{"id":36505,"date":"2019-09-01T03:34:42","date_gmt":"2019-09-01T00:34:42","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/?p=36505"},"modified":"2019-08-29T15:44:01","modified_gmt":"2019-08-29T12:44:01","slug":"bilimin-onculeri-isaac-newton-1642-1727","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2019\/09\/01\/bilimin-onculeri-isaac-newton-1642-1727","title":{"rendered":"Bilimin \u00d6nc\u00fcleri: Isaac Newton (1642-1727)"},"content":{"rendered":"

Bilimin \u00f6nc\u00fclerini tarih s\u00fcrecinde bir dizi y\u0131ld\u0131z olarak d\u00fc\u00ad\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcrsek, dizide konum ve parlakl\u0131\u011f\u0131yla hepsini bast\u0131ran iki y\u0131ld\u0131z vard\u0131r: Newton ve Einstein. Yakla\u015f\u0131k iki y\u00fczy\u0131l arayla ikisi de fizi\u011fin en temel sorunlar\u0131n\u0131 ele ald\u0131lar; ikisinin de getirdi\u011fi \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmlerin madde ve enerji d\u00fcnyas\u0131na bak\u0131\u015f\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 k\u00f6k\u00adten de\u011fi\u015ftirdi\u011fi s\u00f6ylenebilir. Newton Galileo ile Kepler\u2019in; Eins\u00adtein, Newton ile Maxwell\u2019in omuzlar\u0131nda y\u00fckselmi\u015ftir. Newton \u00e7ok yanl\u0131 bir ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131yd\u0131: matematik, mekanik, gravitasyon ve optik alanlar\u0131n\u0131n her birindeki ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131 tek ba\u015f\u0131na bir bilim insan\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6l\u00fcms\u00fcz yapmaya yeterdi. Y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131m\u0131za gelinceye dek her alanda bilime model olu\u015fturan fiziksel d\u00fcnyan\u0131n mekanik a\u00e7\u0131klamas\u0131n\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde ona bor\u00e7luyuz.<\/p>\n

Isaac Newton \u0130ngiltere\u2019de s\u0131radan bir \u00e7ift\u00e7i ailesinin \u00e7ocu\u011fu olarak d\u00fcnyaya geldi. Babas\u0131 do\u011fumundan \u00f6nce \u00f6lm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. Pre\u00admat\u00fcre do\u011fan, c\u0131l\u0131z ve sa\u011fl\u0131ks\u0131z bebek ya\u015fama umudu vermiyor\u00addu, ama t\u00fcm olumsuzluklara kar\u015f\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fcmekten geri kalmad\u0131. \u00c7ocuk daha k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck ya\u015flar\u0131nda a\u011fa\u00e7tan mekanik modeller yap\u00admaya koyulmu\u015ftu; eline ge\u00e7irdi\u011fi testere, \u00e7eki\u00e7 ve benzer ara\u00e7\u00adlarla a\u011fa\u00e7tan yel de\u011firmeni, su saati, g\u00fcne\u015f saati gibi oyuncaklar yap\u0131yordu. El becerisi dikkat \u00e7eken bir incelik sergiliyordu.<\/p>\n

Newton\u2019un \u00fcst\u00fcn \u00f6\u011frenme yetene\u011fi amcas\u0131n\u0131n g\u00f6z\u00fcnden ka\u00e7maz. Bir din adam\u0131 olan amca ayd\u0131n bir ki\u015fiydi; \u00e7ocu\u011fun \u00e7ift\u00e7ili\u011fe de\u011fil, okumaya yatk\u0131n oldu\u011funu fark etmi\u015fti. Amcas\u0131\u00adn\u0131n sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 destekle Newton y\u00f6renin se\u00e7kin okulu Grantham\u2019a verilir. Ne ki, \u00e7ocu\u011fun bu okulda g\u00f6z al\u0131c\u0131 bir ba\u015far\u0131 ortaya koydu\u011fu s\u00f6ylenemez. Bedensel olarak zay\u0131f ve \u00e7elimsiz olan Newton, her f\u0131rsatta, zorbal\u0131k heveslisi kimi okul arkada\u015flar\u0131nca h\u0131rpalanarak horlan\u0131r. Newton\u2019un ilerde belirginlik kazanan \u00e7e\u00adkingen, ge\u00e7imsiz ve ku\u015fkulu ki\u015fili\u011finin, ge\u00e7irdi\u011fi bu ac\u0131 deneyi\u00admin izlerini yans\u0131tt\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6ylenebilir. Belki de bu y\u00fczden Newton, bilimsel ili\u015fkilerinde bile ya\u015fam boyu kimi tats\u0131z s\u00fcrt\u00fc\u015fmelere d\u00fc\u015fmekten kurtulamaz.<\/p>\n

Okulu bitirdi\u011finde, \u00fclkenin en se\u00e7kin \u00fcniversitesine gitmeye haz\u0131rd\u0131r. Yine amcas\u0131n\u0131n yard\u0131m\u0131yla, 1661\u2019de Cambridge \u00dcniver\u00adsitesi\u2019nde \u00f6\u011frenime ba\u015flar. Matematik ve optik ilgilendi\u011fi ba\u015fl\u0131ca iki konudur. \u00dcniversiteyi bitirdi\u011fi y\u0131l (1665), \u00fclkeyi silip s\u00fcp\u00fcren bir salg\u0131n hastal\u0131k nedeniyle b\u00fct\u00fcn okullar kapan\u0131r; Newton baba \u00e7iftli\u011fine d\u00f6ner. Do\u011fan\u0131n dinlendirici kuca\u011f\u0131nda ge\u00e7en iki y\u0131l, ya\u00ad\u015fam\u0131n\u0131n en verimli iki y\u0131l\u0131 olur: Gravitasyon (yer\u00e7ekimi) kuram\u0131, kalk\u00fcl\u00fcs ve \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131n bire\u015fimine ili\u015fkin temel bulu\u015flar\u0131na burada ula\u015f\u0131r. Einstein, \u201cBilim insan\u0131 umdu\u011fu ba\u015far\u0131ya 30 ya\u015f\u0131ndan \u00f6nce ula\u015famam\u0131\u015fsa, daha sonra bir \u015fey beklemesin!\u201d demi\u015fti. Newton 25 ya\u015fma geldi\u011finde en b\u00fcy\u00fck kuramlar\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturmu\u015ftu bile.<\/p>\n

Newton Cambridge \u00dcniversitesi\u2019ne d\u00f6nd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde okutman olarak g\u00f6revlendirilir; ama \u00e7ok ge\u00e7meden \u00fcniversitenin en say\u00adg\u0131n matematik k\u00fcrs\u00fcs\u00fcne, hocas\u0131 Isaac Barrow\u2019un (1630 – 1677) tavsiyesiyle, profes\u00f6r olarak atan\u0131r. Matematik \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra optik \u00fczerindeki denemelerini de s\u00fcrd\u00fcren Newton\u2019un k\u0131sa s\u00fcrede bilimsel prestiji y\u00fckselir, 1672\u2019de Kraliyet Bilim Akademisi\u2019ne \u00fcye se\u00e7ilir. Kendisine soruldu\u011funda ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 iki nedene ba\u011fl\u0131yordu: 1) Devlerin omuzlar\u0131ndan daha uzaklara ba\u00adkabilmesi, 2) \u00c7\u00f6z\u00fcm aray\u0131\u015f\u0131nda yo\u011fun ve s\u00fcrekli d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnebilme g\u00fcc\u00fc. Ger\u00e7ekten i\u015fe koyuldu\u011funda \u00e7o\u011fu kez g\u00fcnlerce ne yemek ne uyku akl\u0131na gelir, kendisini \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131nda unuturdu.<\/p>\n

Biraz \u00f6nce belirtti\u011fimiz gibi, Newton ba\u015fl\u0131ca kuramlar\u0131n\u0131n ana \u00e7izgilerini gen\u00e7 ya\u015f\u0131nda olu\u015fturmu\u015ftu. Ne var ki, ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 sonu\u00e7\u00adlar\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klamada acele etmek \u015f\u00f6yle dursun, onu bu yolda 20 y\u0131l ge\u00adciktiren bir \u00e7ekingenlik i\u00e7indeydi. Dostu Edmund Halley\u2019in (1656 – 1742; Halley kuyrukluy\u0131ld\u0131z\u0131n\u0131 bulan astronom) te\u015fvik ve \u0131srar\u0131 olmasayd\u0131, bilim d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck yap\u0131t\u0131 say\u0131lan Do\u011fa Felse\u00adfesinin Matematiksel \u0130lkeleri (1687\u2019de yay\u0131mlanan kitap genellikle \u201cNewton\u2019un Principia\u2019s\u0131\u201d diye bilinir) belki de hi\u00e7bir zaman ya\u00adz\u0131lmayacakt\u0131. Bu gecikmede bir neden de Robert Hooke ad\u0131nda d\u00f6nemin tan\u0131nm\u0131\u015f bilim adamlar\u0131ndan biriyle aralar\u0131nda s\u00fcren kavgayd\u0131. Hooke, evrensel \u00e7ekim yasas\u0131nda kendisinin de \u00f6nce\u00adlik pay\u0131 oldu\u011fu sav\u0131ndayd\u0131. [Newton\u2019un bir ba\u015fka kavgas\u0131 Alman filozofu Leibniz (1646 – 1716) ileydi. Matemati\u011fin \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli bir dal\u0131 olan kalk\u00fcl\u00fcs\u00fc ilk bulan kimdi? Leibniz\u2019i fikir h\u0131rs\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131yla su\u00e7layan Newton, filozofun resmen k\u0131nanmas\u0131n\u0131 istiyordu.]<\/p>\n

\u00dc\u00e7 ana b\u00f6l\u00fcmden olu\u015fan Principia\u2019n\u0131n ilk b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc nesnelerin devinimine ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Eylemsizlik ilkesi ve serbest d\u00fc\u015fme ya\u00adsas\u0131yla temelini Galileo\u2019nun att\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu konuyu Newton kapsaml\u0131 bir kuram \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde i\u015flemekteydi. \u00d6yle ki, k\u00f6k\u00fc Aristoteles\u2019e ula\u015fan 2 biny\u0131ll\u0131k geleneksel d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce yerini salt mekanik d\u00fcnya g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcne, belli s\u0131n\u0131rlar i\u00e7inde ge\u00e7erlili\u011fini bug\u00fcn de koruyan bir paradigmaya b\u0131rakm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r art\u0131k.<\/p>\n

Galileo\u2019nun deneysel olarak kan\u0131tlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 eylemsizlik ilkesi nitel bir kavramd\u0131; Newton bu kavram\u0131 \u201ck\u00fctle\u201d dedi\u011fimiz nicel bir kavrama d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fcr, devinimin birinci yasas\u0131 olarak belirler.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

\u00d6rne\u011fin, \u015fekilde g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc gibi p\u00fcr\u00fczs\u00fcz bir d\u00fczlemde A ve B gibi k\u00fctleleri de\u011fi\u015fik iki nesne, s\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131k bir yay\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131t u\u00e7lar\u0131na bast\u0131r\u0131l\u0131p b\u0131rak\u0131ls\u0131n. Yay\u0131n ters y\u00f6nlerde e\u015fit itme g\u00fcc\u00fcne u\u011frayan nesnelerden k\u00fctlesi daha b\u00fcy\u00fck olan A\u2019n\u0131n kayma ivmesi, k\u00fctlesi daha k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck olan B\u2019nin kayma ivmesinden daha azd\u0131r. Buna g\u00f6re, m1 ve m2 diye belirle\u00adnen k\u00fctleler, m1 \/ m2 = a2 \/ a1 denkleminde g\u00f6sterildi\u011fi \u00fczere a1 ve a2 ivmeleriyle tan\u0131mlanabilir.<\/p>\n

Mekanik kuram\u0131n bir ba\u015fka temel kavram\u0131 kuvvettir. Yukar\u00addaki deneyde s\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131k yay\u0131n iki nesne \u00fczerindeki itme kuvvetinin e\u015fitli\u011finden s\u00f6z ettik, m1.a1 = m2.a2 oldu\u011fundan kuvvetler de m1.a1 ve m2.a2 ile \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclebilir. Buna g\u00f6re, m k\u00fctlesi \u00fczerinde F gibi bir kuvvet a ivmesine yol a\u00e7\u0131yorsa, ivmeyle kuvvet aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fki \u015f\u00f6yle belirlenebilir: F = ma (kuvvet = k\u00fctle x ivme). Bu denklem Newton mekani\u011finin ikinci devinim yasas\u0131n\u0131 dile getirmektedir.<\/p>\n

Mekani\u011fin \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc yasas\u0131, \u00e7o\u011fumuzun g\u00fcnl\u00fck deneyimlerin\u00adden bildi\u011fi bir ili\u015fkiyi i\u00e7ermektedir: Her etkiye kar\u015f\u0131 e\u015fit g\u00fc\u00e7te bir tepki vard\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin, parma\u011f\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 masaya bast\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda, masan\u0131n da parma\u011f\u0131m\u0131z \u00fczerinde e\u015fit bask\u0131s\u0131 olur.<\/p>\n

K\u00fctle, kuvvet gibi \u00f6nemli kavramlar\u0131n nicel olarak olu\u015ftu\u00adrulmas\u0131 fizi\u011fin birtak\u0131m geleneksel saplant\u0131lardan ar\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayan b\u00fcy\u00fck bir ilerleme olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

Aristoteles gelene\u011finde, g\u00f6ksel nesnelerin \u00e7embersel devinimleri a\u00e7\u0131klama gerektirmeyen \u201cdo\u011fal\u201d bir olayd\u0131.<\/p>\n

D\u00fcnya\u2019n\u0131n di\u011fer gezegenlerle birlikte G\u00fcne\u015f \u00e7evresinde d\u00f6nd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc ileri s\u00fcren Kopernik bile \u00e7embersel devinim \u00f6\u011fre\u00adtisine kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi bu devinimi a\u00e7\u0131klama aray\u0131\u015f\u0131 i\u00e7ine de girmemi\u015ftir. Galileo ile Newton mekani\u011finde ise yaln\u0131zca ayn\u0131 do\u011frultuda tekd\u00fcze devinim do\u011fald\u0131r; devinimin y\u00f6n ya da h\u0131z de\u011fi\u015ftirmesi ancak bir d\u0131\u015f kuvvetin etkisiyle olas\u0131d\u0131r. Kep\u00adler, gezegenlerin G\u00fcne\u015f \u00e7evresindeki devinimlerini G\u00fcne\u015f\u2019ten kaynaklanan manyetik t\u00fcrden bir kuvvete ba\u011flam\u0131\u015f, yer\u00e7ekimi kavram\u0131na ipucu haz\u0131rlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n

Newton\u2019un \u201cgravitasyon\u201d dedi\u011fi kuvvet, gezegenlerin eliptik y\u00f6r\u00fcngeleriyle yerk\u00fcredeki serbest d\u00fc\u015fmeyi a\u00e7\u0131klayan evrensel bir g\u00fc\u00e7t\u00fcr. Buna g\u00f6re, evrende var olan herhangi iki nesne birbi\u00adrini k\u00fctlelerinin \u00e7arp\u0131m\u0131yla do\u011fru, aralar\u0131ndaki mesafenin kare\u00adsiyle ters orant\u0131l\u0131 olarak \u00e7eker. \u0130li\u015fkinin matematiksel ifadesi:<\/p>\n

FGmmd=.22<\/p>\n

Newton\u2019un gen\u00e7li\u011finde ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 ama yay\u0131mlamaktan ka\u00e7\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu sonu\u00e7 bir hipotez olarak ba\u015fkalar\u0131nca da tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lmaktayd\u0131. Nitekim, Kraliyet Bilim Akademisi\u2019nin \u00fc\u00e7 \u00fcyesi [Robert Hoo\u00adke, Edmund Halley ve Cristopher Wren (1632 – 1723)] eliptik y\u00f6r\u00fcngelerin yer\u00e7ekimiyle a\u00e7\u0131klanabilece\u011fi sav\u0131ndayd\u0131lar, ancak bu sav\u0131 kendi aralar\u0131nda kan\u0131tlayamamaktayd\u0131lar.\"\"<\/p>\n

1684\u2019de Halley sorunu Newton\u2019a iletir. Yer\u00e7ekimi hipotezini y\u0131llarca \u00f6nce olu\u015fturan Newton, bu arada, hipotezin matematiksel yoldan kan\u0131tlanmas\u0131n\u0131 da ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmi\u015fti. B\u00f6ylesine \u00f6nemli bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fman\u0131n yay\u0131mlanmadan kalmas\u0131n\u0131 do\u011fru bulmayan Halley, t\u00fcm bas\u0131m masraflar\u0131n\u0131 y\u00fcklenerek Newton\u2019u daha fazla zaman yi\u00adtirmeden kitab\u0131n\u0131 (Principia\u2019y\u0131) yazmaya ikna eder. Bilim d\u00fcnyas\u0131 hayranl\u0131kla kar\u015f\u0131lad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu \u00f6lmez yap\u0131tta, ilk kez, mekani\u011fin di\u011fer yasalar\u0131yla birlikte yer\u00e7ekimi kuram\u0131n\u0131n, t\u00fcm kan\u0131t ve i\u00e7eri\u011fiyle, matematiksel olarak i\u015flendi\u011fini bulur. Kitapta, ayr\u0131ca, s\u0131v\u0131 devini\u00adminden G\u00fcne\u015f ve gezegenlerin k\u00fctlelerinin hesaplanmas\u0131na, Ay\u2019\u0131n devinimindeki d\u00fczensizliklerden denizlerdeki gelgit olaylar\u0131na de\u011fin pek \u00e7ok sorunsal konuya a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131k getirilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Bir kuram\u0131n g\u00fcc\u00fc, kapsad\u0131\u011f\u0131 olgu alan\u0131n\u0131n geni\u015fli\u011fine ba\u011f\u00adl\u0131d\u0131r. G\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir kuram ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta a\u00e7\u0131klad\u0131\u011f\u0131 olgularla s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 kalmayan, yeni ya da beklenmeyen g\u00f6zlem verilerine a\u00e7\u0131labilen kuramd\u0131r. Bilim tarihinde bunun belki de en ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 \u00f6rne\u011fini Newton mekani\u011finin verdi\u011fi s\u00f6ylenebilir. Ancak geni\u015f kapsa\u00adm\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n bu kuram\u0131n bir eksikli\u011fi daha ba\u015ftan belli olmu\u015ftu: Yer\u00e7ekimi g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn uzay bo\u015flu\u011funda birbirinden milyonlarca mil uzakl\u0131ktaki iki nesne aras\u0131nda bile varsanan etkisi nas\u0131l bir d\u00fczene\u011fe ba\u011fl\u0131 olabilirdi? \u201cUzaktan etki\u201d diye bilinen, New\u00adton\u2019un kendisini de rahats\u0131z eden bu sorunun, Einstein\u2019\u0131n genel relativite kuram\u0131n\u0131n sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klamaya kar\u015f\u0131n, bug\u00fcn bile do\u00adyurucu bir a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131\u011fa kavu\u015ftu\u011fu kolayca s\u00f6ylenemez.<\/p>\n

Principia\u2019n\u0131n yaz\u0131lmas\u0131 yakla\u015f\u0131k iki y\u0131l al\u0131r. Polemikten ka\u00e7\u0131\u00adnan Newton, d\u00fczeysiz tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 \u00f6nlemek i\u00e7in Latince kaleme ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 kitab\u0131na yetkin \u00f6rne\u011fini geometride buldu\u011fumuz aksiyo\u00admatik bir bi\u00e7im verir. \u015e\u00f6yle ki, Newton \u201c\u00f6nc\u00fcl\u201d diye ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir\u00adka\u00e7 temel ilkeden (devinim yasalar\u0131yla yer\u00e7ekimi kuram\u0131ndan) fizik ve astronominin g\u00f6zlemsel veya deneysel olarak kan\u0131tlan\u00adm\u0131\u015f \u00f6nermelerini (\u00f6rne\u011fin, Kepler\u2019in \u00fc\u00e7 yasas\u0131 ile Galileo\u2019nun sarka\u00e7, serbest d\u00fc\u015fme vb. yasalar\u0131n\u0131) bir t\u00fcr \u201cteorem\u201d olarak ispatlama yoluna gider. Newton e\u015fsiz yap\u0131t\u0131yla bilim d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131 adeta b\u00fcy\u00fcler; deyim yerindeyse, ona yar\u0131-ilah g\u00f6z\u00fcyle bak\u0131lma\u00adya ba\u015flan\u0131r. \u00d6yle ki, d\u00f6nemin tan\u0131nm\u0131\u015f bir matematik\u00e7isi, \u201cAca\u00adba onun da bizler gibi yeme, i\u00e7me ve uyuma t\u00fcr\u00fcnden g\u00fcnl\u00fck gereksinmeleri var m\u0131d\u0131r?\u201d diye sormaktan kendini alamaz.<\/p>\n

Newton, ku\u015fkusuz ne bir ilaht\u0131, ne de g\u00fcnl\u00fck gereksinmeleri y\u00f6n\u00fcnden di\u011fer insanlardan farkl\u0131yd\u0131. Onu bilim tarihinde y\u00fc\u00adcelten \u00fc\u00e7 \u00f6zelli\u011fi vard\u0131: 1) \u00dcst\u00fcn zek\u00e2 ve imge g\u00fcc\u00fc; 2) Yo\u011fun \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma istenci; 3) Evreni anlama ve a\u00e7\u0131klama merak\u0131. Az ya da \u00e7ok, t\u00fcm insanlar\u0131n payla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu \u00f6zellikler, Newton\u2019da kendine \u00f6zg\u00fc yarat\u0131c\u0131 bir sentez olu\u015fturmu\u015ftu.<\/p>\n

B\u00fcy\u00fck bilim insan\u0131 \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden k\u0131sa bir s\u00fcre \u00f6nce kendinden \u015f\u00f6yle s\u00f6z etmi\u015fti: \u201cD\u00fcnyaya nas\u0131l g\u00f6r\u00fcnd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm\u00fc bilmiyorum; ama ben kendimi, hen\u00fcz ke\u015ffedilmemi\u015f ger\u00e7eklerle dolu bir ok\u00adyanusun k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131nda oynayan, d\u00fczg\u00fcn bir \u00e7ak\u0131lta\u015f\u0131 ya da g\u00fczel bir denizkabu\u011fu buldu\u011funda sevinen bir \u00e7ocuk gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcyorum.\u201d<\/p>\n

Kaynak:<\/strong> Cemal Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m, Bilimin \u00d6nc\u00fcleri, Bilim ve Gelecek Kitapl\u0131\u011f\u0131, Kas\u0131m 2007, 24. Bask\u0131, s.115<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Bilimin \u00f6nc\u00fclerini tarih s\u00fcrecinde bir dizi y\u0131ld\u0131z olarak d\u00fc\u00ad\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcrsek, dizide konum ve parlakl\u0131\u011f\u0131yla hepsini bast\u0131ran iki y\u0131ld\u0131z vard\u0131r: Newton ve Einstein. Yakla\u015f\u0131k iki y\u00fczy\u0131l arayla ikisi de fizi\u011fin en temel sorunlar\u0131n\u0131 ele ald\u0131lar; ikisinin de getirdi\u011fi \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmlerin madde ve enerji d\u00fcnyas\u0131na bak\u0131\u015f\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 k\u00f6k\u00adten de\u011fi\u015ftirdi\u011fi s\u00f6ylenebilir. Newton Galileo ile Kepler\u2019in; Eins\u00adtein, Newton ile Maxwell\u2019in omuzlar\u0131nda y\u00fckselmi\u015ftir. […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":429,"featured_media":36506,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[19],"tags":[482,277,288,208,346],"class_list":["post-36505","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-bilim-gundemi","tag-bilim","tag-einstein","tag-fizik","tag-matematik","tag-newton"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t