{"id":35964,"date":"2019-08-18T03:42:37","date_gmt":"2019-08-18T00:42:37","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/?p=35964"},"modified":"2019-08-21T12:02:01","modified_gmt":"2019-08-21T09:02:01","slug":"bilimin-onculeri-robert-boyle-1627-1691","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2019\/08\/18\/bilimin-onculeri-robert-boyle-1627-1691","title":{"rendered":"Bilimin \u00d6nc\u00fcleri: Robert Boyle (1627-1691)"},"content":{"rendered":"

Modern kimyan\u0131n kurucular\u0131 olarak genellikle Priestley (1733 – 1804), Lavoisier (1743 – 1794) ve Dalton (1766 – 1844) bilinir; ama onlar\u0131 \u00f6nceleyen ilk b\u00fcy\u00fck ad\u0131m\u0131 Boyle\u2019un att\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6zden ka\u00e7mamal\u0131d\u0131r. Boyle\u2019un i\u00e7ine do\u011fdu\u011fu d\u00fcnya b\u00fcy\u00fcc\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn, falc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n, bat\u0131l inan\u00e7lar\u0131n kol gezdi\u011fi bir d\u00fcnyayd\u0131. B\u0131rakt\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00fcnya, olgusal deneye, ussal ve ele\u015ftirel d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmeye, do\u011fal g\u00fc\u00e7leri anlama ve denetlemeye y\u00f6nelen bir d\u00fcnya olmu\u015ftu. \u00d6ld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde \u00e7a\u011fda\u015flar\u0131 onu, \u201cGer\u00e7e\u011fi soluyan Robert Boyle\u201d diye anm\u0131\u015flard\u0131.<\/p>\n

Boyle, pek \u00e7ok maddenin, kendi i\u00e7inde de\u011fi\u015fmeyen birtak\u0131m basit elementlerin bile\u015fi\u011fi oldu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesini i\u015fleyerek y\u00fczy\u0131llar\u0131n \u00f6\u011fretisi simyay\u0131 ge\u00e7ersiz k\u0131lar. Simyac\u0131lar, \u00f6zellikle Orta\u00e7a\u011f boyunca, \u201ciksir\u201d denen gizemli bir s\u0131v\u0131yla ya\u015fam\u0131 \u00f6l\u00fcms\u00fczle\u015ftirme, baya\u011f\u0131 madenleri alt\u0131na d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrme yolunda yo\u011fun u\u011fra\u015f i\u00e7indeydi. Onlara g\u00f6re, bir madde nitelik bak\u0131m\u0131ndan istenen ba\u015fka bir maddeye \u00e7evrilebilirdi.<\/p>\n

\"\"
Francis Bacon\u2019u izleyen Boyle da, uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n gelece\u011fi bak\u0131m\u0131ndan bilime b\u00fcy\u00fck umutla ba\u011flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6nemi bilime y\u00f6nlendirme yolundaki \u00e7abas\u0131n\u0131n anlam\u0131n\u0131 yans\u0131tan \u015fu s\u00f6zleri ilgin\u00e7tir: \u201c\u0130nsanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n g\u00f6nen\u00e7 ve mutlulu\u011fu, do\u011fa bilginlerinin d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn ya\u015fam\u0131m\u0131za getirdi\u011fi yeni anlay\u0131\u015fla ko\u015fut gidecektir.\u201d<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Boyle\u2019un ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6nemde elementlerin say\u0131s\u0131 bilinmiyordu, ku\u015fkusuz. Ama Boyle ilk kez, en az iki elementi i\u00e7inde ta\u015f\u0131mayan her maddenin bir element say\u0131labilece\u011fi sav\u0131n\u0131 ileri s\u00fcrmekteydi; \u00f6yle ki kimyac\u0131, inceleme konusu her maddenin kimli\u011fini, elementlere \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmleme y\u00f6ntemiyle belirleyebilirdi. Onun buna ko\u015fut bir sav\u0131 da, element ya da bile\u015fik olsun her saf maddenin kimli\u011fini korudu\u011fuydu: Herhangi bir \u00f6rneklemin de\u011fi\u015fik g\u00f6r\u00fcnmesi temsil etti\u011fi maddenin de\u011fi\u015fti\u011fini de\u011fil, olsa olsa yabanc\u0131 bir madde ile kat\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6sterirdi.<\/p>\n

Boyle\u2019un, kimyasal \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmleme y\u00f6ntemini sa\u011flam bir temele oturttu\u011fu s\u00f6ylenebilir; ama onun ilgi alan\u0131 kimya ile s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 de\u011fildi. Elektrik konusundaki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 da, bir ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 olarak, umut verici bir d\u00fczeyde idi. Pozitif ve negatif elektrik y\u00fck\u00fc ayr\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 ona bor\u00e7luyuz. Ayr\u0131ca, sesin tersine \u0131\u015f\u0131k gibi elektrik \u00e7ekiminin de bir bo\u015fluktan ge\u00e7ebilece\u011fini ilk g\u00f6steren odur.<\/p>\n

Deneysel \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131yla k\u0131sa zamanda tan\u0131nan Boyle\u2019un bilimdeki en b\u00fcy\u00fck at\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 hava bas\u0131nc\u0131 \u00fczerindeki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 ve bu bas\u0131nca ili\u015fkin \u201cBoyle Yasas\u0131\u201d diye bilinen ili\u015fkiyi bulmas\u0131d\u0131r. Daha sonra matematiksel olarak dile getirilen bu ili\u015fki, gazlar\u0131n bas\u0131n\u00e7 alt\u0131nda nas\u0131l davrand\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131\u011fa vurmaktad\u0131r. \u0130rlanda k\u00f6kenli Robert Boyle bilimsel ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6\u011frenim g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc \u0130ngiltere\u2019de s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fcr. Zengin ve k\u00fclt\u00fcr d\u00fczeyi y\u00fcksek bir ailenin t\u00fcm olanaklar\u0131yla b\u00fcy\u00fcyen Robert daha k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck ya\u015f\u0131nda Latince, Yunanca ve Frans\u0131zca \u00f6\u011frenmi\u015fti. 11 ya\u015f\u0131na geldi\u011finde Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n ba\u015fl\u0131ca bilim ve k\u00fclt\u00fcr merkezlerini gezme ve tan\u0131ma olana\u011f\u0131 bulur. 14 ya\u015f\u0131nda \u0130talya\u2019ya gider. Canl\u0131 ve renkli ya\u015fam\u0131yla bir\u00e7ok y\u00f6nden g\u00f6z kama\u015ft\u0131ran bu Akdeniz \u00fclkesinde gezip tozup e\u011flenece\u011fine, Galileo\u2019nun \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 incelemeye koyulur. Sonunda \u00f6ylesine b\u00fcy\u00fclenir ki, \u0130ngiltere\u2019ye d\u00f6nd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde ya\u015fam plan\u0131 \u00e7izilmi\u015f, hedefi belirlenmi\u015ftir, art\u0131k! Delikanl\u0131 i\u00e7in bundan b\u00f6yle ya\u015fam bilime verildi\u011fi \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde anlaml\u0131d\u0131r. \u0130lk i\u015fi, Oxford \u00dcniversitesi\u2019nde kimi se\u00e7kin \u00f6\u011frencileri \u00e7evresinde toplayarak \u201cG\u00f6r\u00fcnmez Kolej\u201d dedi\u011fi bir dernek olu\u015fturmak olur. Derne\u011fin amac\u0131, deneysel bilim etkinliklerini te\u015fvik etmek, bilimsel y\u00f6nteme tart\u0131\u015farak a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131k getirmekti. G\u00f6r\u00fcnmez Kolej \u00e7ok ge\u00e7meden sayg\u0131nl\u0131k kazan\u0131r, 1660\u2019da kral\u0131n onay\u0131 ile belli say\u0131da se\u00e7kin bilim adam\u0131na \u00fcyelik olana\u011f\u0131 tan\u0131yan \u201cRoyal Society\u201d ad\u0131 alt\u0131nda kurumsalla\u015f\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Boyle\u2019un yeti\u015fti\u011fi d\u00f6nemde tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lan konular\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda hava bas\u0131nc\u0131 geliyordu. 17. y\u00fczy\u0131l ba\u015flar\u0131nda kullan\u0131lmaya ba\u015flanan su \u00e7ekme pompas\u0131 bir sorun ortaya koymu\u015ftu: Suyun kuyudan yakla\u015f\u0131k 10 m\u2019den daha yukar\u0131 \u00e7ekilmesi neden olanaks\u0131zd\u0131? Galileo bile bu soruya do\u011fru bir yan\u0131t verememi\u015fti. Soruna aranan a\u00e7\u0131klamay\u0131 Galileo\u2019nun \u00f6\u011frencisi Torri\u00e7elli getirir. Torri\u00e7elli analojiden<\/p>\n

yararlanarak havan\u0131n da su gibi i\u00e7indeki nesneler \u00fczerinde bas\u0131n\u00e7 etkisi olabilece\u011fi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesinden yola \u00e7\u0131kar. \u201cHava Denizi\u201d denen bu hipotezin 10 m\u2019lik su s\u00fctunuyla yoklanmas\u0131 pratik olarak kolay de\u011fildi. Torri\u00e7elli deneysel yoklamas\u0131n\u0131 i\u00e7i c\u0131va dolu 1 m\u2019lik bir t\u00fcple ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirir. Deney basittir: T\u00fcp, a\u00e7\u0131k ucu parmakla kapat\u0131larak ters \u00e7evrilip, \u00fcst\u00fc a\u00e7\u0131k, c\u0131va dolu bir \u00e7ana\u011fa dald\u0131r\u0131l\u0131nca c\u0131va s\u00fctununun t\u00fcp\u00fcn kapal\u0131 \u00fcst ucunda bir bo\u015fluk b\u0131rakarak 76,2 cm d\u00fczeyine d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fc g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr (Bilindi\u011fi gibi c\u0131va sudan 14 kat daha a\u011f\u0131rd\u0131r). Torri\u00e7elli c\u0131van\u0131n bu d\u00fczeyde kalmas\u0131n\u0131, \u00e7anak \u00fczerindeki hava bas\u0131nc\u0131 ile a\u00e7\u0131klar. Bu a\u00e7\u0131klama daha sonra Fransa\u2019da Blaise Pascal, Almanya\u2019da Otto von Guericke taraf\u0131ndan de\u011fi\u015fik deneylerle do\u011frulan\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Bu deneyleri duyan Boyle de \u201cHava Denizi\u201d hipotezini deneysel olarak yoklamaya koyulur. O c\u0131va t\u00fcp\u00fcn\u00fc \u00fcst\u00fc a\u00e7\u0131k c\u0131va dolu \u00e7ana\u011fa de\u011fil, havas\u0131 bo\u015falt\u0131lm\u0131\u015f kapal\u0131 bir kaptaki c\u0131vaya dald\u0131r\u0131r. Hava bas\u0131nc\u0131 deste\u011finden yoksun c\u0131va s\u00fctunu t\u00fcm\u00fcyle \u00e7\u00f6ker; ancak kaba yeniden hava verildi\u011finde c\u0131va s\u00fctununun y\u00fckselerek 76,2 cm\u2019lik d\u00fczeyi buldu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

Royal Society\u2019nin kurucusu Boyle kendi ad\u0131yla an\u0131lan bilim yasas\u0131yla da \u00fcnl\u00fcd\u00fcr. Bu yasa yukarda da belirtti\u011fimiz gibi bir gaz\u0131n oylumu ile \u00fczerindeki bas\u0131nc\u0131n ili\u015fkisini dile getirmektedir. \u015e\u00f6yle ki, s\u0131cakl\u0131k sabit tutuldu\u011funda, bir gaz\u0131n oylumu \u00fczerindeki bas\u0131n\u00e7la ters orant\u0131l\u0131d\u0131r (Matematiksel olarak: V= sabit bir say\u0131, X l\/P, ya da, PV= sabit bir say\u0131. V oylumu, P bas\u0131nc\u0131 simgelemektedir). Buna g\u00f6re, \u00f6rne\u011fin, bir gaz\u0131n \u00fczerindeki bas\u0131n\u00e7 iki kat\u0131na \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda oylumu yar\u0131ya inmekte, tersine, bas\u0131n\u00e7 yar\u0131ya indirildi\u011finde oylumu iki kat\u0131na \u00e7\u0131kmaktad\u0131r. Gazlar\u0131n pek \u00e7o\u011fu bu ili\u015fkiyi tam, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc ise yakla\u015f\u0131k olarak yans\u0131tmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Gazlar\u0131n fiziksel teorisinin geli\u015fmesinde \u00f6nemli bir ad\u0131m olan Boyle Yasas\u0131, gazlar\u0131n kimyasal yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 anlamaya da yol a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00d6zellikle, molek\u00fcl ve atomlar\u0131n saptanmas\u0131nda, bunlar\u0131n olu\u015fturdu\u011fu bile\u015fiklerin incelenmesinde yasan\u0131n oynad\u0131\u011f\u0131 rol\u00fcn \u00f6nemi yads\u0131namaz.<\/p>\n

Boyle\u2019un \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 izlenerek, s\u0131cakl\u0131k de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011finin bas\u0131n\u00e7 ve oylum \u00fczerindeki etkisi de incelenmi\u015ftir. 18. y\u00fczy\u0131l sonlar\u0131na do\u011fru, birbirinden ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z olarak iki Frans\u0131z bilim insan\u0131 [Jacques Charles ile Gay-Lussac (1778 – 1850)], \u0131s\u0131t\u0131lan bir gazda bas\u0131nc\u0131n sabit tutulmas\u0131 isteniyorsa, s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n art\u0131\u015f\u0131 ile orant\u0131l\u0131 olarak oylumun art\u0131\u015f\u0131na olanak verilmesi gerekti\u011fini belirler. \u201cCharles yasas\u0131\u201d diye bilinen bu ili\u015fki, \u201cSabit bas\u0131n\u00e7 alt\u0131nda bir gaz\u0131n oylumu, mutlak s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131yla do\u011fru orant\u0131l\u0131d\u0131r\u201d diye dile getirilebilir: V = sabit bir say\u0131 \u00d7 T. (T s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131, V oylumu simgelemektedir.)<\/p>\n

Boyle gibi Charles da yasas\u0131n\u0131 deneysel olarak ortaya koymu\u015ftu. \u0130ki yasan\u0131n da matematiksel olarak temellendirilmesi, 19. y\u00fczy\u0131lda olu\u015fturulan gazlar\u0131n kinetik teorisini bekler.<\/p>\n

Francis Bacon\u2019u izleyen Boyle da, uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n gelece\u011fi bak\u0131m\u0131ndan bilime b\u00fcy\u00fck umutla ba\u011flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6nemi bilime y\u00f6nlendirme yolundaki \u00e7abas\u0131n\u0131n anlam\u0131n\u0131 yans\u0131tan \u015fu s\u00f6zleri ilgin\u00e7tir: \u201c\u0130nsanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n g\u00f6nen\u00e7 ve mutlulu\u011fu, do\u011fa bilginlerinin d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn ya\u015fam\u0131m\u0131za getirdi\u011fi yeni anlay\u0131\u015fla ko\u015fut gidecektir.\u201d<\/p>\n

Yaz\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda da belirtti\u011fimiz gibi, Boyle \u00f6ld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde \u00e7a\u011fda\u015flar\u0131 onu, \u201cGer\u00e7e\u011fi soluyan Robert Boyle\u201d diye and\u0131lar.<\/p>\n

Kaynak: <\/strong>Cemal Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m, Bilimin \u00d6nc\u00fcleri, Bilim ve Gelecek Kitapl\u0131\u011f\u0131, Ekim 2014, 28.Bask\u0131, s. 103-107<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Modern kimyan\u0131n kurucular\u0131 olarak genellikle Priestley (1733 – 1804), Lavoisier (1743 – 1794) ve Dalton (1766 – 1844) bilinir; ama onlar\u0131 \u00f6nceleyen ilk b\u00fcy\u00fck ad\u0131m\u0131 Boyle\u2019un att\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6zden ka\u00e7mamal\u0131d\u0131r. Boyle\u2019un i\u00e7ine do\u011fdu\u011fu d\u00fcnya b\u00fcy\u00fcc\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn, falc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n, bat\u0131l inan\u00e7lar\u0131n kol gezdi\u011fi bir d\u00fcnyayd\u0131. B\u0131rakt\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00fcnya, olgusal deneye, ussal ve ele\u015ftirel d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmeye, do\u011fal g\u00fc\u00e7leri anlama ve denetlemeye y\u00f6nelen […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":429,"featured_media":35965,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[3845],"tags":[3110,5166,5170,288,5169,477],"class_list":["post-35964","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-bilimin-onculeri","tag-bacon","tag-bilim-insani","tag-boyle-yasasi","tag-fizik","tag-robert-boyle","tag-uygarlik"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t