{"id":35671,"date":"2019-07-28T03:50:55","date_gmt":"2019-07-28T00:50:55","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/?p=35671"},"modified":"2019-08-01T00:25:51","modified_gmt":"2019-07-31T21:25:51","slug":"bilimin-onculeri-gelileo-galilei-1564-1642","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2019\/07\/28\/bilimin-onculeri-gelileo-galilei-1564-1642","title":{"rendered":"Bilimin \u00d6nc\u00fcleri: Gelileo Galilei (1564-1642)"},"content":{"rendered":"

Modern bilimin olu\u015fumunda ilk at\u0131l\u0131mlar astronomide kendini g\u00f6sterdi; ama daha kapsaml\u0131 devrim 17. y\u00fczy\u0131lda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti. Temeli Galileo\u2019nun dinamik konusundaki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131yla at\u0131lan bu devrim, Newton mekani\u011fiyle yetkinli\u011fe ula\u015ft\u0131. Fizi\u011fin \u201cbabas\u0131\u201d diye an\u0131lan Galileo, ayn\u0131 zamanda, G\u00fcne\u015f-merkezli sistem i\u00e7in s\u00fcrd\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc m\u00fccadele ile d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fck etmi\u015ftir. Onun d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncemize b\u00fcy\u00fck bir katk\u0131s\u0131 da, deney sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 ile matemati\u011fi birle\u015ftirmesi, \u00f6ylece bilimsel y\u00f6ntemi bug\u00fcnk\u00fc anlamda i\u015flemi\u015f olmas\u0131d\u0131r. \u015eu s\u00f6zleri ilgin\u00e7tir:<\/p>\n

Felsefe (bilim demek istiyor) g\u00f6zlerimiz \u00f6n\u00fcnde a\u00e7\u0131k duran \u201cevren\u201d dedi\u011fimiz o g\u00f6rkemli kitapta yaz\u0131l\u0131d\u0131r. Ancak yaz\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 dili ve alfabesini \u00f6\u011frenmedik\u00e7e bu kitab\u0131 okuyamay\u0131z. Kitab\u0131n yaz\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 dil, matemati\u011fin dilidir; harfleri \u00fc\u00e7gen, daire ve di\u011fer geometrik \u015fekillerdir. Bu dil ve harfler olmaks\u0131z\u0131n, kitab\u0131n bir tek s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc anlamaya olanak yoktur.<\/p>\n

R\u00f6nesans\u2019\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck sanat\u00e7\u0131s\u0131 Michelangelo\u2019nun (1475 – 1564) \u00f6ld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc y\u0131l d\u00fcnyaya gelen, Newton\u2019un do\u011fdu\u011fu y\u0131l d\u00fcnyadan ayr\u0131lan Galileo, Francis Bacon, Descartes (1596 – 1650), Kepler ve Shakespeare (1564 – 1616) gibi \u00fcnl\u00fclerle \u00e7a\u011fda\u015ft\u0131. Temelde Orta\u00e7a\u011f ba\u011fnazl\u0131\u011f\u0131na bir \u201cisyan\u201d diye niteleyebilece\u011fimiz R\u00f6nensans\u2019\u0131n son d\u00f6neminde ya\u015fayan Galileo, yeni aray\u0131\u015f ve at\u0131l\u0131mlar\u0131yla kendisini \u00f6nceleyen Leonardo da Vinci ve Kopernik t\u00fcr\u00fcnden evrensel bir yetenek, Yeni\u00e7a\u011f\u2019\u0131n unutulmaz bir mimar\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u0130talya\u2019n\u0131n e\u011fik kulesi ile \u00fcnl\u00fc Pisa Kenti\u2019nde d\u00fcnyaya gelen Galileo Galilei \u00f6\u011frenimine bir manast\u0131rda ba\u015flad\u0131. Babas\u0131 kentin soylular\u0131ndand\u0131, ancak geliri sosyal konumuna ko\u015fut de\u011fildi; aile ge\u00e7imini \u00fcst\u00fc-\u00f6rt\u00fck bi\u00e7imde m\u00fczik ve matematik \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131yla sa\u011fl\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n

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Galileo\u2019nun ba\u015fl\u0131ca ve en \u00f6zg\u00fcn \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 fizikte \u201cdinamik\u201d diye bilinen nesnelerin devinimlerine ili\u015fkin etkinli\u011fidir.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Galileo\u2019nun \u00fcst\u00fcn yetenekleri daha k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck ya\u015f\u0131nda belirginlik kazanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Sanata b\u00fcy\u00fck bir yatk\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131 vard\u0131: Ud ve org \u00e7alman\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra g\u00fczel resim \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131yla da dikkati \u00e7ekiyordu. Ayr\u0131ca oyuncak t\u00fcr\u00fcnden ara\u00e7 yap\u0131m\u0131nda \u00fcst\u00fcn el becerisine sahipti. O d\u00f6nemde Pisa, kendi \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcs\u00fcnde bir sanat ve \u00f6\u011frenim merkeziydi. Galileo t\u00fcm yeteneklerine geli\u015fme olana\u011f\u0131 veren canl\u0131 bir ortamda b\u00fcy\u00fcd\u00fc. Babas\u0131n\u0131n y\u00f6nlendirmesiyle \u00fcniversite \u00f6\u011frenimine t\u0131p fak\u00fcltesinde ba\u015flad\u0131, ama hekimlik onu \u00e7ekmiyordu. Fizi\u011fe, bu arada Ar\u015fimet\u2019in \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131na \u00f6zel bir ilgisi vard\u0131. Bir raslant\u0131 olarak geometri \u00fczerine dinledi\u011fi bir konferans \u00f6n\u00fcne yeni, kendisini b\u00fcy\u00fcleyen bir d\u00fcnya a\u00e7ar; t\u0131p derslerini bir yana iterek \u00f6nce kap\u0131 aral\u0131klar\u0131ndan, sonra kay\u0131tl\u0131 \u00f6\u011frencisi olarak matematik derslerini izlemeye koyulur. Ne var ki, bir s\u00fcre sonra ailesinin ge\u00e7im s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131s\u0131 nedeniyle \u00fcniversiteden ayr\u0131lmak zorunda kal\u0131r; ge\u00e7imini \u00f6zel dersler vererek kazanmaya ba\u015flar. \u00c7ok ge\u00e7meden kimi bulu\u015f ve \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131yla ad\u0131n\u0131 duyuran Galileo, \u00f6\u011frenimini yar\u0131da kesti\u011fi \u00fcniversitesine matematik okutman\u0131 olarak \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Galileo ba\u015f\u0131na buyruk bir ki\u015fidir. Meslek ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131n daha ba\u015f\u0131nda bir yandan bilimsel \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131yla \u00fcn kazan\u0131rken, \u00f6te yandan Aristoteles gelene\u011fine a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u201csava\u015f\u201d nedeniyle \u00e7ok ge\u00e7meden d\u0131\u015flanan biri olur. \u00dcniversiteler bilimde Aristoteles d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesinin birer kalesiydi. Galileo\u2019nun pervas\u0131z ele\u015ftirileri, a\u00e7\u0131k s\u00f6zl\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, dahas\u0131 \u00e7evresini k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcmseyici tutumu kolayca ba\u011f\u0131\u015flanamazd\u0131. Pisa\u2019da tutunmas\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7le\u015fince, koruyucusu Tuscany D\u00fck\u00fc\u2019\u00fcn arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla Padua \u00dcniversitesi\u2019ne matematik profes\u00f6r\u00fc olarak ge\u00e7meyi ba\u015far\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Galileo\u2019nun ba\u015fl\u0131ca ve en \u00f6zg\u00fcn \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 fizikte \u201cdinamik\u201d diye bilinen nesnelerin devinimlerine ili\u015fkin etkinli\u011fidir. Bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fman\u0131n bir sonucu eylemsizlik ilkesi, di\u011fer bir sonucu serbest d\u00fc\u015fme yasas\u0131d\u0131r. \u201cStatik\u201d denilen dengesel ili\u015fkiler Ar\u015fimet\u2019in bulu\u015flar\u0131yla a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131k kazanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Oysa devinim konusu Galileo\u2019ya gelinceye dek yanl\u0131\u015f anla\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. \u00d6rne\u011fin, devinim i\u00e7inde olan bir nesnenin kendi haline b\u0131rak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda duraca\u011f\u0131, devinimini ancak bir d\u0131\u015f g\u00fcc\u00fcn itmesi ya da \u00e7ekmesiyle s\u00fcrd\u00fcrebilece\u011fi san\u0131l\u0131yordu. Galileo ise bu san\u0131ya ters d\u00fc\u015fen bir d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce olu\u015fturmu\u015ftu: Devinen bir nesne, d\u0131\u015f etkenlerden serbest kald\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, devinimini tekd\u00fcze bir h\u0131zla s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fcr. Buna g\u00f6re, d\u0131\u015f etkenler devinimin de\u011fil, devinimin de\u011fi\u015fmesinin nedenidir, \u201c\u00eevme\u201d denen bu de\u011fi\u015fiklik devinimin h\u0131z\u0131nda ya da y\u00f6n\u00fcnde olabilir. Nesnelerin deviniminde d\u0131\u015f g\u00fc\u00e7lerin etkisinin h\u0131zda de\u011fil ivmede kendini g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi Galileo\u2019ya, serbest d\u00fc\u015fmeye ili\u015fkin deneylerini a\u00e7\u0131klama olana\u011f\u0131n\u0131 da sa\u011flar. Yerle\u015fik \u00f6\u011fretiye g\u00f6re, bir nesnenin d\u00fc\u015fme h\u0131z\u0131 a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131yla orant\u0131l\u0131yd\u0131. \u00d6rne\u011fin, ayn\u0131 y\u00fckseklikten b\u0131rak\u0131lan biri be\u015f, di\u011feri bir kg a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndaki iki nesneden birincisi yere ikincisinin ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00fcrenin 1\/5\u2019inde ula\u015fmal\u0131yd\u0131. S\u00f6ylentiye bak\u0131l\u0131rsa, Galileo herkesin inand\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncenin yanl\u0131\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, Pisa Kulesi\u2019nden de\u011fi\u015fik a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131klarda kur\u015fun par\u00e7alar\u0131n\u0131 atarak seyircilerine, bu arada \u00f6zellikle derslerine gitmekte olan profes\u00f6rlere ispatlamaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n

Serbest d\u00fc\u015fme yasas\u0131 olduk\u00e7a basit bir denklemle \u015f\u00f6yle dile gelmektedir: s = 1\/2 gt2. Buna g\u00f6re, serbest (ya da bo\u015flukta) d\u00fc\u015fen bir nesnenin ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 mesafe, d\u00fc\u015fme s\u00fcresinin karesiyle do\u011fru orant\u0131l\u0131d\u0131r. Bu ili\u015fki a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131klar\u0131 veya maddesel nitelikleri ne olursa olsun t\u00fcm nesneler i\u00e7in ge\u00e7erlidir.<\/p>\n

Devinime ili\u015fkin eylemsizlik ilkesiyle serbest d\u00fc\u015fme yasas\u0131n\u0131n kuramsal \u00f6neminin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra uygulamadaki \u00f6nemi de \u00e7ok ge\u00e7meden anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131r. Galileo, Tuscany D\u00fck\u00fc\u2019n\u00fcn iste\u011fi \u00fczerine top mermilerinin izledi\u011fi yolu incelemeye koyulur. Yatay olarak at\u0131lan bir merminin bir s\u00fcre yatay gittikten sonra birden dikey d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015fe ge\u00e7ti\u011fi san\u0131l\u0131yordu. Galileo yatay h\u0131z\u0131n (hava direnmesi bir yana) de\u011fi\u015fmeden s\u00fcrece\u011fini eylemsizlik ilkesiyle ortaya koymu\u015ftu. Ancak buna, d\u00fc\u015fme yasas\u0131 gere\u011fince giderek artan d\u00fc\u015fme h\u0131z\u0131n\u0131n da eklenmesi gerekti\u011fini g\u00f6rmekte gecikmez. Eylemsizlik ilkesiyle serbest d\u00fc\u015fme yasas\u0131n\u0131n \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131nda bir merminin izledi\u011fi yol kolayca belirlenebilir: \u00d6nce devinimin yatay oldu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcl\u00fcrse, mermi ilk saniyede ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 yol kadar ikinci saniyede de yol al\u0131r; sonra devinimin dikey d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015f oldu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcl\u00fcrse, mermi d\u00fc\u015fme s\u00fcresiyle orant\u0131l\u0131 bir h\u0131zla d\u00fc\u015fer. Basit bir hesaplamayla, bile\u015fik devinimin parabol bi\u00e7iminde bir yol \u00e7izdi\u011fi g\u00f6sterilebilir. Burada, dinamikte son derece \u00f6nemli bir ilkenin uygulamadaki ilk \u00f6rne\u011fini bulmaktay\u0131z. \u201cParalel kenar yasas\u0131\u201d diye bilinen bu ilkeye g\u00f6re, birden fazla kuvvet ayn\u0131 zamanda etkili oldu\u011funda, sonu\u00e7 sanki her biri s\u0131ras\u0131yla etki g\u00f6stermi\u015f gibi olur. \u00d6rne\u011fin, yol almakta olan bir geminin g\u00fcvertesinde oldu\u011funuzu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcn: Gemi ileri do\u011fru yol al\u0131rken siz g\u00fcvertenin bir yan\u0131ndan kar\u015f\u0131 yan\u0131na y\u00fcr\u00fcyorsunuz. Bu demektir ki, siz hemkar\u015f\u0131 kenara hem de geminin devinim y\u00f6n\u00fcnde ilerlemektesiniz. Denize g\u00f6reli konumunuzu belirlemek isterseniz, \u00f6nce gemi ilerlerken durdu\u011funuzu, sonra kar\u015f\u0131 kenara y\u00fcr\u00fcrken geminin durdu\u011funu varsayman\u0131z gerekir.<\/p>\n

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Engizisyon Galileo\u2019yu mahk\u00fbm eder; ama o mahk\u00fbmiyet Galileo\u2019nun de\u011fil, dinsel ba\u011fnazl\u0131\u011f\u0131n kendi \u00f6l\u00fcm ferman\u0131 olur. Kilise i\u015fledi\u011fi ay\u0131b\u0131n ezikli\u011finden bug\u00fcn bile tam kurtulmu\u015f de\u011fildir.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Bilimsel yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131nda Galileo bir yan\u0131yla Kepler\u2019e benzer bir tutum sergilemektedir: \u0130kisinin aray\u0131\u015f\u0131 da olgular\u0131n gerisinde matematiksel ili\u015fkiler bulmaya y\u00f6neliktir; \u015fu farkla ki, Galileo i\u00e7in aranan ili\u015fkiler mistik de\u011fil salt ussal niteliktedir. Onun g\u00f6zlemden \u00e7ok, ussal d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceye verdi\u011fi \u00f6nem \u015fu s\u00f6zlerinde de dile gelmektedir:<\/p>\n

Aristarkus ile Kopernik\u2019te beni en \u00e7ok \u015fa\u015f\u0131rtan \u015fey, akl\u0131 duyular\u0131na egemen k\u0131lmalar\u0131, inan\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 y\u00fczeysel g\u00f6zlemlerin de\u011fil akl\u0131n temeline oturtmalar\u0131d\u0131r. (\u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc, duyu verilerine bak\u0131l\u0131rsa, D\u00fcnya G\u00fcne\u015f\u2019in \u00e7evresinde de\u011fil, G\u00fcne\u015f D\u00fcnya\u2019n\u0131n \u00e7evresinde d\u00f6nmektedir!)<\/p>\n

Galileo astronom olarak yeti\u015fmemi\u015fti, ama ba\u015f\u0131 as\u0131l bu alandaki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131yla derde girer. Kopernik sistemi onu gen\u00e7lik y\u0131llar\u0131ndan beri ilgilendirmekteydi. Teleskopun icad\u0131 sistemin do\u011frulu\u011funu ispatlama f\u0131rsat\u0131 getirmi\u015fti ona. Serbest d\u00fc\u015fmeye ili\u015fkin deneyleri ba\u011fnaz \u00e7evreleri \u00f6fkelendirmi\u015fti, ama Engizisyon\u2019u fazla rahats\u0131z etmemi\u015fti. Bir Hollandal\u0131\u2019n\u0131n iki mercekli bir ara\u00e7la g\u00f6rme g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc artt\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 duyar duymaz \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya koyulan Galileo, \u00e7ok ge\u00e7meden, daha g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc olan kendi teleskopunu olu\u015fturarak, g\u00f6ky\u00fcz\u00fcne \u00e7evirir. G\u00f6zlemleri aras\u0131nda en \u00f6nemlisi J\u00fcpiter\u2019in d\u00f6rt gezegeniydi. Her \u015feyi alt\u00fcst eden \u00f6yle bir bulu\u015f do\u011fru olamazd\u0131. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc resmi \u00f6\u011fretiye g\u00f6re, sabit y\u0131ld\u0131zlar d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda yaln\u0131zca yedi g\u00f6ksel nesneye (G\u00fcne\u015f, Ay ve be\u015f gezegen) olanak vard\u0131. Galileo bir \u015farlatan, teleskopu \u015feytan\u0131ms\u0131 bir ara\u00e7t\u0131. \u00d6yle bir ara\u00e7la g\u00f6ky\u00fcz\u00fcn\u00fc incelemeye kalkmak bile ba\u011f\u0131\u015flanmaz bir g\u00fcnaht\u0131. Galileo kendi \u00fclkesinde sinsi bir kampanya ile kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya gelmi\u015fti art\u0131k. Ama onu \u00fclkesi d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndan duyulan bir ses sevindirmekte gecikmez: Bu ses Galileo\u2019nun g\u00f6zlemlerini benimseyen d\u00f6nemin \u00fcnl\u00fc astronomu Kepler\u2019in sesidir.<\/p>\n

Galileo teologlar\u0131 \u00f6fkelendiren ba\u015fka g\u00f6zlemlerini de ortaya koymu\u015ftu. Bunlardan biri Ay gibi Ven\u00fcs\u2019\u00fcn de evreleri oldu\u011fu g\u00f6zlemiydi. Bir di\u011feri, ay\u0131n hep san\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi p\u00fcr\u00fczs\u00fcz, yetkin bir nesne de\u011fil; da\u011f, vadi ve d\u00fczl\u00fckleriyle d\u00fcnyaya benzer bir nesne oldu\u011fuydu. Teleskop ayr\u0131ca G\u00fcne\u015f\u2019te birtak\u0131m lekelerin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 da g\u00f6stermekteydi. Bu g\u00f6zlemler \u201cTanr\u0131sal d\u00fczen\u201d diye bak\u0131lan g\u00f6ky\u00fcz\u00fcn\u00fcn hi\u00e7 de kusursuz, yetkin bir \u015fey olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 demekti. Kilise art\u0131k sessiz kalamazd\u0131. Ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 ilk ivedi \u00f6nlem, kutsal kitab\u0131n kimi t\u00fcmcelerine dayanarak iki buyruk ortaya koymak oldu:<\/p>\n

Birinci buyruk: G\u00fcne\u015f\u2019in D\u00fcnya\u2019n\u0131n \u00e7evresinde d\u00f6nmeyen, merkezde sabit oldu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi kutsal \u00f6\u011fretiye ayk\u0131r\u0131, sa\u00e7ma ve yanl\u0131\u015f bir savd\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u0130kinci buyruk: D\u00fcnya\u2019n\u0131n, merkezde sabit de\u011fil, G\u00fcne\u015f \u00e7evresinde bir gezegen oldu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc felsefe a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan sa\u00e7ma ve yanl\u0131\u015f, teoloji a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan ger\u00e7ek inanca ters d\u00fc\u015fen bir savd\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u0130kinci \u00f6nlem, davran\u0131\u015f ve d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi bu buyruklara ters d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fc gerek\u00e7esiyle Galileo\u2019yu yarg\u0131lamakt\u0131r. 1616\u2019da Engizisyon \u00f6n\u00fcne \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131lan Galileo istendi\u011fi \u00fczere, Kopernik sistemini art\u0131k ne s\u00f6zl\u00fc ne de yaz\u0131l\u0131 hi\u00e7bir \u015fekilde savunmayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bildirerek ba\u011f\u0131\u015flanmas\u0131n\u0131 diler; sonra, ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 talimat gere\u011fince k\u00f6\u015fesine \u00e7ekilerek bir s\u00fcre suskunluk i\u00e7ine girer. Bir s\u00fcre, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc suskunluk onun yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131na ayk\u0131r\u0131 bir davran\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Nitekim, dostu Kardinal Barberini\u2019nin Papal\u0131k makam\u0131na gelmesiyle y\u00fcreklenen Galileo yeniden i\u015fe koyulur, D\u00fcnya\u2019n\u0131n \u0130ki B\u00fcy\u00fck Sistemi \u00dczerine Diyalog adl\u0131 kitab\u0131n\u0131 yazar. 1632\u2019de yay\u0131mlanan kitapta iki sistemin (Ptolemy sistemi ile Kopernik sisteminin) g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcrde yans\u0131z bir kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 yap\u0131lmakta, birinden birine \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fck tan\u0131nmamaktad\u0131r. Ama bu sadece bir g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcd\u00fcr. Bir yandan G\u00fcne\u015f-merkezli sistemin do\u011frulu\u011fu birtak\u0131m ince tart\u0131\u015fmalarla kan\u0131tlan\u0131rken, \u00f6te yandan resmi g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fle sinsice alay edilir. Etkili bir dille kaleme al\u0131nan kitap, beklenmeyen bir ilgi toplar, Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n hemen her \u00fclkesinde geni\u015f okuyucu kitlesi bulur. Bu ilgi kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda iyice k\u00f6p\u00fcren kilise yeniden harekete ge\u00e7er; Galileo bir kez daha Engizisyon \u00f6n\u00fcne \u00e7\u0131kmaya zorlan\u0131r. Ya\u015fl\u0131 ve hasta bilgin h\u00fccreye at\u0131l\u0131r, yarg\u0131 \u00f6n\u00fcnde t\u00f6vbe etmedi\u011fi takdirde i\u015fkence g\u00f6rece\u011fi s\u00f6ylenir. Galileo \u00e7aresizdir; eline verilen metni diz \u00e7\u00f6kerek okur:<\/p>\n

\u201cBen Galileo Galilei, ge\u00e7mi\u015fteki t\u00fcm yanl\u0131\u015f ve ayk\u0131r\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerimden dolay\u0131 huzurunuzda kendimi lanetler, bir daha \u00f6yle sa\u00e7mal\u0131klara d\u00fc\u015fmeyece\u011fime, kutsal \u00f6\u011fretiye ayk\u0131r\u0131 hi\u00e7bir fikir ta\u015f\u0131mayaca\u011f\u0131ma yemin ederim.\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n

30 y\u0131l \u00f6nce Bruno\u2019yu yakarak cezaland\u0131ran Engizisyon, Galileo\u2019yadaha yumu\u015fak davran\u0131r, ev hapsine mahk\u00fbm etmekle yetinir. Ya\u015fl\u0131 bilgin ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131n son y\u0131llar\u0131nda \u00e7\u00f6km\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr, g\u00f6rme yetisini t\u00fcm\u00fcyle yitirir; ama bo\u015f durmaz. Devinim \u00fczerindeki ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131n\u0131 i\u00e7eren en b\u00fcy\u00fck yap\u0131t\u0131n\u0131 (\u0130ki Yeni Bilim \u00dczerine Diyalog) gizlice haz\u0131rlar, dostlar\u0131n\u0131n arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla Hollanda\u2019da yay\u0131mlat\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Engizisyon Galileo\u2019yu mahk\u00fbm eder; ama o mahk\u00fbmiyet Galileo\u2019nun de\u011fil, dinsel ba\u011fnazl\u0131\u011f\u0131n kendi \u00f6l\u00fcm ferman\u0131 olur. Kilise i\u015fledi\u011fi ay\u0131b\u0131n ezikli\u011finden bug\u00fcn bile tam kurtulmu\u015f de\u011fildir.<\/p>\n

Kaynak:<\/strong> Cemal Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m, Bilimin \u00d6nc\u00fcleri, Bilim ve Gelecek Kitapl\u0131\u011f\u0131, Ekim 2014, 5.Bask\u0131, s.85-89<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Modern bilimin olu\u015fumunda ilk at\u0131l\u0131mlar astronomide kendini g\u00f6sterdi; ama daha kapsaml\u0131 devrim 17. y\u00fczy\u0131lda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti. Temeli Galileo\u2019nun dinamik konusundaki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131yla at\u0131lan bu devrim, Newton mekani\u011fiyle yetkinli\u011fe ula\u015ft\u0131. Fizi\u011fin \u201cbabas\u0131\u201d diye an\u0131lan Galileo, ayn\u0131 zamanda, G\u00fcne\u015f-merkezli sistem i\u00e7in s\u00fcrd\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc m\u00fccadele ile d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fck etmi\u015ftir. Onun d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncemize b\u00fcy\u00fck bir katk\u0131s\u0131 da, deney sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 ile matemati\u011fi birle\u015ftirmesi, […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":429,"featured_media":35672,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[3845],"tags":[3110,5093,1862,2421,519,600,413],"class_list":["post-35671","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-bilimin-onculeri","tag-bacon","tag-devinim","tag-dinamik","tag-engizisyon","tag-galileo","tag-kilise","tag-ronesans"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/35671","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/429"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=35671"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/35671\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/35672"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=35671"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=35671"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=35671"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}