{"id":36512,"date":"2019-08-29T16:07:40","date_gmt":"2019-08-29T13:07:40","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/?p=36512"},"modified":"2019-08-29T16:08:19","modified_gmt":"2019-08-29T13:08:19","slug":"bir-insansiya-ait-3-8-milyon-yillik-kafatasi-etiyopyada-bulundu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2019\/08\/29\/bir-insansiya-ait-3-8-milyon-yillik-kafatasi-etiyopyada-bulundu","title":{"rendered":"Bir insans\u0131ya ait 3.8 milyon y\u0131ll\u0131k kafatas\u0131 bulundu"},"content":{"rendered":"

Etiyopya\u2019da ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan bir kafatas\u0131na ili\u015fkin \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar, bu kafatas\u0131n\u0131n Australopithecus anamensis t\u00fcr\u00fcnden erkek bir bireye ait oldu\u011funu ortaya \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131. \u00c7al\u0131\u015fman\u0131n bulgular\u0131na g\u00f6re iki aya\u011f\u0131 \u00fczerinde durabilme \u00f6zelli\u011fi ta\u015f\u0131yan bu Hominin\u2019e ait kafatas\u0131n\u0131n 3.8 milyon y\u0131ll\u0131k oldu\u011fu anla\u015f\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n

Etiyopya\u2019da bulunan bozulmam\u0131\u015f kafatas\u0131n\u0131n, Australopithecus afarensis t\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn bir \u00fcyesi \u00fcnl\u00fc Lucy fosiline yak\u0131n bir t\u00fcr olan Australopithecus anamensis t\u00fcr\u00fcne ait oldu\u011fu belirtiliyor. \u00c7al\u0131\u015fmaya ili\u015fkin a\u00e7\u0131klamalarda bulunan paleoantropolog Yohannes Haile-Selassie, \u201cDaha \u00f6nce kafataslar\u0131na ait \u00e7ok say\u0131da fosil g\u00f6rd\u00fcm ancak bu seferki daha \u00f6nce hi\u00e7 g\u00f6rmedi\u011fim bir \u015feydi\u201d dedi. Etiyopyal\u0131 bir \u00e7oban taraf\u0131ndan tesad\u00fcfi olarak bulunan ve bu b\u00f6lgede \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma y\u00fcr\u00fcten Haile-Selassie ile ekibi taraf\u0131ndan \u00fczerinde yap\u0131lan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalarla 3.8 milyon y\u0131ll\u0131k oldu\u011fu anla\u015f\u0131lan bu fosil, insan evriminde \u00f6nemli bir a\u015fama olan erken Homininlere ili\u015fkin yeni bir g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcn elde edilmesini sa\u011flad\u0131. Uzmanlar bu ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc fosil \u00fczerinde yap\u0131lacak yeni \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalarla insan\u0131n ge\u00e7mi\u015fine ili\u015fkin \u00e7ok say\u0131da yeni bilginin edinilebilece\u011fini ifade ediyorlar. Kafatas\u0131n\u0131n ait oldu\u011fu t\u00fcr\u00fcn, insan atalar\u0131n\u0131n dik durman\u0131n daha etkin yollar\u0131n\u0131 geli\u015ftirmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131klar\u0131 bir d\u00f6nemde ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131, dolay\u0131s\u0131yla kafatas\u0131n\u0131n insan evrimine ili\u015fkin bu gibi bilgilerin do\u011frulanmas\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00f6nemli bir bulgu oldu\u011fu belirtiliyor. Londra\u2019daki Do\u011fa Tarihi M\u00fczesi\u2019nde insan evrimi \u00fczerine \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma y\u00fcr\u00fcten Fred Spoor, News&Views sitesine yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 makalede bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya ili\u015fkin olarak \u201cKafatas\u0131, insan evriminin bir ba\u015fka \u00fcnl\u00fc simgesi haline gelmi\u015f gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcyor\u201d ifadelerine yer verdi.<\/p>\n

Ara\u015ft\u0131rman\u0131n ge\u00e7mi\u015fi<\/strong>
\n\u00c7al\u0131\u015fman\u0131n ge\u00e7mi\u015fine bakacak olursak, bu kafatas\u0131 Etiyopya\u2019n\u0131n Afar isimli b\u00f6lgesinde 2016 y\u0131l\u0131nda bulundu. Ancak bu kafatas\u0131n\u0131n hangi t\u00fcre ait oldu\u011funa ili\u015fkin sorunun yan\u0131tlanmas\u0131 tam 3 bu\u00e7uk y\u0131l s\u00fcrd\u00fc. Haile-Selassie ve arkada\u015flar\u0131, bu kafatas\u0131n\u0131 \u201cMRD\u201d olarak adland\u0131rd\u0131lar ve bu kafatas\u0131 fosilini Afrika\u2019n\u0131n d\u00f6rt bir yan\u0131ndan elde edilen \u00f6nceki Hominin fosilleri ile kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131lar. Bu kafatas\u0131n\u0131n hangi t\u00fcr\u00fc temsil etti\u011fini ve insan evrimine ili\u015fkin a\u011fac\u0131n hangi dal\u0131nda kendine yer buldu\u011funu anlamak i\u00e7in farkl\u0131 morfolojik teknikler kulland\u0131lar. Yap\u0131lan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n sonucunda bu kafatas\u0131, Australopithecus anamensis t\u00fcr\u00fcne ait olarak tan\u0131mland\u0131. Bu t\u00fcr\u00fcn, Lucy\u2019nin \u00fcyelerinden oldu\u011fu Australopithecus afarensis ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131ktan hemen sonra ortadan kayboldu\u011fu belirtildi. Bu t\u00fcr\u00fcn, t\u0131rmanma ve baz\u0131 anatomik \u00f6zellikleri nedeniyle maymunlara, iki ayak \u00fczerinde y\u00fcr\u00fcmeyi kolayla\u015ft\u0131racak ayak bilekleri ve diz eklemleri de\u011fi\u015fiklikleri nedeniyle de insanlara benzedi\u011fi belirtildi. Bu t\u00fcre dair \u00f6nceki fosil \u00f6rneklerinin \u00e7o\u011funun di\u015f, \u00e7enenin bir b\u00f6lgesi, kol ve kemik par\u00e7alar\u0131ndan elde edildi\u011fi de ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar taraf\u0131ndan ifade edildi. Ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar, bu kafatas\u0131 ile birlikte Homininler aras\u0131ndaki farklar\u0131n da daha keskin ayr\u0131mlarla ortaya koyulabilece\u011fini s\u00f6yl\u00fcyor.<\/p>\n

Nature\u2019da yay\u0131nlanan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fman\u0131n y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fcc\u00fclerinden Haile-Selassie, bu t\u00fcre ait bireylerin \u00e7e\u015fitli \u00f6zelliklerine dikkat \u00e7ekerek \u201cA. anamensis’in kendi \u00f6zelliklerinin bir\u00e7o\u011fu olduk\u00e7a ilkeldir\u201d dedi ve ekledi: \u201cBu t\u00fcr\u00fcn \u00fcyeleri g\u00f6rece k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir beyne ve \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kan k\u00f6pek di\u015flerine sahiptir. A. afarensis ile payla\u015f\u0131lan birka\u00e7 \u00f6zellik vard\u0131r ancak bu t\u00fcr, bu \u00f6zelliklerin ilkel birer formunu ta\u015f\u0131r. Bu t\u00fcr\u00fcn \u00fcyelerine arkadan bakt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131zda onlar\u0131 maymuna benzetirsiniz. Bu tarz bir durumu A. afarensis’in atas\u0131 olarak varsay\u0131lan bir t\u00fcrde g\u00f6zlemlemeyi hi\u00e7 beklemezdim. Bu y\u00fczden bu iki t\u00fcr aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fkiyi g\u00f6rmek, konuya ili\u015fkin fikirlerimde de\u011fi\u015fime neden oldu.\u201d<\/p>\n

\"\"
Haile-Selassie ve arkada\u015flar\u0131, bu kafatas\u0131n\u0131 \u201cMRD\u201d olarak adland\u0131rd\u0131lar<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

\u00c7al\u0131\u015fmada kafatas\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nemi<\/strong>
\nAyr\u0131ca bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma, bu canl\u0131lar aras\u0131ndaki t\u00fcrle\u015fmeyi de ortaya koyuyor. A. anamensis t\u00fcr\u00fcnden ayr\u0131lan bir grubun evrimle\u015fmesiyle A. afarensis’in ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f olabilece\u011fini belirten ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lardan Haile-Selassie, \u201cMuhtemelen k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir A. anamensis populasyonu, kendisini ana populasyondan ay\u0131rd\u0131 ve bu sayede sa\u011flanan izolasyon yoluyla bu t\u00fcr b\u00fcy\u00fck de\u011fi\u015fimler ya\u015fad\u0131. Bu de\u011fi\u015fimler, bu populasyonun ana populasyondan tamamen kopmas\u0131na neden oldu. B\u00f6ylelikle bir t\u00fcrle\u015fme ya\u015fand\u0131. Muhtemelen A. afarensis bu sayede ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u201d a\u00e7\u0131klamalar\u0131nda bulundu. Ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar, bu noktada kafatas\u0131 bulgular\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nemine de vurgu yap\u0131yorlar. Konuya ili\u015fkin a\u00e7\u0131klamalar\u0131na devam eden ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar, \u201c\u0130nsan soyunun di\u011fer t\u00fcrlerin evrim a\u011fa\u00e7lar\u0131 gibi dallan\u0131p \u00e7e\u015fitlendi\u011fini biliyoruz. Bu noktada, bu kafatas\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nemi bir kez daha ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yor. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc kafatas\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 bize iki ayak \u00fczerinde y\u00fcr\u00fcme hakk\u0131nda bilgi veriyor. Ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde Homininlerin evrimine ili\u015fkin olarak biyolojik \u00e7e\u015fitlilik modelin olu\u015fturulmas\u0131nda da \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kan bir bulgu\u201d diyor.<\/p>\n

1995 y\u0131l\u0131nda Paleoantropolog Meave Leakey ve ekip arkada\u015flar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan yap\u0131lan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmayla A. anamensis t\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn, iki ayakl\u0131 y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015f s\u0131ras\u0131nda t\u00fcm v\u00fccut a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131mas\u0131na izin veren geli\u015fmi\u015f bir diz eklemi geli\u015ftiren ilk t\u00fcr oldu\u011fu ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. \u0130ki ayak \u00fczerinde durma ve y\u00fcr\u00fcme kabiliyeti olarak bilinen bipedalizmin, insan\u0131n atalar\u0131n\u0131n eski homininlerin a\u011fa\u00e7 t\u0131rman\u0131\u015flar\u0131na k\u0131yasla daha geni\u015f bir habitattan faydalanmalar\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 da bilinmekteydi. Konuya ili\u015fkin olarak yap\u0131lan ikinci bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma, bu kafatas\u0131n\u0131n ait oldu\u011fu t\u00fcr\u00fcn ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 b\u00f6lgenin anla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan da \u00f6nemli bir noktada. Bu kafatas\u0131n\u0131n bulundu\u011fu \u00e7evre, kuru \u00e7al\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131n bulundu\u011fu bir g\u00f6l\u00fcn etraf\u0131yd\u0131. Botanik kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131na ili\u015fkin incelemeler, bu kuru \u00e7al\u0131lara dair bilgi al\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131 da sa\u011flad\u0131. Case Western Reserve \u00dcniversitesi’nde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma y\u00fcr\u00fcten ve bu kapsamda \u00e7evreye ili\u015fkin olan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmay\u0131 y\u00fcr\u00fcten jeolog Beverly Saylor, \u201cG\u00f6l\u00fcn bulundu\u011fu b\u00f6lgede, ormanl\u0131k alanlar vard\u0131 ancak bir k\u0131sm\u0131 kurumu\u015ftu\u201d a\u00e7\u0131klamalar\u0131nda bulundu. Bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ile birlikte bu kafatas\u0131n\u0131n ait oldu\u011fu t\u00fcr\u00fcn t\u00fcketim al\u0131\u015fkanl\u0131klar\u0131na dair bilgiler de \u00e7evreye ili\u015fkin bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma yoluyla \u00f6\u011frenilmi\u015f oldu. Buna g\u00f6re, bu t\u00fcr\u00fcn \u00fcyesi olan canl\u0131, maymunlar\u0131n t\u00fcketim al\u0131\u015fkanl\u0131klar\u0131na benzer bir beslenme bi\u00e7imini benimsemi\u015fti.<\/p>\n

Bu fosilin bulunmas\u0131n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan s\u00fcren \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar ve bu t\u00fcr\u00fcn hangi Hominin t\u00fcr\u00fcne ait oldu\u011funa dair geni\u015f kapsaml\u0131 bir yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131n ortaya konulmas\u0131, gelecekte yap\u0131lacak daha kapsaml\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalara \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fck edebilir. Ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar, bu noktan\u0131n alt\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7izerek fosilin de\u011ferini bir kez daha vurguluyor.<\/p>\n

Kaynak:<\/strong> https:\/\/www.smithsonianmag.com\/science-nature\/38-million-year-old-skull-puts-new-face-little-known-human-ancestor-species-180973006\/<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Etiyopya\u2019da ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan bir kafatas\u0131na ili\u015fkin \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar, bu kafatas\u0131n\u0131n Australopithecus anamensis t\u00fcr\u00fcnden erkek bir bireye ait oldu\u011funu ortaya \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131. \u00c7al\u0131\u015fman\u0131n bulgular\u0131na g\u00f6re iki aya\u011f\u0131 \u00fczerinde durabilme \u00f6zelli\u011fi ta\u015f\u0131yan bu Hominin\u2019e ait kafatas\u0131n\u0131n 3.8 milyon y\u0131ll\u0131k oldu\u011fu anla\u015f\u0131ld\u0131. Etiyopya\u2019da bulunan bozulmam\u0131\u015f kafatas\u0131n\u0131n, Australopithecus afarensis t\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn bir \u00fcyesi \u00fcnl\u00fc Lucy fosiline yak\u0131n bir t\u00fcr olan Australopithecus anamensis […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1390,"featured_media":36513,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[19],"tags":[3087,816,4248,555,1671],"class_list":["post-36512","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-bilim-gundemi","tag-calisma","tag-fosil","tag-hominin","tag-insan","tag-maymun"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t