerle belirlenmi\u015fti. \u00d6zel bankalar (idiotikai trapezai – \u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03c9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03c1\u03b1\u03a0\u03c0\u03b5\u03b6\u03b1\u03b9) M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019da ilk kez Roma egemenli\u011fi d\u00f6neminde daha iyi ko\u015fullara kavu\u015fmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n Roma\u2019da \u00f6zel bankac\u0131l\u0131k 1.Rabirius Postumus, Cicero\u2019nun s\u00f6ylevleri nedeniyle tan\u0131nan bir bankerdir. Rabirius, C. Curtius\u2019un o\u011fluydu ve gen\u00e7 ya\u015fta babas\u0131n\u0131 kaybetmi\u015fti. Vasiyet gere\u011fi amcas\u0131 C. Rabirius taraf\u0131ndan evlat edinildi. S\u00fcvari s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131na mensuptu, k\u00fclt\u00fcrs\u00fczd\u00fc fakat \u00e7ok zengindi; babas\u0131 gibi o da bankerlik i\u015fini t\u00fcm imparatorlukta, Caesar ve Cicero gibi ba\u011flant\u0131lar\u0131yla b\u00fct\u00fcn Roma d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda s\u00fcrd\u00fcrd\u00fc. En ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 oldu\u011fu i\u015f bankerlikti. (61)<\/p>\n Cicero\u2019nun De Officiis\u2019inde ad\u0131 ge\u00e7en bir banker de Syracusae\u2019l\u0131 Pythius\u2019tur. Cicero, banker Pythius hakk\u0131nda ilgin\u00e7 bir hilek\u00e2rl\u0131k \u00f6yk\u00fcs\u00fc anlat\u0131r: \u201cGaius Canius, bir Roma \u015f\u00f6valyesi, hat\u0131r\u0131 say\u0131l\u0131r derecede zeki ve edebi k\u00fclt\u00fcrl\u00fc bir adam, kendi dedi\u011fine g\u00f6re bir keresinde Syracusae\u2019a i\u015f i\u00e7in de\u011fil tatil i\u00e7in gitti. \u0130stenmeyen misafirler taraf\u0131ndan rahats\u0131z edilmeden arkada\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 davet edebilece\u011fi ve keyif s\u00fcrebilece\u011fi bir sayfiye evi (k\u0131r evi) sat\u0131n almay\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc a\u00e7\u0131klad\u0131. Bu bilgi yay\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 zaman, Syracusae\u2019l\u0131 bir bankac\u0131 olan Pythius, Canius\u2019a b\u00f6yle bir evi oldu\u011funu, sat\u0131l\u0131k olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, ancak isterse kendini orada evinde hissedebilece\u011fini s\u00f6yledi ve ayn\u0131 zamanda onu ertesi g\u00fcn ak\u015fam yeme\u011fi i\u00e7in bu eve davet etti. Canius kabul etti. Pythius, bir bankerden beklenece\u011fi \u00fczere, her s\u0131n\u0131ftan insandan yard\u0131m isteyebiliyordu; sonradan bal\u0131k\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131 toplad\u0131 ve ertesi g\u00fcn onun evinin \u00f6n\u00fcnde avlanmalar\u0131n\u0131 istedi ve ne yapmalar\u0131 gerekti\u011fini s\u00f6yledi. Canius yeme\u011fe geldi. G\u00f6zlerinin \u00f6n\u00fcnde gruplar halinde bal\u0131k\u00e7\u0131 kay\u0131klar\u0131 vard\u0131 ve her bal\u0131k\u00e7\u0131 s\u0131rayla yakalad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bal\u0131klar\u0131 getirip Pythius\u2019un ayaklar\u0131 dibine b\u0131rakt\u0131. \u2018Dua et, Pythius\u2019 dedi Canius, \u2018Bu ne demek oluyor, b\u00fct\u00fcn bu bal\u0131klar ve kay\u0131klar?\u2019 \u2018Merak etme\u2019 dedi Pythius, \u2018buras\u0131 Syracusae\u2019da b\u00fct\u00fcn bal\u0131\u011f\u0131n oldu\u011fu yer; buras\u0131 tatl\u0131 suyun geldi\u011fi yer; bu ev ve arazi olmadan bal\u0131k\u00e7\u0131lar ya\u015fayamaz\u2019. Eve sahip olma arzusuyla yanan Canius, Pythius\u2019a evi ona satmas\u0131 i\u00e7in \u0131srar etti. Pythius \u00f6nce itiraz etti. Uzun laf\u0131n k\u0131sas\u0131, Canius amac\u0131na ula\u015ft\u0131. Adam zengindi ve k\u0131r evine sahip olma arzusuyla Pythius\u2019un istedi\u011fi b\u00fct\u00fcn paray\u0131 \u00f6dedi; evdeki b\u00fct\u00fcn malzemeleri de ald\u0131. Pythius tutar\u0131 defterine i\u015fledi ve al\u0131\u015fveri\u015fi tamamlad\u0131. Ertesi g\u00fcn Canius arkada\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 davet etti; kendisi erken geldi. Tek bir \u0131skarmoz bile g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcrde yoktu. Kom\u015fusuna o g\u00fcn\u00fcn bir bal\u0131k\u00e7\u0131 bayram\u0131 olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 sordu, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc onlardan tek bir iz bile g\u00f6remiyordu. \u2018Bildi\u011fim kadar\u0131yla yok\u2019 dedi kom\u015fusu; \u2018ama hi\u00e7biri genelde burada avlanmazlar. D\u00fcn olup biten neydi anlayamad\u0131m\u2019. Canius \u00e7ok \u00f6fkelendi; ama ne yapabilirdi? \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc meslekta\u015f\u0131m ve arkada\u015f\u0131m Gaius Aquilius hen\u00fcz cezai doland\u0131r\u0131c\u0131l\u0131kta kullan\u0131lan formlar\u0131n\u0131 yay\u0131mlamam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bu formlarda ge\u00e7en \u2018cezai doland\u0131r\u0131c\u0131l\u0131k\u2019 nedir diye soruldu\u011funda verdi\u011fi cevap: \u2018Bir \u015fey g\u00f6sterip ba\u015fka bir \u015fey uygulamak\u2019 idi; konusunda uzman birinden beklenece\u011fi \u00fczere m\u00fckemmel bir tan\u0131md\u0131 bu. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla Pythius ve bir \u015feyi oldu\u011fundan farkl\u0131 g\u00f6steren di\u011fer herkes sadakatsiz, hilek\u00e2r ve karaktersizdir.\u201d (62)<\/p>\n Pompeii\u2019li banker L. Caecilius Iucundus\u2019un MS 1. y\u00fczy\u0131ldaki faaliyetleri hakk\u0131nda ayr\u0131nt\u0131lar, kendisinden g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze ula\u015fan belgeler nedeniyle bilinmektedir. 1875\u2019te Pompeii\u2019de banker L. Caecilius Iucundus\u2019un evindeki kaz\u0131larda bir a\u011fa\u00e7 sand\u0131k i\u00e7inde ar\u015fivinin bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra kendisinin tun\u00e7 b\u00fcst\u00fc evinin tablinum\u2019un (63) sa\u011f\u0131nda ve solunda ele ge\u00e7mi\u015ftir. \u0130dealize edilmeden do\u011fal g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcyle yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olan b\u00fcst\u00fcn \u00fczerinde, \u201cIucundus\u2019un azatl\u0131 k\u00f6lesi Felix taraf\u0131ndan yapt\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u201d \u015feklinde bir kay\u0131t vard\u0131r. A\u011fa\u00e7 sand\u0131ktan \u00e7\u0131kart\u0131lan 153 balmumlu tabletten arta kalanlar onar\u0131l\u0131p okunmu\u015ftur; bunlar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011fu \u00f6deme makbuzlar\u0131d\u0131r. Makbuzlardan biri MS 15 y\u0131l\u0131na, bir di\u011feri 27\u2019ye ait iken geri kalanlar\u0131 52-62 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131ndand\u0131r. \u00c7ok az\u0131 t\u00fcm olarak ele ge\u00e7mi\u015ftir, ancak belgelerin \u00e7ok benzer olmas\u0131 nedeniyle genel g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm anla\u015f\u0131labilmektedir. Iucundus\u2019un g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze ula\u015fan i\u015f makbuzlar\u0131ndan g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc kadar\u0131yla (ki o bankac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra mezat\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k ve kentin vergi tahsildarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 da yapmaktayd\u0131) i\u015flemlerinin tutar\u0131 olduk\u00e7a d\u00fc\u015f\u00fckt\u00fcr. Tek tek i\u015flemlerin tutar\u0131 342-39.079 sestertius aras\u0131nda de\u011fi\u015fmekteydi ve birka\u00e7 y\u0131l\u0131n (MS 52-62 aras\u0131) toplam i\u015flem tutar\u0131 300.000 sestertius tutmaktayd\u0131. (64)<\/p>\n Eques (atl\u0131, s\u00fcvari) s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131ndan Herodes Atticus, yay\u0131n, bankac\u0131l\u0131k ve tar\u0131msal \u00fcretim konular\u0131nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaktayd\u0131 ve babas\u0131 da bankac\u0131l\u0131k yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. (65) Atticus\u2019un, babas\u0131ndan kalan mirasa ili\u015fkin yine babas\u0131n\u0131n vasiyetnamesi do\u011frultusunda yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u015flemler, Roma D\u00f6nemi Atina\u2019s\u0131nda bankac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n g\u00fcnl\u00fck ya\u015fam\u0131n i\u00e7inde ne \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde yer ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 hususunda iyi bir fikir verir: \u201cMS 2. y\u00fczy\u0131l Roma \u0130mparatorluk D\u00f6nemi Attika\u2019s\u0131ndaki bankac\u0131l\u0131\u011fa, Herodes Atticus\u2019un babas\u0131 olan ve MS 134\u2019te \u00f6len Atticus\u2019un vasiyetnamesi g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir \u0131\u015f\u0131k tutar. O, her Attika yurtta\u015f\u0131na y\u0131ll\u0131k 1 mina verilmesini sa\u011flayacak, en az\u0131ndan 6 bin yurtta\u015fa \u00f6denecek 6000 drakhmeyi y\u00fczde 5 faiz geliriyle kar\u015f\u0131layacak \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde asgari 120.000 mina ya da 12 milyon drakhmeye sahip bir vak\u0131f kurulmas\u0131n\u0131 vasiyet etmi\u015fti. O\u011flu ve varisi Herodes Atticus Atinal\u0131lara bir kerede 5 mina \u00f6demeyi ve kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 Attika bankalar\u0131na yat\u0131rmay\u0131 \u00f6nerdi. Teklif kabul edildi ve insanlar paralar\u0131n\u0131 almak i\u00e7in bankaya gittiler. Ancak Atticus iyi haz\u0131rl\u0131k yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Babas\u0131ndan veya dedesinden bor\u00e7 alm\u0131\u015f olanlar\u0131n bor\u00e7 senetleri herkesin \u00f6n\u00fcne konuldu. Sonu\u00e7 olarak \u00e7o\u011fu az bir parayla yetinmek zorunda kald\u0131 ya da hi\u00e7 para alamad\u0131.\u201d (66)<\/p>\n Banker L. Aufidius\u2019u, Tenos\u2019ta kent y\u00f6netimine, piyasa \u015fartlar\u0131na g\u00f6re daha d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck bir faiz oran\u0131yla verdi\u011fi kredi nedeniyle tan\u0131maktay\u0131z. Kentin ekonomik s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131lardan \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fc bankerin o\u011flu L. Aufidius Bassus, bu faiz oran\u0131n\u0131 daha sonra daha da d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Hem bu davran\u0131\u015f\u0131ndan hem de di\u011fer hay\u0131r i\u015flerinden \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fc Tenos y\u00f6netimi bu bankeri onurland\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. (67)<\/p>\n Commadus zaman\u0131nda bir azatl\u0131 iken daha sonra Roma piskoposu (217-222) olan Callistus (Callixtus) da Roma\u2019da H\u0131ristiyanlara y\u00f6nelik bankac\u0131l\u0131k yapm\u0131\u015f, ancak sonradan iflas ederek g\u00fc\u00e7 duruma d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015f bir bankerdir. Callistus\u2019un ilgin\u00e7 \u00f6yk\u00fcs\u00fcne ili\u015fkin Hasan Malay \u015fu bilgileri verir:<\/p>\n \u201c…bankerlik yapan di\u011fer bir azatl\u0131n\u0131n ilgin\u00e7 \u00f6yk\u00fcs\u00fc de erken H\u0131ristiyanl\u0131k devrinin theologlar\u0131ndan biri olan Hippolytus taraf\u0131ndan anlat\u0131lmaktad\u0131r: O g\u00fcnlerde bir Papal\u0131k se\u00e7imi yap\u0131lacakt\u0131r ve Hippolytus\u2019un rakibi olan Callistus k\u00f6le k\u00f6kenli biridir. Kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131n\u0131 k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrme\u011fe \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan Hippolytus, onun eski bir k\u00f6le oldu\u011funu s\u00f6ylemekle kalmaz, ayn\u0131 zamanda onun efendisine sad\u0131k biri olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 da ileri s\u00fcrer ve onun ge\u00e7mi\u015fini \u015f\u00f6yle anlat\u0131r:<\/p>\n \u2018Bir zamanlar bu adam, imparator ailesine mensup Carpophorus ad\u0131nda birinin evinde k\u00f6leydi. G\u00fcvenilir birine benzedi\u011fi i\u00e7in, Carpophorus ona b\u00fcy\u00fck miktarda bir paray\u0131 emanet etmi\u015f ve bankerlik yaparak bu paray\u0131 verimli bir \u015fekilde de\u011ferlendirmesini istemi\u015fti. Paray\u0131 alan Callistus, \u2018Resmi Bal\u0131k Pazar\u0131\u2019 ad\u0131nda bir banka kurdu. Zamanla dul kad\u0131nlar ve H\u0131ristiyanlar buraya b\u00fcy\u00fck paralar yat\u0131rd\u0131lar; \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc yasal sorumluluk Corpophorus\u2019undu. Ama Callistus bankay\u0131 k\u00f6t\u00fc i\u015fletti ve durumu \u00e7\u0131kmaza soktu. Durum k\u00f6t\u00fcle\u015fince, birileri efendisine giderek durumun k\u00f6t\u00fc oldu\u011funu ve hesaplar\u0131 kontrol etmesinin yerinde olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6ylediler. Bunu \u00f6\u011frenen Callistus, efendisinden \u00e7ekeceklerini tahmin ederek ortadan kayboldu. Portus\u2019da yelken a\u00e7ma\u011fa haz\u0131r bir gemi buldu ve nereye gidece\u011fine bakmaks\u0131z\u0131n bu gemiye bindi. Ama ka\u00e7amad\u0131; \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc birisi Capophorus\u2019a durumu anlatm\u0131\u015f ve o da hemen limana gelmi\u015fti. Efendisi gemiye binemedi, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc gemi liman\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131\u011f\u0131nda demirliydi. Ama kaptan da hareket etmekte pek acele etmiyordu. Bu s\u0131rada Callistus uzaktan efendisini g\u00f6rd\u00fc, ka\u00e7amayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 anlay\u0131nca, art\u0131k ya\u015faman\u0131n anlams\u0131z olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcp kendini denize att\u0131. Limandakilerin feryatlar\u0131 \u00fczerine denizciler kay\u0131klara atlay\u0131p onun bo\u011fulmas\u0131na engel oldular. Callistus efendisine teslim edildi ve Roma\u2019ya g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc. Efendisi onu bir ayak de\u011firmende \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131rma\u011fa ba\u015flad\u0131. Aradan bir s\u00fcre ge\u00e7ince -ki hep b\u00f6yle olur- baz\u0131 H\u0131ristiyanlar Carpophorus\u2019a giderek bu cezay\u0131 kald\u0131rmas\u0131n\u0131 istediler. Asl\u0131nda Carpophorus iyi bir insand\u0131; onlara yitirdi\u011fi paray\u0131 \u00f6nemsemedi\u011fini, as\u0131l ba\u015fkalar\u0131n\u0131n paras\u0131n\u0131n batm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131na \u00fcz\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc bir\u00e7ok insan\u0131n kendisine g\u00fcvenerek Callistus\u2019a para emanet ettiklerini s\u00f6yledi. Ama yine de onlar\u0131n istediklerini kabul ederek Callistus\u2019u ayak milinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131rmaktan vazge\u00e7ti. Ancak bu k\u00f6lenin alacakl\u0131lara \u00f6deyebilece\u011fi hi\u00e7bir \u015feyi yoktu. Ayr\u0131ca, bir n\u00f6bet\u00e7i taraf\u0131ndan s\u00fcrekli olarak g\u00f6zetlendi\u011fi i\u00e7in ka\u00e7am\u0131yordu da. Bu nedenle kendini \u00f6ld\u00fcrmeye karar verdi ve \u015f\u00f6yle bir plan uygulad\u0131: Bir cumartesi g\u00fcn\u00fc, alacakl\u0131lar\u0131 ile bulu\u015faca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yleyerek, Yahudilerin ayin yapmak \u00fczere topland\u0131klar\u0131 bir synagog\u2019a girdi ve i\u00e7erde b\u00fcy\u00fck bir yaygara kopard\u0131. Yahudiler buna sinirlendiler ve hakaret ederek d\u00f6vmeye ba\u015flad\u0131lar. Daha sonra s\u00fcr\u00fckleyerek, onu \u015fehir praefectus\u2019u Fuscianus\u2019a g\u00f6t\u00fcrerek \u015fu \u015fekilde yak\u0131nd\u0131lar:<\/p>\n – Romal\u0131lar bizim ibadet yapmam\u0131z\u0131 resmen kabul etmi\u015f olduklar\u0131 halde, bu adam geliyor ve b\u00fcy\u00fck g\u00fcr\u00fclt\u00fcler \u00e7\u0131kararak ve bir H\u0131ristiyan oldu\u011funu hayk\u0131rarak ibadetimizi engelliyor!<\/p>\n Yahudilerin bu \u015fik\u00e2yetinden dolay\u0131 Fuscianus, Callistus\u2019a \u00e7ok k\u0131zd\u0131. Ancak bu arada Carpophorus da olup biteni \u00f6\u011frenmi\u015f ve praefectus\u2019un makam\u0131na gitmi\u015fti. Carpophorus praefectus\u2019a \u015funlar\u0131 s\u00f6yledi:<\/p>\n – Yalvar\u0131r\u0131m efendim, bu adama inanmay\u0131n! \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc o kesinlikle bir H\u0131ristiyan de\u011fil. Asl\u0131nda kendini \u00f6ld\u00fcrtmek istedi, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc benim param\u0131 doland\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bunu size kan\u0131tlayabilirim.<\/p>\n Ama Yahudiler, bunun Callistus\u2019u kurtarmak \u00fczere efendisi taraf\u0131ndan d\u00fcz\u00fclen bir yalan oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fcler ve daha da \u00f6fkelendiler. Sonu\u00e7ta Callistus kam\u00e7\u0131lanmaya ve Sardunia\u2019daki madenlerde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya mahkum edildi.\u2019 (Hippolytus, Bat\u0131l D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerin Tekzibi, 9.12. 1 ve dev.)<\/p>\n Di\u011fer baz\u0131 kaynaklardan \u00f6\u011frendi\u011fimize g\u00f6re Callistus\u2019un ser\u00fcveni bununla bitmez: Bu s\u0131ralarda Roma imparatoru olan Commodus\u2019un affetmeye karar verdi\u011fi H\u0131ristiyanlar\u0131n listesinde onun da ad\u0131 vard\u0131r. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc Commodus\u2019u kand\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu aftan sonra Callistus Roma\u2019ya d\u00f6ner ve Hippolytus\u2019un deyimi ile \u2018hi\u00e7 hak etmedi\u011fi halde\u2019 Papa se\u00e7ilir (MS 217-222).\u201d (68)<\/p>\n Baz\u0131 kaynaklar Antiochia\u2019daki (Antakya) trapezites\u2019lerden s\u00f6z seder. Kpel\u2019deki nummularii (MS 404) (69) ve argentarii bir heyet olu\u015fturarak, Iustinianus zaman\u0131nda iflaslarla ilgili yasa konusunda h\u00fck\u00fcmdarla g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmeler yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Asia eyaletindeki para de\u011fi\u015ftiriciler ve bankalarla ilgili Ephesos\u2019ta (70) ve Kilikia\u2019daki Korykos\u2019ta kay\u0131tlar vard\u0131r. Byblus\u2019ta Photinus adl\u0131 bir bankerin ad\u0131 ge\u00e7er. \u0130skenderiye\u2019de (Alexandria) ve M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019da bankalar her zaman faal kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Kartaca\u2019da (Carthago) bir vicus argentariorum (semt bankas\u0131) vard\u0131 ki bu h\u0131rs\u0131zl\u0131\u011fa kar\u015f\u0131 \u00f6zellikle korunakl\u0131 hale getirilmi\u015fti. MS 3. y\u00fczy\u0131lda ya\u015fanan ekonomik kriz sonucu Roma \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nda, M\u0131s\u0131r hari\u00e7, bankalar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011fu yok oldu. Ancak 4. y\u00fczy\u0131lda bankalar tekrar ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. \u0130talya\u2019da Roma\u2019da ve Roma d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda da bankerler vard\u0131; Roma kentindekilerden birisi, B\u00fcy\u00fck Gregorius zaman\u0131nda ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f olan ve Gregorius\u2019un ad\u0131ndan s\u00f6z etti\u011fi Iohannes adl\u0131 bir argentarius idi (MS 600). Di\u011fer Ge\u00e7 Roma kaynaklar\u0131 da bankerlerden s\u00f6z eder. MS 7. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Bat\u0131\u2019da bankalar bir kez daha kaybolur, ancak Do\u011fu\u2019da varl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fcr, \u00f6zellikle Kpel ve \u0130skenderiye\u2019de. (71)<\/p>\n Daha \u00f6nce devlet bankac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131kta oldu\u011fu M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019da ilk kez Roma egemenli\u011fi d\u00f6neminde \u00f6zel bankalar (idotikai trapezai – \u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03c9\u03a0\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c0\u03b5\u03b6\u03b1\u03b9) bir\u00e7ok k\u0131s\u0131tlamadan kurtulmu\u015f ve daha rahat ko\u015fullarda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Asl\u0131nda b\u00fct\u00fcn k\u0131s\u0131tlanm\u0131\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131na ra\u011fmen \u00f6zel bankac\u0131l\u0131k M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019da Ptolemaios\u2019lar D\u00f6nemi\u2019nden itibaren h\u0131zla geli\u015fmi\u015f ve bir\u00e7ok eyalet \u015fehrinde \u00f6zel bankalar a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Roma D\u00f6nemi\u2019nde devlet tekelinin kalkmas\u0131, \u00f6zel bankalar\u0131n geli\u015fmesini h\u0131zland\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019da MS 2. y\u00fczy\u0131ldaki bankac\u0131l\u0131k konusunda Arsinoe kenti iyi bir fikir verebilir. MS 1. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n sonlar\u0131n\u0131 takip eden 70 y\u0131l i\u00e7inde Arsinoe\u2019de yakla\u015f\u0131k 48 \u00f6zel bankan\u0131n faaliyet g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi anla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Bu bankalar\u0131n sahiplerinin ya da y\u00f6neticilerinin adlar\u0131 da bilinmektedir. Bunlardan ikisi, 18 y\u0131ldan fazla bankalar\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu bankalar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011fu on y\u0131llar boyunca faal olmu\u015ftur. MS 147\u2019de Arsinoe\u2019de ayn\u0131 s\u0131rada yedi bankan\u0131n, di\u011fer zamanlarda da daha \u00e7ok 4-5 bankan\u0131n yan yana faaliyette bulunduklar\u0131 saptanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. (72)<\/p>\n Sonu\u00e7 olarak, \u0130mparatorluk D\u00f6nemi\u2019nde, Roma kentinde ve t\u00fcm eyaletlerde (M\u0131s\u0131r da dahil) k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck \u00f6zel bankalar sisteminin geli\u015fti\u011fi s\u00f6ylenebilir. (73)<\/p>\n S\u00fcreli ve Standart Yay\u0131nlar K\u0131saltma Listesi Antik Kaynaklar ve K\u0131saltma Listesi D\u0130PNOTLAR<\/strong><\/p>\n 1) Bkz. E. Ild\u0131z, \u201cTarihte Tap\u0131nak Bankac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131\u201d, Bilim ve Gelecek, Say\u0131 72, \u015eubat 2010, s.52-57; E. Ild\u0131z, \u201cAntik D\u00f6nem\u2019de Devlet Bankac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131\u201d, Bilim ve \u00dctopya, Mart 2010, S. 189, s.63-73. Kaynak: <\/strong>Bilim ve Gelecek, Say\u0131:77, Temmuz 2010, s, 52-60<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" Antik D\u00f6nem\u2019de bankac\u0131l\u0131k alan\u0131nda faaliyet g\u00f6steren ki\u015fi ve kurumlar, bu faaliyetlerini \u00fc\u00e7 t\u00fcr bankac\u0131l\u0131ktan birinde yapm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r: Tap\u0131nak bankac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131, devlet bankac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 veya \u00f6zel bankac\u0131l\u0131k. Daha \u00f6nceden yay\u0131mlad\u0131\u011f\u0131m iki makalede tap\u0131nak bankac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve devlet bankac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 bir \u015fekilde ele ald\u0131m. (1) Bu makalede ise Antik D\u00f6nem \u00f6zel bankac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 incelenecektir. Eski Yunan\u2019da \u00f6zel bankac\u0131l\u0131k Pek \u00e7ok Eski \u00c7a\u011f […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":361,"featured_media":35429,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[571,5049,244,5050,1566,4191,885],"class_list":["post-35426","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-genel","tag-anadolu","tag-antik-donem","tag-arkeoloji","tag-banka","tag-misir","tag-para","tag-roma"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/35426","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/361"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=35426"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/35426\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/35429"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=35426"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=35426"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=35426"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}![\"\"](\"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/2-25-300x178.jpg\")
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\nM\u00d6 4. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Atina\u2019da trapezitai (\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c0\u03b5\u03b6\u03b9\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9) olarak ad\u0131 ge\u00e7en di\u011fer baz\u0131 bankerler ise \u015f\u00f6yledir:
\nSokrates: K\u00f6le iken azat edildi, tan\u0131nm\u0131\u015f bir banker; Satyros bankas\u0131n\u0131n y\u00f6netimini Sokrates\u2019e b\u0131rak\u0131rken, bu sekt\u00f6rde benzer \u00f6rneklerde oldu\u011fu gibi, kar\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 da e\u015f olarak ona verdi.
\nSokles: \u00d6nceleri Sokrates\u2019in (o\u011flu Blepaios) k\u00f6lesi iken sonradan onun i\u015fini s\u00fcrd\u00fcrd\u00fc.
\nTimodemos da kar\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 e\u015f olarak verdi ( M\u00d6 352) ancak daha sonra iflas etti.
\nStrymodoros: Aigina\u2019da banker; k\u00f6lesi Hermaios\u2019a kar\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 e\u015f olarak verdi, daha sonra kar\u0131s\u0131 \u00f6l\u00fcnce de k\u0131z\u0131n\u0131 verdi.
\nAristolokhos: Kharidemos\u2019un o\u011flu ( M\u00d6 350 civar\u0131), iflas edince \u00e7iftli\u011fini banka alacakl\u0131lar\u0131 aras\u0131nda payla\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131.
\nSosinomos: Timodemos\u2019un kader arkada\u015f\u0131.
\nTheokles: tote trapeziteuon (\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c0\u03b5\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2), birka\u00e7 i\u00e7ki kab\u0131n\u0131 ve bir alt\u0131n \u00e7elengi teminat alarak kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda 1000 drakhme bor\u00e7 veriyor.
\nPylades: Bankas\u0131n\u0131n ad\u0131, 600 drakhme bor\u00e7 veren olarak Pasion\u2019un bankas\u0131n\u0131n ad\u0131yla birlikte ge\u00e7iyor.
\nHerakleides: M\u00d6 342 civar\u0131nda tan\u0131nm\u0131\u015f bir banka.
\nEpigenes ve Kanon: trapezitai (\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c0\u03b5\u03b6\u03b9\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9). Demosthenes\u2019in \u00f6nergesiyle kendilerine vatanda\u015fl\u0131k hakk\u0131 ba\u011f\u0131\u015fland\u0131 M\u00d6 326.
\nPhilios: Bankas\u0131n\u0131n ad\u0131 Lys. 9, 5\u2019te ge\u00e7iyor.
\nKittos: \u00d6nce Pasion Bankas\u0131\u2019nda memur olarak \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131; e\u011fer Dem. 34, 6\u2019da ge\u00e7en Kittos ile ayn\u0131 \u015fah\u0131s ise, daha sonra olas\u0131l\u0131kla kendi ba\u015f\u0131na \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131.
\nKharmolas: Aiskhines\u2019in mektubunda, pek g\u00fcvenilmeyen Atinal\u0131 bir banker olarak ge\u00e7iyor. (37)<\/p>\n![\"\"](\"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/6-5-192x300.jpg\")
\n<\/strong>Bug\u00fcnk\u00fc \u0130stanbul\u2019un yerinde kurulmu\u015f eski Byzantion \u015fehri de \u00f6nemli bir ticaret kentiydi ve Eski Yunan bankac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131na ait en eski kay\u0131tlar (M\u00d6 6. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n sonlar\u0131) buraya ait olanlard\u0131r. Byzantion\u2019daki bankalar\u0131n i\u015flevine ili\u015fkin Aristoteles\u2019te baz\u0131 bilgiler yer al\u0131r. Buna g\u00f6re, para de\u011fi\u015ftirme hakk\u0131 bir bankaya kiralan\u0131rken bir di\u011ferine ne sikke satma ne de \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc bir \u015fah\u0131stan sat\u0131n alma hakk\u0131 tan\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Byzantion\u2019da M\u00d6 4. y\u00fczy\u0131ldaki para de\u011fi\u015ftirme tekeline ili\u015fkin bu bilgiler g\u00f6stermektedir ki, bu kentte daha \u00f6nceleri para bozma i\u015fi yapan gere\u011finden fazla banka bulunmaktayd\u0131. (39)<\/p>\n
\n<\/strong>Anadolu\u2019da Assos (Behramkale) ve Atarneus\u2019ta faaliyet g\u00f6steren banker Eubolos, banka sahibi iken daha sonradan bu \u015fehirlerin y\u00f6neticisi olmu\u015ftu. Eubolos, Antik D\u00f6nem\u2019de k\u00f6lelikten banka sahipli\u011fine y\u00fckselenlerin \u00f6nde gelenlerindendi. Theopompos, Euboulos\u2019un Atarneus\u2019taki banka i\u015fletmesini belirtmek i\u00e7in trapeza argyramoibike (\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c0\u03b5\u03b6\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c1\u03b3\u03c5\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bf\u03b9\u03b2\u03b9\u03ba\u03b7) s\u00f6zc\u00fcklerini kullan\u0131r. Bu tan\u0131mlaman\u0131n tam kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u201cde\u011fi\u015fim tablas\u0131 ya da de\u011fi\u015fim b\u00fcrosu (d\u00f6viz b\u00fcrosu)\u201ddur. Bu ifadeden, Euboulos\u2019un basit bir sarraf oldu\u011fu anlam\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmamal\u0131d\u0131r, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc s\u00f6zc\u00fck daha kapsaml\u0131 bir i\u00e7eri\u011fe sahiptir. (47) M\u00d6 387\u2019de Antalkidas Bar\u0131\u015f\u0131\u2019ndan sonra banker Eubolos kendini Assos\u2019un ve Atarneus\u2019un, Pers Kral\u0131 Artakserkses\u2019ten ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z olarak, h\u00e2kimi ilan eder. Bankerlik ge\u00e7mi\u015finin, h\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131ndaki kararlar\u0131nda nas\u0131l etkili oldu\u011funun g\u00fczel bir \u00f6rne\u011fini Aristoteles anlat\u0131r: \u201cAutophradates, Atarneus\u2019u ku\u015fatmaya geldi\u011fi zaman, bu \u015fehrin egemeni Euboulos ona \u015fehri t\u00fcm\u00fcyle almas\u0131n\u0131n ne kadar s\u00fcrece\u011fini sormu\u015f ve bu s\u00fcrede bir sava\u015f\u0131n kendisine ka\u00e7a mal olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 hesaplamas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nermi\u015f. \u2018\u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc\u2019 demi\u015f, \u2018bundan \u00e7ok daha az bir para kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda Atarneus\u2019u b\u0131rakmaya haz\u0131r\u0131m\u2019. Euboulos\u2019un bu s\u00f6zleri \u00fczerine, Autophradates yeniden d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015f ve (\u00f6nceki karar\u0131ndan cayarak) ku\u015fatmay\u0131 kald\u0131rm\u0131\u015f.\u201d (48)<\/p>\n![\"\"](\"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/7-4-300x225.jpg\")
\n<\/strong>Eski M\u0131s\u0131r, Antik D\u00f6nem boyunca bankac\u0131l\u0131k a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan her zaman b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Hellenistik D\u00f6nem\u2019de, baz\u0131 sikkelerin her tarafta kullan\u0131mda olmas\u0131 nedeniyle para de\u011fi\u015ftiricili\u011fi mesle\u011fine duyulan gereksinimde bir miktar azalma olsa da M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019daki sikke sistemi nedeniyle sarrafl\u0131k ve bankerlik burada etkin bir meslek olarak mevcudiyetini devam ettirmi\u015ftir. (53)<\/p>\n
\n<\/strong>Roma\u2019ya bankac\u0131l\u0131k Yunanistan\u2019dan gelmi\u015ftir. Bunun kan\u0131t\u0131 bankac\u0131l\u0131kla ilgili adland\u0131rmalard\u0131r. Romal\u0131 tiyatro oyunu yazarlar\u0131 Plautus ve Terentus\u2019un eserlerinde bankerlere trapezita denmekteydi; Latince argentarius adland\u0131rmas\u0131 daha sonra kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Kan\u0131t sadece Yunanca adland\u0131rmalardan ibaret de\u011fildir, bankerlerin kendileri de Do\u011fu k\u00f6kenliydi; (54) \u00f6rne\u011fin M\u00d6 1. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Roma\u2019daki bankerlerin (nummularii) \u00e7o\u011fu Yunan\u2019d\u0131. (55) Bankalar, G\u00fcney \u0130talya ve Sicilya\u2019daki Yunan kolonileri \u00fczerinden Roma\u2019ya gelmi\u015fti. M. Voigt, bu geli\u015f g\u00fczerg\u00e2h\u0131nda Latium\u2019un belirleyici bir rol\u00fc oldu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcndedir, (56) ancak B. Laum\u2019a g\u00f6re bu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f \u015f\u00fcpheyle kar\u015f\u0131lanmal\u0131d\u0131r. (57) Plautus\u2019un komedilerinde ve Cicero\u2019nun yaz\u0131lar\u0131nda bunlara (argentarii) s\u0131k s\u0131k de\u011finilmi\u015ftir. \u0130mparatorluk D\u00f6nemi\u2019nde bunlar bir\u00e7ok eyalette faaliyet g\u00f6stermi\u015flerdir. Argentarii bazen, devletin sikke kontrol\u00fcyle g\u00f6revli memurlar\u0131 (nummularii) olarak da \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r ki nummularii daha sonraki d\u00f6nemlerde bankerlere d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. (58) M\u00d6 4. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Atina\u2019n\u0131n, daha sonra Delos\u2019un sermaye ve banka trafi\u011finin g\u00f6be\u011finde yer almas\u0131na benzer \u015fekilde M\u00d6 1. y\u00fczy\u0131l ve sonras\u0131nda da Roma bu konumda olmu\u015ftur. Tesserae nummulariae ile ilgili buluntular da bu durumu a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a kan\u0131tlar. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz\u00fcn Londra\u2019s\u0131na veya New York\u2019una benzer \u015fekilde o zamanki Roma da t\u00fcm d\u00fcnyan\u0131n para ticaretine h\u00fckmetmekteydi. Bankalar argentaria olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lmaktayd\u0131. Bunlara t\u00fcm eyaletlerde rastlanmaktayd\u0131. \u00d6rne\u011fin Do\u011fu\u2019da Pergamon (Bergama), Mylasa (Milas), Prusa (Bursa), Nikaia (\u0130znik) vd; Bat\u0131\u2019da bir tek Arelate\u2019de biliniyor. Ancak J. Marquardt, Roma \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nda tefecinin (fereratores) veya bankerin (argentarii) bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 hi\u00e7bir \u015fehrin olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirtir. (59) Sonu\u00e7 itibariyle en az\u0131ndan b\u00fct\u00fcn b\u00fcy\u00fck \u015fehirlerde bankalar vard\u0131 ve yapt\u0131klar\u0131 i\u015f; mevduat alma, para de\u011fi\u015ftirme, kredi verme, al\u0131\u015f-sat\u0131\u015flarda dan\u0131\u015fmanl\u0131k yapma ve destek verme, mudi hesab\u0131ndan havale ve \u00f6deme i\u015flemleri yapma gibi \u00e7e\u015fitlilik g\u00f6stermekteydi. (60)<\/p>\n![\"\"](\"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/8-2-224x300.jpg\")
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\n<\/strong>IG: Inscriptiones Graecae.
\nNP: Der Neue Pauly Enzyklopaedie der Antike.
\nRAC: Reallexikon f\u00fcr Antike und Christentum.
\nRE: Pauly-Wissowa-Kroll Real-Encyclop\u00e4die d. class. Altertumswissenschaft.<\/p>\n
\n<\/strong>Aristot. pol. (= Aristoteles, politika). Kullan\u0131lan \u00e7eviri: Aristoteles, Politika, (\u00c7ev. M. Tun\u00e7ay), 3. bas\u0131m, \u0130stanbul 1990.
\nCic. Off. (= Cicero, de Officiis). Kullan\u0131lan metin ve \u00e7eviri: Marcus Tullius Cicero. De Officiis. \u0130ng. \u00c7ev. Walter Miller. Loeb Edition. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1913.
\nCod. Theod. (= Codex Theodosianus). Kullan\u0131lan metin ve \u00e7eviri: Corpus Juris Civilis ii (9. bask\u0131), Ed. P. Kr\u00fcger, Berlin 1915.
\nDem. or. (= Demosthenes, Orationes). Kullan\u0131lan metin ve \u00e7eviri: Demosthenis Orationes, (Yay. Haz.) S. H. Butcher, Oxford 1985, (Oxford Classical Texts).
\nStrab. (= Strabon, Geographika). Kullan\u0131lan \u00e7eviri: Antik Anadolu Co\u011frafyas\u0131 (Geographika: Kitap XII- III-XIV), (\u00c7ev. A. Pekman), 5. bask\u0131, \u0130stanbul, 2005.<\/p>\n
\n2) W. Sontheimer, \u201cBanken\u201d, NP, C. 2, s.431-433. Ayr\u0131ca bkz. E. Ild\u0131z, \u201cAntik D\u00f6nem\u2019de Mevduat Bankac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131\u201d, Bilim ve Gelecek, Say\u0131 75, May\u0131s 2010, s.68-72.
\n3) R. Bogaert, Grundz\u00fcge des Bankwesens im alten Griechenland, Konstanz, 1986, s.27.
\n4) E. Ziebarth, \u201cTrapeza\u201d, RE, C. 12, s.2194-2207.
\n5) B. Laum, \u201cBanken\u201d, RE, Ek C. 4, s.68-82.
\n6) T. Pekary, Die Wirtschaft der griechisch-r\u00f6mischen Antike, Wiesbaden, 1976, s.35
\n7) Dem. or. 36, 45. Demosthenes zaman\u0131nda Atina\u2019da ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f bir banker. Daha sonradan kendisi de banker olan Pasion, zaman\u0131nda onun hizmetinde bulunmu\u015ftu (Dem. or. 36, 43-48), bkz. \u201cArkhestratos\u201d maddesi, RE, C. 2. s.458.
\n8) Dem. or. 36, 43.
\n9) Kentte ya\u015fayan yabanc\u0131.
\n10) Dem. or. 52.
\n11) Dem. or. 50,56.
\n12) Dem. or. 46, 13.15.
\n13) IG II\u00b2 3039; Dem. or. 45, 28.
\n14) Dem. or. 52, 13.
\n15) Dem. or. 49, 29vd.
\n16) Dem. or. 27, 11.
\n17) Dem. or. 50, 56.
\n18) Dem. or. 27, 11.
\n19) Dem. or. 49,6-32.
\n20) Dem. or. 49, 22.
\n21) Dem. or. 52, 8.
\n22) Dem. or. 50, 56.
\n23) Dem. or. 45, 85.
\n24) H. Schaefer, \u201cPasion\u201d, RE, C. 36, s.2067.
\n25) Sontheimer, a.g.y.
\n26) A. B\u00f6ckh, Die Sataatshaushaltung der Athener, 2 cilt, Berlin, 1851, C. 1, s.199.
\n27) Howgego, Pasion\u2019un bu alaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 50 talent olarak belirtir. C. Howgego, Sikkelerin I\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131nda Eski\u00e7a\u011f Tarihi, (\u00c7ev. O. Tekin), \u0130stanbul, 1998, s.24.
\n28) Dem. or. 36, 4 vd.
\n29) Dem. or. 36, 8 vd. Pasion ile ilgili yararlan\u0131lan di\u011fer \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f kaynaklar: W. Schmitz, \u201cPasion\u201d, NP, C. 9, s. 384; E. Ziebarth, \u201cTrapeza\u201d, RE, C. 12, s. 2194-2207; Pekary, a.g.e., s. 37; R. Sedillot, D\u00fcnya Ticaret Tarihi, (\u00c7ev. E. N. Erendor), \u0130stanbul, 1982., s. 78-79.
\n30) Dem. or. 36, 4. 37. 45, 31.
\n31) Dem. or. 36, 22.
\n32) Dem. or. 36, 8. 9
\n33) Dem. or. 45, 4
\n34) Dem. 36, 11. 37. 51.
\n35) Dem. 36, 14 vd.
\n36) Phormion ile ilgili yararlan\u0131lan \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f kaynaklar: J. Engels, \u201cApollodoros\u201d, NP, C. 1, s.856; \u201cApollodoros\u201d maddesi, RE, C. 1; Schaefer, a.g.y.; Sontheimer, a.g.y.; Schmitz, a.g.y.; Ziebarth, a.g.y.; Sedillot, a.g.e., s.78-79.
\n37) Ziebarth, a.g.y.
\n38) Dem. or. 35,11; 50 vd.; Sontheimer, a.g.y.
\n39) Ziebarth, a.g.y.
\n40) \u0130bid.
\n41) M. I. Finley, Antik \u00c7a\u011f Ekonomisi, (\u00c7ev. H. P. Erdemir), \u0130stanbul, 2007, s.201.
\n42) Laum, a.g.y.
\n43) Ziebarth, a.g.y.
\n44) Sedillot, a.g.e., s.86.
\n45) D. Magie, Anadolu\u2019da Romal\u0131lar 3 Bat\u0131 Anadolu Kent Devletleri, (\u00c7ev. N. Ba\u015fgelen ve \u00d6. \u00c7apar), \u0130stanbul, 2003, s.196.
\n46) Ziebarth, a.g.y.
\n47) R. Bogaert, Banques et banquiers dans les cit\u00e9s grecques, Leyden, 1968, s.38.
\n48) Aristot. pol. II. 7.
\n49) \u00dc. Serdaro\u011flu, Assos (Behramkale), \u0130stanbul, 1995, s.14; Natorp, \u201cHermias\u201d, RE, C. 8; Ziebarth, a.g.y.; Strab. XIII.1.57.
\n50) H. \u015eahin, Ge\u00e7 Roma \u0130mparatorluk ve Erken Bizans D\u00f6nemlerinde Da\u011fl\u0131k Kilikia (Kilikia Trakheia) B\u00f6lgesi Yaz\u0131tlar\u0131nda Meslekler, \u0130stanbul 2003, (yay\u0131mlanmam\u0131\u015f doktora tezi)
\n51) Magie, a.g.e., s.145-146.
\n52) B. \u00d6zt\u00fcrk, Yaz\u0131tlar I\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131nda Roma \u0130mparatorluk Devri K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fckasya\u2019s\u0131nda Dionysos K\u00fclt\u00fc, (Bask\u0131da), \u0130stanbul, 2008, s. 118-119. Ayr\u0131ca bkz. M. Rostovtzeff, The Social and Economic History of the Hellenistic World, C. 2, Oxford, 1941, s.1278-1288.
\n53) Sontheimer, a.g.y.
\n54) Laum, a.g.y.
\n55) R. Herzog, Aus der Geschichte des Bankwesen. Tesserae nummulariae, Abhandlung der Giessener Hochschulgesellschaft I, Giessen, 1919, 16 vd.
\n56) M. Voigt, \u00dcber die Bankiers und Buchf\u00fchrung der R\u00f6mer, X, 1888.
\n57) Laum, a.g.y.
\n58) R. Herzog, \u201cNummularius\u201d, RE, 34. yar\u0131m cilt, s.1415-21.
\n59) J. Marquardt, Das Privatleben der R\u00f6mer, 2. bask\u0131, 2 cilt, Hirzel, 1886; Laum, a.g.y.
\n60) H. Kloft, Die Wirtschaft des Imperium Romanum, Mainz, 2006, s.241.
\n61) V. M\u00fchll, \u201cC. Rabirius\u201d, RE, 2. seri, C. 1, s.25-27.
\n62) Cic. Off. III, 14. 58, 59, 60.
\n63) Roma evlerinde atrium\u2019un arkas\u0131ndaki b\u00fcy\u00fck ar\u015fiv odas\u0131.
\n64) A. Mau, Pompeji In Leben und Kunst, Leipzig, 1908, s.242, 465, 516.
\n65) Finley, H. Atticus\u2019tan bahsederken \u015f\u00f6yle der: \u201cMesela kusursuz oldu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclen eques -atl\u0131, s\u00fcvari- s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131ndan Attikos, yay\u0131n, bankac\u0131l\u0131k ve tar\u0131msal \u00fcretim konular\u0131nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u201d, bkz. Finley, a.g.e., s.46.
\n66) Ziebarth, a.g.y. H. Atticus\u2019un vasiyeti i\u00e7in ayr\u0131ca bkz. P. Graindor, Un milliardaire antique, Herodes Atticus e son famille, Kahire, 1930.
\n67) R. Bogaert, Grundz\u00fcge des Bankwesens im alten Griechenland, Konstanz, 1986, s.19.
\n68) H. Malay, \u00c7a\u011flar Boyu K\u00f6lelik (Eski Yunan ve Roma), Ankara, 1990, s.287-290.
\n69) Cod. Theod. 16, 4, 5.
\n70) H. Gregoire, Recueil des inscriptions greques-chretiennes d\u2019Asie Mineur, fasc. 1 (Paris 1922 ve Amsterdam 1968) nr. 96 quarter; aktaran R. Bogaert, \u201cGeld\u201d, RAC, C. 9.
\n71) Bogaert, a.g.y., s.821, 835, 838, 874-876.
\n72) Ziebarth, a.g.y.
\n73) B. \u0130plik\u00e7io\u011flu, Eskibat\u0131 Tarihi I Giri\u015f, Kaynaklar, Bibliyografya, Ankara, 1997, s.131.<\/p>\n