{"id":35980,"date":"2019-08-03T03:24:33","date_gmt":"2019-08-03T00:24:33","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/?p=35980"},"modified":"2019-08-06T12:08:49","modified_gmt":"2019-08-06T09:08:49","slug":"gelecegin-asilari-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2019\/08\/03\/gelecegin-asilari-2","title":{"rendered":"Gelece\u011fin a\u015f\u0131lar\u0131"},"content":{"rendered":"

A\u015f\u0131lar t\u0131bb\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck ba\u015far\u0131lar\u0131ndan biridir ve infeksiyon hastal\u0131klara kar\u015f\u0131 sava\u015fta 200 y\u0131ldan uzun s\u00fcredir \u00f6nemli rol oynamaktad\u0131r. A\u015f\u0131lar sayesinde \u00e7i\u00e7ek hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00fcnyadan elimine edilmi\u015ftir. Polio ise birka\u00e7 \u00fclke hari\u00e7 elimine edilmi\u015f durumdad\u0131r. Geli\u015fmi\u015f \u00fclkelerde \u00e7ocukluk \u00e7a\u011f\u0131 a\u015f\u0131lamas\u0131 ile infeksiyon hastal\u0131klar\u0131ndan mortalite ve morbidite \u00f6nemli derecede azalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Halen d\u00fcnyada sorun olu\u015fturan, \u00f6nemli halk sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 sorunu olan baz\u0131 infeksiyon hastal\u0131klar\u0131 i\u00e7in etkin a\u015f\u0131lar bulunmamaktad\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin HIV\/AIDS, t\u00fcberk\u00fcloz, s\u0131tma, leyi\u015fmanyoz, deng gibi. Kaynaklar\u0131n k\u0131s\u0131tl\u0131 oldu\u011fu \u00fclkelerde mevcut a\u015f\u0131lara eri\u015fim, a\u015f\u0131 da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m\u0131 ve saklama ko\u015fullar\u0131nda sorun ya\u015fanmaktad\u0131r. A\u015f\u0131 maliyetleri bazen de a\u015f\u0131 talepleri kar\u015f\u0131lanamamaktad\u0131r. Etkinli\u011fi y\u00fcksek, maliyeti d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck ve olumsuz ko\u015fullarda dahi kolay saklanabilir, da\u011f\u0131t\u0131labilir a\u015f\u0131lar\u0131 \u00fcretebilmek a\u015f\u0131lamada temel hedefler aras\u0131ndad\u0131r. Di\u011fer yandan Zika vir\u00fcs, Nipah vir\u00fcs\u00fc infeksiyonlar\u0131 gibi yeni infeksiyon hastal\u0131klar\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmakta, bir\u00e7ok infeksiyon hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n etkin tedavisi bulunmamakta, en \u00f6nemli yakla\u015f\u0131m da korunma olarak kalmaktad\u0131r. T\u00fcm bu nedenlerle yeni a\u015f\u0131 geli\u015ftirme \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 devam etmektedir. Gelece\u011fin a\u015f\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 \u015fekillendirenler de biyoinformatik, sistem biyolojisi, molek\u00fcler biyoloji ve imm\u00fcnolojideki geli\u015fmeler olacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Yeni a\u015f\u0131 tipleri<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0130lk a\u015f\u0131 olan \u00e7i\u00e7ek a\u015f\u0131s\u0131 canl\u0131 attenue vir\u00fcs i\u00e7ermekteydi. Daha sonra geli\u015ftirilen a\u015f\u0131larda da \u201cetkenin tan\u0131mlanmas\u0131, inaktive edilmesi ve injekte edilmesi\u201d kavram\u0131 yer alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. H\u00fccre k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc tekniklerinin geli\u015fmesi ile k\u0131zam\u0131k, k\u0131zam\u0131k\u00e7\u0131k, kabakulak, polio, su\u00e7i\u00e7e\u011fi, rota vir\u00fcs i\u00e7in attenue a\u015f\u0131lar geli\u015ftirilebilmi\u015ftir. Hepatit B, insan imm\u00fcn yetmezlik vir\u00fcs\u00fc (HIV), respiratuar sinsityal vir\u00fcs (RSV), hepatit C vir\u00fcs\u00fc, deng, t\u00fcberk\u00fcloz, s\u0131tma gibi baz\u0131 patojenlere kar\u015f\u0131 ise gerek etkeni k\u00fclt\u00fcre etmede sorunlar gerek antijenik de\u011fi\u015fkenlik ya da istenmeyen imm\u00fcn yan\u0131t nedeni ile ilk ku\u015fak a\u015f\u0131 \u00fcretim teknolojisi yetersiz kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Son 30 y\u0131lda ikinci ku\u015fak a\u015f\u0131lar \u00fcretilmi\u015ftir ki bu tip a\u015f\u0131larla hedef patojenin t\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc de\u011fil, protein\/peptit antijen, karbonhidrat antijen gibi bir k\u0131sm\u0131 kullan\u0131larak imm\u00fcn yan\u0131t olu\u015fturmak hedeflenir. Subunit a\u015f\u0131lar ya patojenin kendisinden ya da genetik m\u00fchendislikle rekombinant teknoloji ile ba\u015fka bir vir\u00fcs, bakteri ya da mayada klonlama yolu antijen elde edilir. Asel\u00fcler bo\u011fmaca a\u015f\u0131lar\u0131, hepatit B a\u015f\u0131lar\u0131, insan papilloma vir\u00fcs (HPV) a\u015f\u0131lar\u0131 ve yeni geli\u015ftirilen s\u0131tma a\u015f\u0131s\u0131 bu grup a\u015f\u0131lardand\u0131r. Konjugasyon tekni\u011fi kullan\u0131larak meningokok, pn\u00f6mokok, Haemophilus influenzae<\/em> tip b a\u015f\u0131lar\u0131 geli\u015ftirilmi\u015f ve uygulamaya konmu\u015ftur (1).\"\"<\/p>\n

Canl\u0131 rekombinant a\u015f\u0131lar<\/strong>: \u0130nfeksiy\u00f6z ajan\u0131n imm\u00fcnojenik proteinini ta\u015f\u0131mada ba\u015fka bir attenue vir\u00fcs ya da bakteri t\u00fcrlerini kullan\u0131r. Burada ama\u00e7; imm\u00fcn yan\u0131t\u0131 art\u0131rmak ya da tek ba\u015f\u0131na verilirse hastal\u0131\u011fa neden olabilecek ajan\u0131n, hastal\u0131k yapmadan ba\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131k olu\u015fturmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamakt\u0131r. Vir\u00fcslerin DNA\u2019s\u0131nda bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn replikasyon i\u00e7in gerekli olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6sterilmi\u015ftir. Bir ba\u015fka patojenin immunojenlerini kodlayan genler bu b\u00f6lgeye yerle\u015ftirilebilir. \u00d6rne\u011fin sadece sinekleri infekte eden baculovirus vekt\u00f6r olarak kullan\u0131labilir ve influenza vir\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn imm\u00fcnojenik y\u00fczey proteinini kodlayan gen yerle\u015ftirilebilir.\u00a0Modifiye vir\u00fcs kona\u011fa verilince, imm\u00fcnojen eksprese olur, imm\u00fcn sisteme sunulur ve imm\u00fcn yan\u0131t geli\u015fir. \u0130nsekt vir\u00fcsleri d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda adeno vir\u00fcsler de rekombinant a\u015f\u0131larda potansiyel vekt\u00f6r olarak kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Vaccinia vir\u00fcs\u00fc (\u00e7i\u00e7ek a\u015f\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n temelini olu\u015fturur) canl\u0131 rekombinant a\u015f\u0131 yakla\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131nda ilk kullan\u0131lan vir\u00fcst\u00fcr. \u0130nfluenza, kuduz, hepatit B\u2019den korunmak i\u00e7in deneysel rekombinant vaccinia<\/em> su\u015flar\u0131 tasarlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. T\u00fcberk\u00fcloz, HIV, Deng hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131, sitomegalo vir\u00fcs (CMV), parvovirus i\u00e7in klinik \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar devam etmektedir. \u015eigella, Salmonella typhi<\/em>, Vibrio cholerae<\/em>, tuberk\u00fcloz i\u00e7in rekombinant bakteri a\u015f\u0131lar\u0131 da klinik de\u011ferlendirme a\u015famas\u0131ndad\u0131r (2). Yeni geli\u015ftirilen Ebola vir\u00fcs a\u015f\u0131s\u0131 da Zaire Ebolavirus\u2019unun glikoproteinini eksprese eden rekombinant, vezik\u00fcler stomatit vir\u00fcs temelli a\u015f\u0131d\u0131r (3).<\/p>\n

N\u00fckleik asit bazl\u0131 a\u015f\u0131lar<\/strong>: DNA a\u015f\u0131lar\u0131, \u00f6zellikli bir antijeni kodlayan DNA i\u00e7erir. DNA kona\u011f\u0131n h\u00fccresine do\u011frudan \u00e7\u0131plak DNA olarak verilebildi\u011fi gibi kimyasal i\u015flemler, kaplama y\u00f6ntemleri ya da replike olmayan vir\u00fcs ve bakteri kullan\u0131larak verili\u015fi kolayla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131labilir. Konak infeksiy\u00f6z ajan\u0131n antijenini \u00fcretir ve kona\u011fa yabanc\u0131 oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in de bir imm\u00fcn yan\u0131t olu\u015fturur. DNA a\u015f\u0131lar\u0131 \u00e7ok farkl\u0131 t\u00fcrdeki infeksiy\u00f6z hastal\u0131klara kar\u015f\u0131 oldu\u011fu gibi melanoma, prostat kanseri gibi \u00e7e\u015fitli kanser t\u00fcrlerine kar\u015f\u0131 kanser a\u015f\u0131s\u0131 olarak da \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r (4). Canl\u0131 flaviv\u00fcr\u00fcs\u00fc taklit etmede noninfeksiy\u00f6z viral RNA kullan\u0131labilir ve kona\u011fa verilince, noninfeksiy\u00f6z subviral partik\u00fcller sal\u0131narak vir\u00fcse kar\u015f\u0131 n\u00f6tralizan antikor olu\u015fturulabilir. T\u00fcm\u00f6rler i\u00e7in de t\u00fcm\u00f6r antijenini kodlayan, kendisi replike olabilen RNA, a\u015f\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131nda kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r (5).<\/p>\n

Dendritik h\u00fccre a\u015f\u0131lar\u0131<\/strong><\/em>:<\/em> Klasik tedavi yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131na cevap vermeyen prostat kanseri i\u00e7in bir dendritik h\u00fccre a\u015f\u0131s\u0131 onaylanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Dendritik h\u00fccreler ex vivo<\/em> olarak t\u00fcm\u00f6r antijenleri ile uyar\u0131larak aktive edilmekte, hastaya geri verilerek bir anlamda tedaviye katk\u0131 sa\u011flamaktad\u0131r. Di\u011fer kanser t\u00fcrleri i\u00e7in de \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar devam etmektedir (6).<\/p>\n

Sentetik peptit a\u015f\u0131lar\u0131<\/strong><\/em>:<\/em> Alternatif bir a\u015f\u0131 stratejisi olup, mikroorganizmalar\u0131n koruyucu imm\u00fcn yan\u0131t olu\u015fturan antijenik b\u00f6lgelerinin k\u0131sa peptit dizinini belirleyerek sentezlenmesi ile elde edilir. \u0130mmunojenik \u00f6zelliklerinin zay\u0131f olmas\u0131 nedeni ile ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131lara ve adjuvana gereksinim vard\u0131r. Hepatit C, HIV, \u015farbon, influenza, HPV ve baz\u0131 kanserlere kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar yap\u0131lmaktad\u0131r (7).<\/p>\n

A\u015f\u0131 geli\u015ftirilmesinde yeni teknolojiler<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Son y\u0131llarda tersine a\u015f\u0131 bilimi, yap\u0131sal a\u015f\u0131 bilimi ve immunoprofilaksi \u015feklinde yeni a\u015f\u0131 teknolojileri \u00fczerinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Tersine a\u015f\u0131 bilimi (<\/strong>Reverse Vaccinology): Bakteri genomunun ilk kez 1995\u2019te sekanslanmas\u0131 a\u015f\u0131 geli\u015fmesinde yeni ufuklar a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (8). Bu teknikte patojenin genomu taranarak, a\u015f\u0131 hedefi olabilecek proteinleri kodlayan genler tan\u0131mlanmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131l\u0131r. \u0130mmunoinformatikler, multipl genom sekanslar\u0131n\u0131 tarayarak T h\u00fccre, B h\u00fccre epitoplar\u0131n\u0131 belirlemek, proteinlerin h\u00fccre yerle\u015fimini tespit etmek i\u00e7in matematik ve bili\u015fimsel y\u00f6ntemleri kullan\u0131r. Genomiks, proteomiks ve protein dizininin birlikte kullan\u0131m\u0131 ile a\u015f\u0131 hedefleri daha iyi analiz edilmekte, yeni antijenler daha h\u0131zl\u0131 tan\u0131mlanmaktad\u0131r. Uygun hedefler se\u00e7ilir, eksprese edilir ve hayvan deneylerinde denenir. Bu \u015fekilde \u00e7ok geni\u015f spektrumda a\u015f\u0131 aday\u0131, laboratuvarda k\u00fclt\u00fcre gerek kalmadan se\u00e7ilebilir. K\u0131s\u0131tl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ise polisakkaritler gibi a\u015f\u0131lamada \u00f6nemli bir\u00e7ok protein olmayan antijenleri identifiye etmede kullan\u0131lamamas\u0131d\u0131r (9). Bu teknolojinin ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 uygulamas\u0131 Grup B meningokok a\u015f\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n \u00fcretimidir. B grubu meningokoklar\u0131n kaps\u00fcler polisakkaritlerinin insan\u0131n kendi antijenlerine benzemesi nedeni ile y\u0131llarca a\u015f\u0131s\u0131 \u00fcretilememi\u015ftir. Meningokok B n\u00fckleotid genom sekans\u0131 tespit edilmi\u015f, tersine a\u015f\u0131 bilimi kullan\u0131larak RNA fragmanlar\u0131 bilgisayarda analiz edilmi\u015ftir. Bu \u015fekilde 600 gen tan\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015f, Escherichia coli<\/em>\u2019de klonlam\u0131\u015f ve eksprese edilmi\u015ftir. \u0130\u00e7lerinden se\u00e7ilenler fare deneyleri ile test edilmi\u015f, etkin ve geni\u015f bakterisidal aktivite olu\u015fturan antijenler se\u00e7ilmi\u015f ve sonu\u00e7ta d\u00f6rt komponentli meningokok B a\u015f\u0131s\u0131 olu\u015fturulmu\u015ftur (10).\"\"<\/p>\n

Yap\u0131sal a\u015f\u0131 bilimi<\/strong>: \u0130<\/strong>mm\u00fcnoloji, yap\u0131sal biyoloji ve biyoinformatik bilgilerini kullanarak ak\u0131lc\u0131 imm\u00fcnojen m\u00fchendisli\u011fini kapsar. Protein amino asit dizinleri ve sekonder, tersiyer yap\u0131lar\u0131na g\u00f6re antijenik epitoplar tasarlan\u0131r (11). Yap\u0131lan g\u00f6zlemler etkin imm\u00fcn yan\u0131t i\u00e7in antijenin t\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn de\u011fil tek ya da multipl se\u00e7ilmi\u015f epitoplar\u0131n\u0131n yeterli olabilece\u011fini g\u00f6stermektedir, yap\u0131sal a\u015f\u0131 biliminin temelini de bu yakla\u015f\u0131m olu\u015fturur. Yap\u0131sal a\u015f\u0131 biliminde iki ayr\u0131 komponent bulunmaktad\u0131r: 1) \u00dc\u00e7 boyutlu yap\u0131y\u0131 temel alarak yap\u0131sal stabilizasyon 2) Bir iskele olu\u015fturarak n\u00f6tralizan ve koruyucu epitoplar\u0131 hedeflemek. Bu \u015fekilde a\u015f\u0131 tasar\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131n, geleneksel y\u00f6ntemlerle a\u015f\u0131s\u0131 geli\u015ftirilemeyen vir\u00fcs a\u015f\u0131lar\u0131 i\u00e7in potansiyeli olabilece\u011fi g\u00f6sterilmi\u015ftir. Bu teknoloji ile RSV, herpes vir\u00fcs, CMV, HIV a\u015f\u0131lar\u0131 \u00fczerinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r (12,13).<\/p>\n

Gen transferi ile immunoprofilaksi<\/strong>: N\u00f6tralizan antikorlar\u0131 vermede iki yakla\u015f\u0131m vard\u0131r. Biri geleneksel pasif imm\u00fcnizasyondur ki antikor yar\u0131lanma \u00f6mr\u00fcne ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak etkisi ge\u00e7icidir, \u00e7oklu enjeksiyonlar gerekir, maliyeti fazlad\u0131r ve a\u015f\u0131 stratejisine uygun de\u011fildir. \u0130kincisi ise n\u00f6tralizan antikor genini izole etmek ve gen transfer teknolojisini kullanarak kona\u011fa geni vermektir. Kona\u011fa rekombinant adeno-ili\u015fkili vir\u00fcs kullan\u0131larak gen verilir ve endojen antikor ekspresyonu sa\u011flanabilir. Bu strateji bir\u00e7ok y\u00f6n\u00fc ile \u00fcmit vericidir. Antikor transgeni \u00f6nceden se\u00e7ilebilir ve patojenin ya\u015fam d\u00f6ng\u00fcs\u00fcndeki bir\u00e7ok basamak hedeflenebilir. Hayvan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131nda SIV i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 sonu\u00e7lar elde edilmi\u015ftir (14). HIV infeksiyonuna kar\u015f\u0131 denenmektedir. Bu teknoloji influenza ve di\u011fer solunum patojenlerine de uygulanabilir. Adenovir\u00fcse kar\u015f\u0131 \u00f6nceden olu\u015fmu\u015f bir imm\u00fcnite, teknolojinin uygulanmas\u0131nda a\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 gereken \u00f6nemli bir engel olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcnmektedir (15).<\/p>\n

Bitki bazl\u0131 a\u015f\u0131 \u00fcretimi<\/strong>: Transjenik hayvanlar\u0131 ve bitkileri kullanarak a\u015f\u0131 \u00fcretmek de ilgi \u00e7eken y\u00f6ntemler aras\u0131ndad\u0131r. Bu teknolojide bitki-vir\u00fcs bazl\u0131 ge\u00e7ici ekspresyon sistemleri kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Mevsimsel gribin rekombinant hemagl\u00fctinin antijenleri t\u00fct\u00fcn bitkisinde \u00fcretilmi\u015f ve iki ayda a\u015f\u0131 antijeni haz\u0131rlanabilmi\u015ftir. Bitki bazl\u0131 biyoreakt\u00f6r sistemlerin di\u011fer y\u00f6ntemlere g\u00f6re d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck maliyet, h\u0131zl\u0131 ve \u00e7ok miktarda \u00fcretim avantaj\u0131 bulunmaktad\u0131r. \u00d6zellikle pandemilerde yarar sa\u011flayacakt\u0131r (16).<\/p>\n

Yeni a\u015f\u0131 uygulama teknikleri<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Gelecekteki a\u015f\u0131lar\u0131n uygulama teknikleri g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczden farkl\u0131 olacak gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcnmektedir.<\/p>\n

\u0130nhale ve mukozal a\u015f\u0131lar<\/strong>: Bir\u00e7ok patojenin \u00f6nce mukozal y\u00fczeyleri infekte etmesi nedeni ile mukozal yolla a\u015f\u0131lama ilgi \u00e7ekmektedir. Mukozal a\u015f\u0131lama antijen spesifik humoral ve h\u00fccre arac\u0131l\u0131 yan\u0131t\u0131 mukozal ve sistemik olarak olu\u015fturabilir. Uygulamada nazal sprey \u015feklinde grip a\u015f\u0131s\u0131 ve oral yolla kullan\u0131lan S. typhi, kolera, rota vir\u00fcs, polio a\u015f\u0131lar\u0131 bulunmaktad\u0131r (17, 18). Bununla birlikte immunojenitenin zay\u0131f olmas\u0131, a\u015f\u0131 materyalinin y\u0131k\u0131m\u0131 gibi sorunlar\u0131n a\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekmektedir.<\/p>\n

Bant ya da yama a\u015f\u0131lar<\/strong>: \u00c7ok ince i\u011fneleri i\u00e7eren bantlarla \u015f\u0131r\u0131nga kullanmadan a\u015f\u0131 verilebilir. Uygulamak i\u00e7in \u00f6zel e\u011fitimli personel gerekmemesi, uzak, k\u0131s\u0131tl\u0131 b\u00f6lgelerde uygulamak i\u00e7in \u00f6nemli bir avantajd\u0131r (19).<\/p>\n

Yenebilir a\u015f\u0131lar<\/strong>: Subunit rekombinant a\u015f\u0131lar\u0131 yaprak, tohum ve meyvelerde \u00fcretmek kolayca saklanmas\u0131n\u0131, transportunu sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi a\u015f\u0131 al\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 da kolayla\u015ft\u0131racakt\u0131r. Yenebilir as\u0327\u0131 olarak incelenen bir\u00e7ok bitki, rota viru\u0308s, kolera, gastroenterit, otoimmu\u0308n hastal\u0131klar veya kuduz ic\u0327in antijenleri eksprese etmek u\u0308zere transforme edilmi\u015ftir. Bu ama\u00e7la, domates, m\u0131s\u0131r, t\u00fctu\u0308n, muz, havu\u00e7 ve yer f\u0131st\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi bitkiler kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu a\u015f\u0131lar\u0131n bir \u00f6zelli\u011fi de, a\u015f\u0131 geli\u015ftirmek \u00fczere transfekte edilecek bitkinin hedef kitle olan insan ya da hayvanlar taraf\u0131ndan sorunsuzca t\u00fcketilebilir olmas\u0131d\u0131r (20).<\/p>\n

Di\u011fer bir ilgi \u00e7eken konu da nanoteknolojilerin a\u015f\u0131 \u00fcretimine uygulanmas\u0131d\u0131r. Gelece\u011fin a\u015f\u0131 geli\u015ftirilmesinde koruyucu, g\u00fcvenli ve kolay \u00fcretilen umut verici adaylar aras\u0131nda yer almaktad\u0131r. Bir\u00e7ok nanopartik\u00fcl hem a\u015f\u0131 uygulama, antijenin yava\u015f sal\u0131n\u0131m hem de imm\u00fcn g\u00fc\u00e7lendirici olarak geli\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir. Hen\u00fcz \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar \u00e7ok erken d\u00f6nemdedir (21).<\/p>\n

KAYNAKLAR<\/strong><\/p>\n

1) Slotkin SL, Plotkin SA. A short history of vaccines. In: Plotkin SA, Orenstein WA, Offit PA (eds) Plotkin’s Vaccines, sixth ed, Saunders Elsevier, 2018: pp.1-8.<\/p>\n

2) Ellis RW. Technologies for making new vaccines. In: Plotkin SA, Orenstein WA, Offit PA (eds) Plotkin’s Vaccines, sixth ed, Saunders Elsevier, 2018: pp.1335-56.<\/p>\n

3) Henao-Restrepo A, Camacho A, Longini I, Watson C, Edmunds W, Egger M, et al. Efficacy and effectiveness of an rVSV-vectored vaccine in preventing Ebola virus disease: final results from the Guinea ring vaccination, open-label, cluster-randomised trial (Ebola \u00c7a Suffit!). The Lancet 2017; 389(10068): 505 -18.<\/p>\n

4) Zahm CD, Colluru VT, McNeel DG. DNA vaccines for prostate cancer. Pharmacol Therapeut. 2017; 174: 27\u201342.<\/p>\n

5) Ulmer JB, Geall AJ. Recent innovations in mRNA vaccines. Curr Opin Immunol 2016; 41: 18-22.<\/p>\n

6) Abraham RS, Mitchell DA. Gene-modified dendritic cell vaccines for cancer. Cytotherapy 2016; 18(11): 1446-55.<\/p>\n

7) Li W, Joshi MD, Singhania S, Ramsey KH, Murthy AK. Peptide vaccine: Progress and challenges. Vaccines<\/em> 2014; 2<\/em>(3), 515\u2013536.<\/p>\n

8) Fleischmann RD, Adam MD, White O, Clayton RA, Kirkness EF, Kerlavage AR et al. Whole-genome random sequencing and assembly of Haemophilus influenzae. Science 1995; 269: 496\u2013512.<\/p>\n

9) Moriel DG, Scarselli M, Serino L,Mora M, Rappuoli R, Masignani V. Genome-based vaccine development: A short cut for the future. Adv Exp Med Biol 2009; 655<\/em>, 81\u20139.<\/p>\n

10) Shea MW. The Long road to an effective vaccine for Meningococcus Group B (MenB). Ann of Med Surg 2013;2(2):53-6.<\/p>\n

11) Dormitzer PR, Grandi G, Rappuoli R. Structural vaccinology starts to deliver. Nat Rev Microbiol 2012, 10, 807\u201313.<\/p>\n

12) Azoitei ML, Ban YA, Kalyuzhny O, Guenaga J, Schroeter A, Porter J. Computational design of protein antigens that interact with the CDR H3 loop of HIV broadly neutralizing antibody 2F5. Proteins 2014; 82: 2770\u201382.<\/p>\n

13) Correia BE, Bates JT, Loomis RJ, Baneyx G, Carrico C, Jardine JG, et al. Proof of principle for epitope-focused vaccine design. Nature 2014; 507: 201\u20136.<\/p>\n

14) Moldt B, Rakasz EG, Schultz N, Chan-Hui PY, Swiderek K, Weisgrau KL et al. Highly potent HIV-specific antibody neutralization in vitro translates into effective protection against mucosal SHIV challenge in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2012, 109, 18921\u20135.<\/p>\n

15) Loomis RJ, Johnson PR. Emerging Vaccine Technologies. Vaccines 2015, 3<\/em>, 429-47.<\/p>\n

16) Concha C, Ca\u00f1as R, Macuer J, Torres MJ, Herrada AA. Jamett F et al. Disease prevention: An opportunity to expand edible plant-based vaccines? Vaccines,2017; 5<\/em>(2), 14.<\/p>\n

17) Corth\u00e9sy B, Bioley G. Lipid-Based particles: Versatile delivery systems for mucosal vaccination against \u0131nfection. Front Immunol. 2018; 7(9):431.<\/p>\n

18) Kim SH, Jang YS. The development of mucosal vaccines for both mucosal and systemic immune induction and the roles played by adjuvants. Clin Exp Vaccine Res 2017;6(1):15-21.<\/p>\n

19)The safety, immunogenicity, and acceptability of inactivated influenza vaccine delivered by microneedle patch (TIV-MNP 2015): a randomised, partly blinded, placebo-controlled, phase 1 trial. Lancet 2017; 390: 649-58.<\/p>\n

20) Aryamvally A, Gunasekaran V, Narenthiran KR, Pasupathi R. New Strategies Toward Edible Vaccines: An Overview, J Dietar Suppl 2016; 14:1, 101-16.<\/p>\n

21) Zhao L, Seth A, Wibowo N, Zhao CX, Mitter N, Yu C, et al. Nanoparticle vaccines.Vaccine 2014; 32(3): 327-37.<\/p>\n

Kaynak:<\/strong> Bilim ve Gelecek Say\u0131: 172, Haziran 2018 s. 26-28<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

A\u015f\u0131lar t\u0131bb\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck ba\u015far\u0131lar\u0131ndan biridir ve infeksiyon hastal\u0131klara kar\u015f\u0131 sava\u015fta 200 y\u0131ldan uzun s\u00fcredir \u00f6nemli rol oynamaktad\u0131r. A\u015f\u0131lar sayesinde \u00e7i\u00e7ek hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00fcnyadan elimine edilmi\u015ftir. Polio ise birka\u00e7 \u00fclke hari\u00e7 elimine edilmi\u015f durumdad\u0131r. Geli\u015fmi\u015f \u00fclkelerde \u00e7ocukluk \u00e7a\u011f\u0131 a\u015f\u0131lamas\u0131 ile infeksiyon hastal\u0131klar\u0131ndan mortalite ve morbidite \u00f6nemli derecede azalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Halen d\u00fcnyada sorun olu\u015fturan, \u00f6nemli halk sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 sorunu […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":152,"featured_media":35981,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[2777,272,5176,5026,5175,5173,5174],"class_list":["post-35980","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-genel","tag-asi","tag-dna","tag-hepatit","tag-hiv","tag-nipah-virus","tag-z","tag-zika-virus"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t