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<\/p>\nNewton,\u201cDaha ileriyi g\u00f6rebildiysem, bunu omuzlar\u0131ndan bakt\u0131\u011f\u0131m devlere bor\u00e7luyum\u201d demi\u015fti. Bu devlerden biri Galileo ise, di\u011feri Kepler\u2019dir. Kepler\u2019e gelinceye dek Kopernik sistemine dayanaks\u0131z bir hipotez ya da i\u015fe yarar matematiksel bir ara\u00e7 g\u00f6z\u00fcyle bak\u0131l\u0131yordu. Kepler, sistemin kimi d\u00fczeltmelerle bilimsel do\u011frulu\u011funu kan\u0131tlamakla kalmad\u0131, astronomiye mekanik bir kimlik kazand\u0131rd\u0131. Gen\u00e7lik co\u015fkusuyla i\u015fe koyuldu\u011funda amac\u0131 mistik inanc\u0131 do\u011frultusunda, \u201cg\u00f6ksel alemin m\u00fczikal uyumunu\u201d geometrik olarak belirlemekti; \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 noktalad\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, astronomi matematiksel d\u00fczenlemenin \u00f6tesinde fiziksel bir ger\u00e7eklik kazanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Ders kitaplar\u0131nda daha \u00e7ok \u00fc\u00e7 yasas\u0131yla bilinen Kepler, uzay fizi\u011finde sonraki kimi \u00f6nemli bulu\u015flar\u0131n ipu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 da ortaya koymu\u015ftu. Bunlar\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda eylemsizlik ilkesiyle \u00e7ekim kavram\u0131 g\u00f6sterilebilir.<\/p>\n
Johannes Kepler G\u00fcney Almanya\u2019da Weil Kenti\u2019nde d\u00fcnyaya geldi. D\u00f6rt ya\u015f\u0131nda ge\u00e7irdi\u011fi a\u011f\u0131r \u00e7i\u00e7ek hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6rme duyumunu zay\u0131flatm\u0131\u015f, ellerinde sakatl\u0131\u011fa yol a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Macera arayan sarho\u015f bir baba ile ak\u0131l dengesi bozuk bir annenin \u00e7ocu\u011fu olmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n, Kepler\u2019in \u00f6\u011frencilik y\u0131llar\u0131 parlak ge\u00e7er. Ruhsal g\u00fcvensizlik i\u00e7inde b\u00fcy\u00fcyen Kepler, \u00f6nce teolojiye y\u00f6nelir; ancak \u00fcniversite \u00f6\u011freniminde bilim ve matemati\u011fin b\u00fcy\u00fcleyici etkisinde kal\u0131r; sonunda Kopernik sistemini benimsemekle kalmaz, sistemin do\u011frulu\u011funu ispatlamak tutkusu i\u00e7ine girer. Daha 23 ya\u015f\u0131nda iken Graz \u00dcniversitesi\u2019nin \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 kabul ederek astronomi profes\u00f6r\u00fc, ard\u0131ndan kraliyet matematik\u00e7isi g\u00f6revlerini y\u00fcklenir. Ne var ki, rahat bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ortam\u0131 buldu\u011fu Graz\u2019da kalmas\u0131 fazla s\u00fcrmez; dinsel \u00e7eki\u015fmede yenik d\u00fc\u015fen Protestan az\u0131nl\u0131kla birlikte kenti terk etmek zorunda kal\u0131r. Kepler i\u015fsiz kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r, ama bu ona meslek ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131n belki de en b\u00fcy\u00fck \u015fans kap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7ar: \u00f6teden beri \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131na hayranl\u0131k duydu\u011fu Danimarkal\u0131 \u00fcnl\u00fc astronom Tycho Brahe\u2019nin asistan\u0131 olur. Ger\u00e7i ki\u015filik y\u00f6n\u00fcnden ustas\u0131 ile uyum kurmas\u0131 kolay olmayacakt\u0131; \u00fcstelik Tycho, Tanr\u0131sal d\u00fczene ayk\u0131r\u0131 sayd\u0131\u011f\u0131 G\u00fcne\u015f-merkezli sisteme kar\u015f\u0131yd\u0131. Ona g\u00f6re gezegenler G\u00fcne\u015f\u2019in, G\u00fcne\u015f de D\u00fcnya\u2019n\u0131n \u00e7evresinde d\u00f6nmekteydi. Ne ki, \u00e7ok ge\u00e7meden usta ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131 yitirir (1601); g\u00f6zlemeviyle birlikte y\u0131llar\u0131n yo\u011fun eme\u011fiyle toplanm\u0131\u015f son derece g\u00fcvenilir g\u00f6zlem ve \u00f6l\u00e7me verilerine Kepler sahip \u00e7\u0131kar.<\/p>\n
Kepler\u2019in resmi g\u00f6revi astroloji almanaklar\u0131 haz\u0131rlamakt\u0131. Zaten yetersiz olan maa\u015f\u0131 \u00e7o\u011fu kez \u00f6denmiyordu bile. Soylular\u0131n y\u0131ld\u0131z fal\u0131na bakarak ge\u00e7imini sa\u011fl\u0131yordu. Astronomlar i\u00e7in ek kazan\u00e7 kayna\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6z\u00fcyle bak\u0131p bir bak\u0131ma k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcmsedi\u011fi astrolojiye inanmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 da kolayca s\u00f6ylenemez.<\/p>\n
Yukarda da belirtti\u011fimiz gibi, Kepler\u2019in amac\u0131 \u201cg\u00f6ksel mimarl\u0131k\u201d dedi\u011fi d\u00fczende arad\u0131\u011f\u0131 matematik uyumu kurmakt\u0131. Graz\u2019dan ayr\u0131lmadan \u00f6nce yay\u0131mlanan G\u00f6ksel Gizem adl\u0131 kitab\u0131nda, gezegenlerin devinimlerini geometrik \u00e7izgi ve e\u011frilerle belirleme yoluna gitmi\u015f, o zaman bilinen alt\u0131 gezegene ait y\u00f6r\u00fcngelerin, belli bir s\u0131ra i\u00e7inde i\u00e7 i\u00e7e yerle\u015ftirilen be\u015f d\u00fczg\u00fcn geometrik nesnenin olu\u015fturdu\u011fu alt\u0131 aral\u0131\u011fa denk d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc ispata \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. (\u201cYetkin nesne\u201d denen bu \u00e7oky\u00fczl\u00fc cisimler \u015funlard\u0131r:<\/p>\n
1) D\u00f6rt e\u015fkenar \u00fc\u00e7gen y\u00fczl\u00fc (piramit)<\/p>\n
2) Alt\u0131 kare y\u00fczl\u00fc (k\u00fcp)<\/p>\n
3) Sekiz e\u015fkenar \u00fc\u00e7gen y\u00fczl\u00fc<\/p>\n
4) On iki e\u015fkenar be\u015fgen y\u00fczl\u00fc<\/p>\n
5) Yirmi e\u015fkenar \u00fc\u00e7gen y\u00fczl\u00fc.<\/p>\n
Bilindi\u011fi gibi iki boyutlu d\u00fczlemde istenilen say\u0131da \u00e7okgen \u015fekil \u00e7izilebilir; oysa \u00fc\u00e7 boyutlu uzayda yaln\u0131zca s\u0131ralad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z bu be\u015f \u00e7oky\u00fczl\u00fc d\u00fczg\u00fcn nesne olu\u015fturulabilir. Antik\u00e7a\u011f\u2019dan beri bilinen bu be\u015f nesnenin gizemli bir niteli\u011fi oldu\u011fu inanc\u0131 pek de yersiz de\u011fildi. Ger\u00e7ekten, yetkin simetrik olan bu nesnelerin her biri t\u00fcm k\u00f6\u015felerinin dokundu\u011fu bir k\u00fcre i\u00e7ine yerle\u015ftirilebilir. Ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde, her biri t\u00fcm y\u00fczlerinin orta noktas\u0131na dokunan bir daireyi \u00e7evreleyebilir. \u00d6rne\u011fin, Sat\u00fcrn y\u00f6r\u00fcngesini i\u00e7eren k\u00fcreye bir k\u00fcp yerle\u015ftirilecek olsa J\u00fcpiter\u2019in k\u00fcresi bu k\u00fcp\u00fcn i\u00e7ine; ya da, J\u00fcpiter\u2019in k\u00fcresine bir piramit (d\u00f6rt e\u015fkenar \u00fc\u00e7gen y\u00fczl\u00fc nesne) yerle\u015ftirilecek olsa Mars\u2019\u0131n k\u00fcresi bu piramitin i\u00e7ine t\u0131pat\u0131p uyacakt\u0131r. Ayn\u0131 d\u00fczenleme geriye kalan gezegen y\u00f6r\u00fcngeleriyle \u00e7oky\u00fczl\u00fc d\u00fczg\u00fcn nesnelerle de ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmektedir. Kepler en b\u00fcy\u00fck co\u015fkusunu bu d\u00fczenlemeye y\u00f6nelik ara\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131nda ya\u015fam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
D\u00fczg\u00fcn geometrik nesnelerle gezegen y\u00f6r\u00fcngeleri aras\u0131nda varsay\u0131lan ili\u015fki olgusal temelden yoksundu ku\u015fkusuz; ama, gezegenlere ait y\u00f6r\u00fcnge b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fckleri aras\u0131nda bir t\u00fcr korelasyon oldu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesinde bir ger\u00e7ek pay\u0131 vard\u0131. Nitekim Kepler\u2019in 20 y\u0131l sonra form\u00fcle etti\u011fi \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc yasas\u0131 bu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceden kaynaklanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Tycho\u2019nun g\u00f6zlemevine yerle\u015fen Kepler, gen\u00e7li\u011finin \u00e7o\u011fu ak\u0131ld\u0131\u015f\u0131 saplant\u0131lar\u0131ndan t\u00fcm\u00fcyle kurtulmazsa da, giderek daha olgun, olgusal verilere daha ba\u011fl\u0131 bir kimlik kazan\u0131r. Tycho\u2019nun ona verdi\u011fi g\u00f6rev gezegen y\u00f6r\u00fcngelerini belirlemeye y\u00f6nelikti; incelemeye koyuldu\u011fu ilk y\u00f6r\u00fcnge de beklentiye en \u00e7ok ayk\u0131r\u0131 d\u00fc\u015fen Mars\u2019\u0131n g\u00f6zlemlenen y\u00f6r\u00fcngesiydi. Kepler, yo\u011fun bir u\u011fra\u015fa kar\u015f\u0131n y\u0131llarca, g\u00f6zlem verileriyle uyum kurmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00e7embersel y\u00f6r\u00fcnge aras\u0131ndaki fark\u0131 gideremedi. Bu demekti ki, \u00e7embersel y\u00f6r\u00fcnge beklentisinde bir yanl\u0131\u015fl\u0131k olmal\u0131yd\u0131. Ne var ki, g\u00f6ksel d\u00fczeyde yetkinlik aray\u0131\u015f\u0131 i\u00e7inde olan Kepler bu olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir t\u00fcrl\u00fc i\u00e7ine sindiremiyordu. \u00c7embersel olmayan bir y\u00f6r\u00fcnge (ki, Kepler i\u00e7in bu bir \u201cpislik\u201dti) nas\u0131l d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclebilirdi? Ama olgular da bir yana itilemezdi!<\/p>\n
Bu t\u00fcr a\u00e7mazlar\u0131n etkisinde Kepler zamanla astronomide geometrik uyum aray\u0131\u015f\u0131ndan fiziksel etki aray\u0131\u015f\u0131na girer. Kopernik i\u00e7in G\u00fcne\u015f\u2019in merkez konumu salt matematiksel bir belirlemeydi; oysa Kepler buna fiziksel bir ger\u00e7eklik tan\u0131ma gere\u011fini duymaya ba\u015flar. T\u00fcm gezegen y\u00f6r\u00fcnge d\u00fczlemlerinin G\u00fcne\u015f\u2019in merkezinden ge\u00e7mesi olay\u0131, bu y\u00f6neli\u015fi do\u011frulay\u0131c\u0131 nitelikteydi. Mars\u2019\u0131n y\u00f6r\u00fcngesi \u00fczerindeki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 bir olguyu daha g\u00fcn \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131na \u00e7\u0131karm\u0131\u015ft\u0131: Gezegenin y\u00f6r\u00fcngesi \u00fczerindeki h\u0131z\u0131n\u0131n de\u011fi\u015fik noktalarda de\u011fi\u015fik oldu\u011fu ger\u00e7e\u011fi. \u00d6yle ki, gezegenin G\u00fcne\u015f\u2019e yakla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131nda h\u0131z\u0131 artmakta, uzakla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131nda h\u0131z\u0131 azalmaktayd\u0131. Kepler bu ili\u015fkiyi ikinci yasas\u0131nda \u015f\u00f6yle dile getirir: G\u00fcne\u015f ile gezegen aras\u0131ndaki yar\u0131\u00e7ap vekt\u00f6r\u00fc, y\u00f6r\u00fcnge d\u00fczleminde e\u015fit zamanlarda e\u015fit alanlar s\u00fcp\u00fcr\u00fcr. Yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 t\u00fcm \u00f6l\u00e7melerin do\u011frulad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu ili\u015fki de \u00e7embersel y\u00f6r\u00fcnge beklentisiyle ba\u011fda\u015fmamaktayd\u0131. Kepler ister istemez ba\u015fka bir y\u00f6r\u00fcnge bi\u00e7imine y\u00f6nelmek zorundayd\u0131. G\u00f6zlemler y\u00f6r\u00fcngenin elips bi\u00e7iminde oldu\u011funu ortaya koyuyordu. Mars\u2019\u0131n y\u00f6r\u00fcngesine ili\u015fkin bu bulu\u015funu Kepler daha sonra birinci yasas\u0131 olarak t\u00fcm gezegenler i\u00e7in genelleme yoluna gider: Her gezegen, bir oda\u011f\u0131nda G\u00fcne\u015f\u2019in yer ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir elips \u00e7izerek devinir.<\/p>\n
Kepler ilk iki yasas\u0131n\u0131, 1609\u2019da yay\u0131mlanan Yeni Astronomi adl\u0131 kitab\u0131nda ortaya koymu\u015ftu. \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc yasas\u0131n\u0131 aradan dokuz y\u0131l ge\u00e7tikten sonra olu\u015fturur: Bir gezegenin y\u00f6r\u00fcngesini tamamlamada ge\u00e7irdi\u011fi s\u00fcrenin karesi, G\u00fcne\u015f\u2019e olan ortalama uzakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n k\u00fcp\u00fcyle orant\u0131l\u0131d\u0131r. Buna g\u00f6re, gezegenin periyoduk s\u00fcresini T ile, y\u00f6r\u00fcngesinin ortalama yar\u0131\u00e7ap\u0131n\u0131 r ile g\u00f6sterirsek, r3\/T2 oran\u0131 t\u00fcm gezegenler i\u00e7in ayn\u0131d\u0131r. \u201cHarmonik yasa\u201d diye bilinen bu ili\u015fki, y\u00f6r\u00fcngelerini tamamlama s\u00fcresi bak\u0131m\u0131ndan gezegenlerin mukayesesine olanak vermektedir. Daha da \u00f6nemlisi, ili\u015fkinin ilerde Newton\u2019un form\u00fcle etti\u011fi yer\u00e7ekimi yasas\u0131na sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ipucudur. Oysa Kepler bu son bulu\u015funa, gen\u00e7lik y\u0131llar\u0131ndan beri aray\u0131\u015f\u0131 i\u00e7inde oldu\u011fu \u201ck\u00fcreler uyumunun\u201d form\u00fcl\u00fc g\u00f6z\u00fcyle bak\u0131yordu. Uyumsuz bir evrenin onun i\u00e7in bir anlam\u0131 yoktu. G\u00fcne\u015f gezegenleri y\u00f6netme g\u00fcc\u00fcne sahipse, g\u00f6ksel devinimlerin r3\/T2 form\u00fcl\u00fcnde dile gelen t\u00fcrden bir ili\u015fki i\u00e7ermesi gerekirdi.<\/p>\n
Kepler\u2019in ger\u00e7e\u011fi bulma yolunda verdi\u011fi \u00e7aban\u0131n bir benzerini bilim tarihinde g\u00f6stermek g\u00fc\u00e7t\u00fcr. \u015eu s\u00f6zlerinde derin ara\u015ft\u0131rma tutkusu az da olsa yans\u0131maktad\u0131r: \u201c\u00c7al\u0131\u015fmam\u0131n karma\u015f\u0131k g\u00f6r\u00fcnen sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 izlemede zorlan\u0131yorsan\u0131z, bana k\u0131zmay\u0131n\u0131z; \u00e7ekti\u011fim s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131lar i\u00e7in bana ac\u0131y\u0131n\u0131z. Sundu\u011fum her sonuca y\u00fczlerce kez yineledi\u011fim s\u0131nama ve hesaplamalarla ula\u015ft\u0131m. Sadece Mars\u2019\u0131n y\u00f6r\u00fcngesini belirlemem be\u015f y\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 ald\u0131.\u201d<\/p>\n
Kopernik gibi Kepler de Pythagoras\u2019dan kaynaklanan say\u0131 mistisizminin etkisindeydi. Evrenin geometrik bir d\u00fczenlemeyle kuruldu\u011fu inanc\u0131n\u0131 hi\u00e7bir zaman yitirmedi. Onun g\u00f6z\u00fcnde G\u00fcne\u015f Tanr\u0131sal bir g\u00fc\u00e7t\u00fc. G\u00fcne\u015f sisteminde yaln\u0131zca alt\u0131 gezegenin bulunmas\u0131na (Uran\u00fcs, Nept\u00fcn ve Pl\u00fcton hen\u00fcz bilinmiyordu) ko\u015fut olarak geometride yaln\u0131zca be\u015f d\u00fczg\u00fcn \u00e7oky\u00fczl\u00fc nesneye olanak olmas\u0131 rastlant\u0131 de\u011fil, merak konusu bir gizemdi. Astronominin temelini olu\u015fturan \u00fc\u00e7 yasas\u0131, bu gizemin b\u00fcy\u00fcs\u00fcnde \u00f6m\u00fcr boyu s\u00fcrd\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc \u00e7al\u0131\u015fman\u0131n bir bak\u0131ma yan \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcd\u00fcr. Kepler\u2019in kendisi gibi d\u00f6nemin bilim \u00e7evrelerinin de (bu arada Galileo\u2019nun) bu yasalar\u0131 yeterince \u00f6nemsedi\u011fi s\u00f6ylenemez. Newton\u2019un bir ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131 da, Kepler\u2019in kitaplar\u0131nda adeta g\u00f6m\u00fcl\u00fc kalan bu yasalar\u0131n ger\u00e7ek \u00f6nemini kavram\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Kepler, as\u0131l hayal etti\u011fi \u015feyi (g\u00f6ksel k\u00fcrelerin m\u00fczikal uyumunu) belki ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftiremedi; ama ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdi\u011fi \u015fey ona bilim tarihinde \u201cAstronominin Prensi\u201d unvan\u0131n\u0131 kazand\u0131rmaya yetti.<\/p>\n
Kaynak: <\/strong>Cemal Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m, Bilimin \u00d6nc\u00fcleri, Bilim ve Gelecek Kitapl\u0131\u011f\u0131, Ekim 2014, 5.Bask\u0131, s.93-97<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" Newton,\u201cDaha ileriyi g\u00f6rebildiysem, bunu omuzlar\u0131ndan bakt\u0131\u011f\u0131m devlere bor\u00e7luyum\u201d demi\u015fti. Bu devlerden biri Galileo ise, di\u011feri Kepler\u2019dir. Kepler\u2019e gelinceye dek Kopernik sistemine dayanaks\u0131z bir hipotez ya da i\u015fe yarar matematiksel bir ara\u00e7 g\u00f6z\u00fcyle bak\u0131l\u0131yordu. Kepler, sistemin kimi d\u00fczeltmelerle bilimsel do\u011frulu\u011funu kan\u0131tlamakla kalmad\u0131, astronomiye mekanik bir kimlik kazand\u0131rd\u0131. Gen\u00e7lik co\u015fkusuyla i\u015fe koyuldu\u011funda amac\u0131 mistik inanc\u0131 do\u011frultusunda, \u201cg\u00f6ksel […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":429,"featured_media":35954,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[3845],"tags":[5165,5166,5164,639,346],"class_list":["post-35953","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-bilimin-onculeri","tag-besgen","tag-bilim-insani","tag-eskenar","tag-kepler","tag-newton"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t