{"id":36261,"date":"2019-08-25T03:27:49","date_gmt":"2019-08-25T00:27:49","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/?p=36261"},"modified":"2019-08-23T16:45:52","modified_gmt":"2019-08-23T13:45:52","slug":"bilimin-onculeri-christiaan-huygens-1629-1695","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2019\/08\/25\/bilimin-onculeri-christiaan-huygens-1629-1695","title":{"rendered":"Bilimin \u00d6nc\u00fcleri: Christiaan Huygens (1629-1695)"},"content":{"rendered":"

20.y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131n\u0131n se\u00e7kin bir d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcr\u00fc (Alfred North Whitehead, 1861 – 1947), 17. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131 \u201cd\u00e2hiler y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131\u201d diye nitelemi\u015fti. Kepler, Galileo, Newton gibi hepimizin bildi\u011fi bu d\u00e2hilerden biri de Christiaan Huygens\u2019ti. Huygens biri pratik, di\u011feri teorik olmak \u00fczere ba\u015fl\u0131ca iki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131yla bilimin \u00f6nc\u00fcleri aras\u0131nda yer almay\u0131 ba\u015farm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Hollanda\u2019da d\u00fcnyaya gelen Christiaan, daha k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck ya\u015f\u0131nda, matematik ve bilime belirgin bir ilgi duymaktayd\u0131. Ayd\u0131n ke\u00adsimde etkili ki\u015fili\u011fiyle tan\u0131nan babas\u0131, devlet adaml\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra m\u00fczik ve \u015fiirle de u\u011fra\u015fmaktayd\u0131. Entelekt\u00fcel bir ortamda yeti\u015fen Christiaan, \u00fcniversite \u00f6\u011frenimini tamamlad\u0131ktan k\u0131sa bir s\u00fcre sonra astronomi ve matematik konular\u0131nda yay\u0131mlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 tezlerle bilim \u00e7evrelerinin, bu arada d\u00f6nemin \u00fcnl\u00fc matematik\u00e7i-filozofu Ren\u00e9 Descartes\u2019\u0131n \u00f6zel dikkatini \u00e7eker.<\/p>\n

Huygens bilimsel \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131na astronomide ba\u015flar. Teleskop daha yeni kullan\u0131lmaya ba\u015flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Gen\u00e7 bilim adam\u0131, ge\u00e7imini g\u00f6zl\u00fck cam\u0131 yapmakla sa\u011flayan filozof Spinoza (1632 – 1677) ile i\u015fbirli\u011fine girerek daha g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir teleskop elde eder. G\u00f6zlem\u00adleri aras\u0131nda Sat\u00fcrn gezegeninin \u00e7evresindeki \u201chale\u201d de vard\u0131. Onun geni\u015f, d\u00fcz bir halkaya benzetti\u011fi bu hale asl\u0131nda iri toz par\u00e7alar\u0131n\u0131n olu\u015fturdu\u011fu \u00fc\u00e7 ku\u015fak i\u00e7ermektedir. Optik ara\u00e7lar \u00fczerindeki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n izlerini g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde kullan\u0131lan ara\u00e7lar\u0131n ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6ylenebilir. Ama onu g\u00fcn\u00fcnde, as\u0131l \u00fcne kavu\u015fturan \u015fey, sarka\u00e7l\u0131 saati icat etmesiydi. Ger\u00e7i Galileo daha \u00f6nce zaman\u0131 be\u00adlirlemede sarka\u00e7tan yararlan\u0131labilece\u011fini ileri s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. Ancak yo\u011fun \u00e7abalara kar\u015f\u0131n istenilen sonuca ula\u015f\u0131lamam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Huy\u00adgens\u2019in 1657\u2019de yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 saat olduk\u00e7a dakikti. Bu icat \u00f6ncelikle denizcilikteki gereksinim g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcne al\u0131narak ortaya konmu\u015ftu. Ne var ki, beklenen sonu\u00e7 tam ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmez. Yer\u00e7ekiminin sarka\u00e7 \u00fczerindeki etkisi g\u00f6zden ka\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bilindi\u011fi gibi belli bir yerde sarkac\u0131n her sal\u0131n\u0131m s\u00fcresi ayn\u0131d\u0131r. Ancak saat Arz\u2019\u0131n merkezinden uzakla\u015ft\u0131k\u00e7a (\u00f6rne\u011fin, y\u00fcksek bir da\u011f tepesine \u00e7\u0131\u00adkar\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda ya da ekvatora yakla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda) sal\u0131n\u0131m giderek yava\u015flar, saat geri kal\u0131r. Bunu daha sonra fark eden Huygens, yitirilen zaman miktar\u0131ndan Arz\u2019\u0131n ekvatordaki \u015fi\u015fkinli\u011finin hesaplanabilece\u011fini bile g\u00f6sterir.Bu arada Huygens\u2019in ad\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131r \u00f6tesi bilim \u00e7evrelerinde de duyulmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 1663\u2019te Royal Society (\u0130ngiliz Kraliyet Bilim Akademisi) onu, \u00fcyelik vererek onurland\u0131r\u0131r. Huygens t\u00f6rene kat\u0131lmak i\u00e7in Londra\u2019ya gitti\u011finde Newton\u2019la tan\u0131\u015f\u0131r. Newton \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 takdir etti\u011fi bu yabanc\u0131 bilim adam\u0131n\u0131 \u00fcl\u00adkesinde tutmak i\u00e7in giri\u015fimlerde bulunur. Ama Huygens\u2019e daha parlak bir \u00f6neri 14. Louis\u2019den gelir. Fransa\u2019n\u0131n bilimde \u00fcst\u00fcn bir konuma gelmesini sa\u011flamaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan Kral, Huygens\u2019i bilimsel \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalara kat\u0131lmak \u00fczere Paris\u2019e \u00e7a\u011f\u0131r\u0131r. Huygens, \u00fcstlendi\u011fi g\u00f6revde, Fransa ile Hollanda aras\u0131nda bu s\u0131rada \u00e7\u0131kan sava\u015fa kar\u015f\u0131n, aral\u0131ks\u0131z 15 y\u0131l kal\u0131r. \u00dczerinde yo\u011fun u\u011fra\u015f verdi\u011fi ba\u015fl\u0131\u00adca konu \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131n yap\u0131 ve devinim bi\u00e7imiydi.<\/p>\n

I\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131n ne oldu\u011fu gizemli bir sorun olarak tarih boyunca ilgi \u00e7ekmi\u015ftir. Antik Yunan bilginleri nesnelerin g\u00f6r\u00fcnebilirli\u011fini g\u00f6z\u00fcn yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir olay say\u0131yordu. \u00d6rne\u011fin, Epik\u00fcros (M\u00d6 341 – 270) g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcn\u00fcn g\u00f6zden kaynaklanan resimlerden olu\u015ftu\u011funu ileri s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015f, Platon ise g\u00f6z\u00fcn ve bak\u0131lan nesnenin sa\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u0131\u015f\u0131nla\u00adr\u0131n birle\u015fimi oldu\u011funu vurgulam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Daha garip bir a\u00e7\u0131klamaya g\u00f6re de, bakt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z nesneyi g\u00f6zden f\u0131rlayan birtak\u0131m g\u00f6r\u00fcnmez incelikte dokuna\u00e7larla g\u00f6rmekteydik.<\/p>\n

17.y\u00fczy\u0131la gelinceye dek \u0131\u015f\u0131k konusunda \u00f6nemli bir geli\u015fme\u00adye tan\u0131k olmamaktay\u0131z; \u00fcstelik \u0131\u015f\u0131k deviniminin anl\u0131k bir olay oldu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc yayg\u0131nd\u0131. Asl\u0131nda do\u011fal olan da buydu; \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc, \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131n belli bir h\u0131zla devindi\u011fi sa\u011fduyuya pek yatk\u0131n bir d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce de\u011fildi. G\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fcz\u00fc a\u00e7ar a\u00e7maz g\u00f6rm\u00fcyor muyduk?<\/p>\n

\"\"
Huygens\u2019in 1657\u2019de yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 saat olduk\u00e7a dakikti. Bu icat \u00f6ncelikle denizcilikteki gereksinim g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcne al\u0131narak ortaya konmu\u015ftu.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

I\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131n belli bir h\u0131zla ilerledi\u011fi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesini ilk kez Danimar\u00adkal\u0131 astronom R\u00f6mer ortaya koyar. 1675\u2019te J\u00fcpiter gezegeni\u00adnin birinci uydusunu g\u00f6zlemlemekte olan R\u00f6mer, uydunun \u00e7evresinde d\u00f6nd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc gezegenin arkas\u0131nda ge\u00e7irdi\u011fi s\u00fcreyi saptamak istiyordu. De\u011fi\u015fik zamanlarda yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7melerin farkl\u0131 sonu\u00e7lar vermesi \u015fa\u015f\u0131rt\u0131c\u0131yd\u0131. R\u00f6mer bu tutars\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 a\u00ad\u00e7\u0131klamal\u0131yd\u0131. R\u00f6mer, D\u00fcnya ile J\u00fcpiter\u2019in G\u00fcne\u015f \u00e7evresindeki dolan\u0131mlar\u0131nda kimi kez birbirlerine yakla\u015ft\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131, kimi kez uzakla\u015ft\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 biliyordu. \u015ea\u015f\u0131rt\u0131c\u0131 buldu\u011fu olay\u0131n, iki geze\u00adgenin aras\u0131ndaki mesafe ile ba\u011f\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 oldu\u011funu g\u00f6r\u00fcr. Aradaki mesafe k\u0131sald\u0131k\u00e7a uydunun gezegen arkas\u0131nda ge\u00e7irdi\u011fi s\u00fc\u00adrenin azald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, mesafe uzad\u0131k\u00e7a s\u00fcrenin artt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 saptayan R\u00f6mer, bunu, \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131n belli bir h\u0131zla ilerledi\u011fi hipoteziyle a\u00e7\u0131k\u00adlar. I\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131n ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 mesafe k\u0131sald\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, uydunun erken do\u011fu\u015fu ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmazd\u0131. I\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131n belli bir h\u0131zla devindi\u011fi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi ister istemez ba\u015fka bir soruya yol a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131: I\u015f\u0131k nas\u0131l devinmektedir? Huygens bu soruyu dalga kuram\u0131yla, Newton par\u00e7ac\u0131k kura\u00adm\u0131yla yan\u0131tlar.<\/p>\n

Huygens \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131n dalga kuram\u0131n\u0131 Frans\u0131zca kaleme ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 Tra\u00adite de la Lumiere (I\u015f\u0131k \u00dczerine \u0130nceleme) adl\u0131 yap\u0131t\u0131nda ortaya koyar. Onun bu kurama y\u00f6nelmesinde bir etken, \u0131\u015f\u0131kla ses aras\u0131nda g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc benzerlikti. Bir ba\u015fka etken de bir delikten \u00e7\u0131kan \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131n yaln\u0131z tam kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 noktadan de\u011fil \u00e7ev\u00adredeki hemen her noktadan g\u00f6r\u00fclmesi olay\u0131yd\u0131. Bu olay \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131n devinimini anlamak bak\u0131m\u0131ndan \u00f6nemliydi. Huygens\u2019in \u201cesir\u201d kavram\u0131 bu i\u015flevi sa\u011flayacakt\u0131. Bir benzetme olarak, demir\u00adyolunda birbirine dokunan ama ba\u011fl\u0131 olmayan bir dizi vagon d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnelim. \u015eimdi dizinin ba\u015f\u0131ndaki vagona lokomotifin hafif bir vuru\u015f yapmas\u0131 nas\u0131l bir sonu\u00e7 do\u011furur? Darbeyi dizi bo\u00adyu ileten vagonlar\u0131n yerlerinde kald\u0131\u011f\u0131, yaln\u0131zca son vagonun uzakla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. Nedenini, devinimin \u201cetki – tepki\u201d yasa\u00ads\u0131nda dile gelen ili\u015fkide bulabiliriz: Vuru\u015f etkisini bir sonraki vagona ileten her vagon ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 tepkiyle dizideki yerinde kal\u0131r. Bir tepki almayan son vagon ise, ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 vuru\u015f etkisiyle diziden uzakla\u015f\u0131r. Verdi\u011fimiz bu \u00f6rnek dalga kuram\u0131na \u00f6nemli bir a\u00e7\u0131\u00addan \u0131\u015f\u0131k tutmaktad\u0131r. Huygens, uzay\u0131n, \u201cesir\u201d dedi\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fcnmez bir nesneyle dolu oldu\u011funu varsaymaktayd\u0131. Buna g\u00f6re, \u0131\u015f\u0131k bir yerden ba\u015fka bir yere ilerlerken t\u0131pk\u0131 vagonlar\u0131n iletti\u011fi vu\u00adru\u015f etkisiyle devinir, \u015fu farkla ki, ilerleme tek bir y\u00f6nde de\u011fil, esir ortam\u0131nda t\u00fcm y\u00f6nlerde olu\u015fur. Nas\u0131l ki, demiryolunda ilerleyen \u015fey vagonlar de\u011filse, uzayda da ilerleyen tanecik t\u00fc\u00adr\u00fcnden nesneler de\u011fil, devinim dalgas\u0131d\u0131r. Huygens dalga ku\u00adram\u0131yla \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131n yans\u0131ma, k\u0131r\u0131lma, kutupla\u015fma gibi davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 da a\u00e7\u0131klad\u0131\u011f\u0131 inanandayd\u0131. Ne var ki, dalga kuram\u0131, Newton\u2019un par\u00e7ac\u0131k kuram\u0131n\u0131n g\u00f6lgesinde, 19. y\u00fczy\u0131la gelinceye dek g\u00f6z\u00adden uzak kal\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Newton 1672\u2019de Royal Society\u2019ye sundu\u011fu bildirisinde be\u00adyaz bir \u0131\u015f\u0131k \u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n\u0131n cam prizmadan ge\u00e7ti\u011finde g\u00f6kku\u015fa\u011f\u0131ndaki gibi bir renk spektrumu sergiledi\u011fini belirterek, bunun \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131n taneciklerden olu\u015ftu\u011fu hipoteziyle a\u00e7\u0131klanabilece\u011fini vurgula\u00adm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Rakibi Robert Hooke\u2019un (1635 – 1703) ele\u015ftirisi kar\u015f\u0131\u00ads\u0131nda daha esnek bir tutum i\u00e7ine giren Newton, her ne kadar par\u00e7ac\u0131k ve dalga kuramlar\u0131n\u0131n ikisine de yer veren \u201ckarma\u201d bir kuramdan s\u00f6z ederse de sonu\u00e7 de\u011fi\u015fmez; bilim \u00e7evreleri Newton\u2019un b\u00fcy\u00fcleyici etkisinde par\u00e7ac\u0131k kuram\u0131na \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fck tan\u0131r.<\/p>\n

19.y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131nda durumda beklenmedik bir geli\u015fme olur; dalga kuram\u0131 yeniden \u00f6n plana \u00e7\u0131kar. I\u015f\u0131k \u00fczerinde yeni deneylere giri\u015fen Thomas Young (1773-1829), elde etti\u011fi ve\u00adrilerin \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131n dalga kuram\u0131yla ancak a\u00e7\u0131klanabilece\u011fini g\u00f6r\u00fcr. Kayna\u011f\u0131 ve s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ne olursa olsun \u0131\u015f\u0131k h\u0131z\u0131n\u0131n de\u011fi\u015fmemesi, se\u00e7ilecek kuram\u0131n ge\u00e7erlik \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fct\u00fc olmal\u0131yd\u0131. Young\u2019a g\u00f6re, dalgalar\u0131n h\u0131z\u0131n\u0131n ayn\u0131 kalmas\u0131n\u0131 bekleyebilirdik; ama tanecik\u00adler i\u00e7in ayn\u0131 \u015fey s\u00f6ylenemezdi. Gene, yans\u0131ma ve k\u0131r\u0131lman\u0131n ayn\u0131 zamanda olmas\u0131, dalga a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan bak\u0131l\u0131nca do\u011fald\u0131; oysa, taneciklerin bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc yans\u0131rken, bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn k\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klamas\u0131z kalan bir olayd\u0131. \u00d6te yandan, Newton, \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131n dalga niteli\u011finde olmas\u0131 halinde do\u011frusal bir \u00e7izgide ilerlemesine, keskin g\u00f6lge olu\u015fturmas\u0131na olanak bulmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Young\u2019\u0131n buna yan\u0131t\u0131 basitti: Dalga uzunluklar\u0131 yeterince k\u0131sa ise, \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131n hem do\u011frusal devinimi, hem de keskin g\u00f6lge olu\u015fumu beklenebi\u00adlirdi. Ayr\u0131ca, Young\u2019\u0131n \u201ckar\u0131\u015f\u0131m\u201d (interference), onu izleyen Fresnel\u2019in (1788 – 1827) \u201ck\u0131r\u0131n\u0131m\u201d (diffraction) denen olgula\u00adra getirdikleri a\u00e7\u0131klamalar dalga kuram\u0131n\u0131 destekleyici nitelik\u00adteydi. Daha sonra Maxwell\u2019in dalga kuram\u0131n\u0131 daha kullan\u0131\u015fl\u0131 bulmas\u0131 da dengenin b\u00fcsb\u00fct\u00fcn par\u00e7ac\u0131k kuram\u0131 aleyhine d\u00f6n\u00admesine yol a\u00e7ar. Ne var ki, y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda durum bir kez daha de\u011fi\u015fir. Planck\u2019\u0131n (1858 – 1947) kuvantum, Einstein\u2019\u0131n fotoelektrik kavramlar\u0131yla \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131n par\u00e7ac\u0131k kuram\u0131 yeniden \u00f6n plana \u00e7\u0131kar.<\/p>\n

Bug\u00fcn ula\u015f\u0131lan d\u00fczeyde kuramlardan ne birinin ne \u00f6tekinin kesin egemenli\u011finden s\u00f6z edilebilir. Bir bak\u0131ma Newton\u2019un s\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc etti\u011fi, \u015fimdi kimi bilim insanlar\u0131n\u0131n \u201cwavicle\u201d diye dile getirdikleri \u201cdalga-tanecik\u201d karmas\u0131 ya da ikilemiyle kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131yay\u0131z. Ge\u00e7ici de olsa bu \u201cbar\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131k\u201d a\u015famas\u0131nda egemenlik payla\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015f g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcyor. Huygens dalga kuram\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nc\u00fcs\u00fc olarak bilim g\u00fcndeminde yerini korumaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Kaynak:<\/strong> Cemal Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m, Bilimin \u00d6nc\u00fcleri, Bilim ve Gelecek Kitapl\u0131\u011f\u0131, Ekim 2014, s.108<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

20.y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131n\u0131n se\u00e7kin bir d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcr\u00fc (Alfred North Whitehead, 1861 – 1947), 17. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131 \u201cd\u00e2hiler y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131\u201d diye nitelemi\u015fti. Kepler, Galileo, Newton gibi hepimizin bildi\u011fi bu d\u00e2hilerden biri de Christiaan Huygens\u2019ti. Huygens biri pratik, di\u011feri teorik olmak \u00fczere ba\u015fl\u0131ca iki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131yla bilimin \u00f6nc\u00fcleri aras\u0131nda yer almay\u0131 ba\u015farm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Hollanda\u2019da d\u00fcnyaya gelen Christiaan, daha k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck ya\u015f\u0131nda, matematik ve bilime […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":429,"featured_media":36265,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[19],"tags":[5216,5218,5217,1679,3814],"class_list":["post-36261","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-bilim-gundemi","tag-christiaan-huygens","tag-kirinim","tag-plank","tag-saat","tag-sarkac"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t