{"id":35898,"date":"2019-08-14T03:06:19","date_gmt":"2019-08-14T00:06:19","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/?p=35898"},"modified":"2019-08-19T15:29:57","modified_gmt":"2019-08-19T12:29:57","slug":"kutle-nedir-enerji-nedir","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2019\/08\/14\/kutle-nedir-enerji-nedir","title":{"rendered":"K\u00fctle nedir? Enerji nedir?"},"content":{"rendered":"

K\u00fctle nedir?<\/strong><\/p>\n

Einstein, 1905 y\u0131l\u0131nda 26 ya\u015f\u0131ndayken yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 makaleyle \u00f6zel g\u00f6relili\u011fi fizi\u011fe kazand\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bu kuram\u0131n en \u00fcnl\u00fc sonu\u00e7lar\u0131ndan biri k\u00fctle ile enerjinin e\u015fde\u011ferli\u011fiydi: E = mc2. Einstein\u2019a kadar bir cismin k\u00fctlesi sadece o cisimdeki madde miktar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcs\u00fc olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyordu. 1905\u2019ten sonra k\u00fctle cismin enerji i\u00e7eri\u011finin de \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcs\u00fc olmu\u015ftur. Hareketsiz bir halde duran bir cisim, bir k\u00fctle enerjisine sahiptir. Bu denklemdeki c, iki kavram\u0131 (enerji ve k\u00fctle) birle\u015ftiren evrensel \u0131\u015f\u0131k h\u0131z\u0131 sabitidir, ki \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131n hi\u00e7bir rol oynamad\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00fcre\u00e7lere bile dahildir art\u0131k.<\/p>\n

Peki g\u00fcndelik hayatta k\u00fctle ile enerji aras\u0131ndaki bu e\u015fde\u011ferli\u011fi neden alg\u0131layam\u0131yoruz? \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc \u0131\u015f\u0131k h\u0131z\u0131 \u00e7ok y\u00fcksek bir de\u011ferdedir (saniyede 300.000 km). K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir kum tanesi bile k\u00fctlesinde devasa boyutlarda enerji i\u00e7erdi\u011fi halde bu enerji gizlidir, kum tanesinin atomlar\u0131n\u0131n i\u00e7indeki \u00e7ekirdekte sakl\u0131d\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin evlerimizdeki amp\u00fcller enerji sa\u00e7arlar ve dolay\u0131s\u0131yla k\u00fctle kaybederler.<\/p>\n

Ancak \u0131\u015f\u0131k h\u0131z\u0131n\u0131n karesi o kadar b\u00fcy\u00fckt\u00fcr ki, amp\u00fcl binlerce y\u0131l yansa bile k\u00fctle kayb\u0131 \u00e7ok \u00e7ok k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck miktarlarda kal\u0131r. Di\u011fer bir deyi\u015fle, g\u00fcnl\u00fck hayat\u0131m\u0131zdan bir nesnenin k\u00fctle enerjisi o kadar b\u00fcy\u00fckt\u00fcr ki o nesneyi h\u0131zland\u0131rarak veya \u0131s\u0131tarak yaratabilece\u011fimiz enerji fark\u0131, bu nesnenin k\u00fctle enerjisine k\u0131yasla \u00e7ok k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck kal\u0131r.<\/p>\n

N\u00fckleer santrallerde k\u00fctleden enerji elde edilir. \u00d6rne\u011fin uranyum atomlar\u0131ndaki \u00e7ekirdekler n\u00f6tronlarla bombard\u0131man edildi\u011finde bozunarak iki par\u00e7aya ayr\u0131l\u0131rlar. Bu iki par\u00e7an\u0131n k\u00fctlelerinin toplam\u0131, ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7taki \u00e7ekirde\u011fin k\u00fctlesinden daha azd\u0131r. Aradaki fark n\u00fckleer enerjidir ve \u0131s\u0131 enerjisi halinde kullan\u0131l\u0131r, \u00f6rne\u011fin elektrik \u00fcretmek i\u00e7in trib\u00fcnleri d\u00f6nd\u00fcrmeye yarar. Bu s\u00fcrece fisyon (yani par\u00e7alanma) denir. Di\u011fer bir n\u00fckleer enerji bi\u00e7imi f\u00fczyondur (birle\u015fme). \u00d6rne\u011fin G\u00fcne\u015f bir f\u00fczyon merkezidir. Hafif elementler birle\u015ferek daha a\u011f\u0131r elementleri ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131r. Bu s\u00fcre\u00e7te yine enerji elde edilir, dolay\u0131s\u0131yla G\u00fcne\u015f\u2019imiz parlar.<\/p>\n

\"\"
CERN\u2019deki B\u00fcy\u00fck Hadron \u00c7arp\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131c\u0131s\u0131nda (LHC) protonlar \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck
kinetik enerji kazand\u0131r\u0131larak \u00e7arp\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r. Bir par\u00e7ac\u0131\u011f\u0131n momentumu, dalga boyu ile ters orant\u0131l\u0131d\u0131r. Par\u00e7ac\u0131k h\u0131zland\u0131r\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131, bir par\u00e7ac\u0131\u011f\u0131n momentumunu artt\u0131rmak, dolay\u0131s\u0131yla dalga boyunu azaltmak i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Dalga boyu ne kadar k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck olursa, hedef hakk\u0131nda o kadar \u00e7ok bilgi edinilebilir.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Yery\u00fcz\u00fcnde, enerjinin k\u00fctleye d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fc durumlar da vard\u0131r. Par\u00e7ac\u0131k h\u0131zland\u0131r\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131nda \u0131\u015f\u0131k h\u0131z\u0131na yak\u0131n h\u0131zlara \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lm\u0131\u015f par\u00e7ac\u0131klar \u00e7arp\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, kendilerinden daha b\u00fcy\u00fck k\u00fctleli par\u00e7ac\u0131klar \u00fcretebilirler. E\u011fer bu olguyu g\u00fcndelik hayatta g\u00f6rebilseydik, iki bisikletin \u00e7arp\u0131\u015fmas\u0131ndan b\u00fcy\u00fck otob\u00fcslerin \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131na \u015fahit olmam\u0131z gerekirdi. Ancak bunu g\u00f6zlemlemiyoruz, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc bisikletler \u00e7ok d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck h\u0131zlarda \u00e7arp\u0131\u015f\u0131yorlar. CERN\u2019deki B\u00fcy\u00fck Hadron \u00c7arp\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131c\u0131s\u0131nda (LHC) protonlar \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck<\/p>\n

kinetik enerji kazand\u0131r\u0131larak \u00e7arp\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r. Bir par\u00e7ac\u0131\u011f\u0131n momentumu, dalga boyu ile ters orant\u0131l\u0131d\u0131r. Par\u00e7ac\u0131k h\u0131zland\u0131r\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131, bir par\u00e7ac\u0131\u011f\u0131n momentumunu artt\u0131rmak, dolay\u0131s\u0131yla dalga boyunu azaltmak i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Dalga boyu ne kadar k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck olursa, hedef hakk\u0131nda o kadar \u00e7ok bilgi edinilebilir. H\u0131zland\u0131r\u0131c\u0131da \u00e7arp\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lan par\u00e7ac\u0131klar kazand\u0131klar\u0131 kinetik enerjiyle yeni par\u00e7ac\u0131klar olu\u015fturur. Bu sayede a\u011f\u0131r karars\u0131z par\u00e7ac\u0131k yarat\u0131labilir ve \u00f6zellikleri incelenebilir, par\u00e7ac\u0131k bozunum \u00fcr\u00fcnleri incelenerek bunlardan par\u00e7ac\u0131klar\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 anla\u015f\u0131labilir.<\/p>\n

Enerji nedir?<\/strong><\/p>\n

G\u00fcnl\u00fck hayatta \u00e7ok d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck h\u0131zlarda kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z i\u00e7in k\u00fctle enerjisini pek alg\u0131lamay\u0131z, ama enerjinin di\u011fer bi\u00e7imlerini g\u00f6r\u00fcr\u00fcz. Tarihsel olarak enerji kavram\u0131 termodinamikteki i\u015f kavram\u0131ndan kaynaklan\u0131r. Bir sistemin i\u015f yapma yetisi enerji olarak adland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r. Termodinamikte sistem herhangi bir \u015fey olabilir: bir kap su, G\u00fcne\u015f Sistemi ya da bir kiremit par\u00e7as\u0131 e\u011fer ilgi oda\u011f\u0131m\u0131zdaysa buna sistem deriz. Geri kalan her \u015feyse \u00e7evredir. Sisteme madde eklenebiliyor veya sistemden madde \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131labiliyorsa, sistemin a\u00e7\u0131k oldu\u011fu s\u00f6ylenir, aksi halde o sisteme kapal\u0131 sistem denir. Kapa\u011f\u0131 kapal\u0131 bir tencere kapal\u0131 bir sistemdir. \u0130\u015fte b\u00f6yle bir sistem i\u015f yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 zaman enerji harcanm\u0131\u015f olur. Bir kova s\u0131cak suyun bir kova so\u011fuk sudan daha b\u00fcy\u00fck enerjisi vard\u0131r. Termodinami\u011fin birinci yasas\u0131na g\u00f6re kapal\u0131 bir sistemde enerji korunur; enerji bir t\u00fcrden di\u011ferine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015febilir ama toplam enerji miktar\u0131 ayn\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Deniz suyunun \u0131s\u0131s\u0131 bir litre kaynam\u0131\u015f suya oranla kat kat daha fazlad\u0131r. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc \u0131s\u0131 bir enerji \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcs\u00fcd\u00fcr ve deniz suyunun muazzam miktardaki k\u00fctlesinin i\u00e7erdi\u011fi enerji bir litre kaynam\u0131\u015f suyun enerjisinden milyarlarca kez daha b\u00fcy\u00fckt\u00fcr. B\u00f6yle oldu\u011fu halde ba\u015f\u0131m\u0131zdan a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 bir litre kaynam\u0131\u015f su d\u00f6kt\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm\u00fczde ha\u015flan\u0131r\u0131z da, denize girdi\u011fimizde hi\u00e7bir \u015fey hissetmeyiz. Hatta deniz suyunun s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fckse \u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fcz. Bunun nedeni denizin \u0131s\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n da\u011f\u0131lm\u0131\u015f durumda olmas\u0131d\u0131r. Oysa bir litre kaynam\u0131\u015f suyun \u0131s\u0131s\u0131 (yani enerjisi) k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir alanda yo\u011funla\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00d6yleyse \u00f6nemli olan enerji miktar\u0131 de\u011fil, enerjinin yo\u011funla\u015fma derecesidir. Enerji yeteri derecede yo\u011funla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131ndaysa maddeye d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr. Bir ba\u015fka deyi\u015fle, maddenin enerjisini yeterli oranda artt\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda o maddenin k\u00fctlesi enerjiye d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr. K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir k\u0131v\u0131lc\u0131m yakla\u015f\u0131k 1000 \u00b0C derece s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011fa sahiptir. Asl\u0131nda enerjisi \u00e7ok k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fckt\u00fcr, ama yo\u011funla\u015fm\u0131\u015f durumda oldu\u011fundan bizim g\u00f6rebilece\u011fimiz d\u00fczeyde \u0131\u015f\u0131k \u00fcretir. Bu k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck k\u0131v\u0131lc\u0131m\u0131n enerjisini \u00e7ok k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir hacimde yo\u011funla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131rsak onu k\u00fctleye d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fcr\u00fcz. Einstein\u2019\u0131n \u00f6zel g\u00f6relilik kuram\u0131n\u0131n bir sonucu olan bu durum deneylerle ispatlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Par\u00e7ac\u0131k h\u0131zland\u0131r\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131nda yap\u0131lan deneylerde iki par\u00e7ac\u0131k (\u00f6rne\u011fin iki proton) \u0131\u015f\u0131k h\u0131z\u0131na yak\u0131n h\u0131zlarda h\u0131zland\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131ktan sonra \u00e7arp\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r ve yo\u011funla\u015fan enerjiden yeni par\u00e7ac\u0131klar elde edilir.<\/p>\n

G\u00fcnl\u00fck dilde \u015fu \u00fc\u00e7 kavram genellikle kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r: enerji, \u0131s\u0131 ve s\u0131cakl\u0131k. Is\u0131 hem bir fiil olarak hem de isim olarak kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Is\u0131nmak, \u0131s\u0131 ak\u0131\u015f\u0131 vb. gibi. Oysa termodinamikte \u0131s\u0131 bir enerji \u015fekli de\u011fildir. Is\u0131y\u0131 \u201cenerji aktar\u0131m\u0131 bi\u00e7imi\u201d olarak tan\u0131mlar\u0131z fizikte. Is\u0131 bir madde veya bir varl\u0131k da de\u011fildir, sadece bir s\u00fcrecin ad\u0131d\u0131r. Eski zamanlarda \u0131s\u0131, farkl\u0131 s\u0131cakl\u0131ktaki nesneler aras\u0131nda akan bir t\u00fcr ak\u0131\u015fkan olarak d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. H\u00e2l\u00e2 bu yanl\u0131\u015f anla\u015f\u0131lma devam etmektedir. Ger\u00e7ekteyse enerji s\u0131cakl\u0131k fark\u0131n\u0131n bir sonucu, \u0131s\u0131 olarak aktar\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Kaynak: <\/strong>Kerem Canko\u00e7ak, 50 Soruda Maddenin Evrimi, Bilim ve Gelecek Kitapl\u0131\u011f\u0131, Temmuz 2019, s. 70-73<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

K\u00fctle nedir? Einstein, 1905 y\u0131l\u0131nda 26 ya\u015f\u0131ndayken yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 makaleyle \u00f6zel g\u00f6relili\u011fi fizi\u011fe kazand\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bu kuram\u0131n en \u00fcnl\u00fc sonu\u00e7lar\u0131ndan biri k\u00fctle ile enerjinin e\u015fde\u011ferli\u011fiydi: E = mc2. Einstein\u2019a kadar bir cismin k\u00fctlesi sadece o cisimdeki madde miktar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcs\u00fc olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyordu. 1905\u2019ten sonra k\u00fctle cismin enerji i\u00e7eri\u011finin de \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcs\u00fc olmu\u015ftur. Hareketsiz bir halde duran bir cisim, bir […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":429,"featured_media":35899,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[3624],"tags":[281,288,307,1091,638,5155,383],"class_list":["post-35898","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-sorularla-bilim","tag-enerji","tag-fizik","tag-isi","tag-kutle","tag-madde","tag-parcacik","tag-termodinamik"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t