{"id":36618,"date":"2019-09-04T03:34:50","date_gmt":"2019-09-04T00:34:50","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/?p=36618"},"modified":"2019-09-03T13:38:22","modified_gmt":"2019-09-03T10:38:22","slug":"arkeolojideki-yeni-dusunsel-akimlar","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2019\/09\/04\/arkeolojideki-yeni-dusunsel-akimlar","title":{"rendered":"Arkeolojideki yeni d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnsel ak\u0131mlar"},"content":{"rendered":"

Yeni arkeoloji, geleneksel arkeolojinin \u00fcslup ve bi\u00e7imsel s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131rmaya dayal\u0131 bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131na bir tepki olarak ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ge\u00e7en y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ortalar\u0131ndan itibaren, geleneksel arkeolojinin kuramsal temeli olmayan ki\u015fisel bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131 i\u00e7eren yorum ve anlat\u0131mlar\u0131ndan rahats\u0131zl\u0131k duyanlar, o y\u0131llarda di\u011fer sosyal bilimlerin felsefi temelini oturtmaya ba\u015flayan \u201csistemler kuram\u0131\u201dndan (systems theory) etkilenerek arkeolojide yeni aray\u0131\u015flar i\u00e7ine girmi\u015flerdir. Bu ak\u0131m\u0131n savunucular\u0131, sistemler kuram\u0131n\u0131n temelini olu\u015fturan s\u0131nanabilir modellere dayal\u0131 nesnel kuramlar\u0131 bilimin temeli olarak g\u00f6rd\u00fcklerinden, kendilerinden \u00f6nceki d\u00f6nemde geli\u015ftirilmi\u015f olan kuramlar\u0131, nesnel olmayan yorumlara dayal\u0131 bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131 oldu\u011fu gerek\u00e7esiyle reddetmi\u015flerdir. \u00d6zellikle kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131k\u0131lan konu, geleneksel arkeolojinin bir anlamda temel amac\u0131 olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclen, b\u00f6lgeler ya da k\u00fclt\u00fcrler aras\u0131 ili\u015fkileri anlamaya y\u00f6nelik yakla\u015f\u0131m olmu\u015ftur. \u00d6rne\u011fin k\u00fclt\u00fcrlerin yay\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 ve ba\u015fka b\u00f6lgelere aktar\u0131m\u0131yla ilgili g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fleriyle ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan \u201cyay\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131\u201d (diffusionism) yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131 t\u00fcm\u00fcyle reddetmi\u015fler ve Marksist bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n sosyoekonomik temelinden de yararlanarak yay\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131 kuramlar\u0131 tan\u0131mlayan Gordon Childe, yeni arkeolojinin hedefi haline gelmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Ku\u015fkusuz \u00f6nceki d\u00f6nemlerin kuramsal temelleri yaln\u0131zca Childe ve Marksist yakla\u015f\u0131mla s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 de\u011fildi; o d\u00f6nemde G. Kossina\u2019n\u0131n \u0131rk temelli yorumlar\u0131 kadar, Darwinist evrimci ya da do\u011fal \u00e7evre ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 \u00e7ok say\u0131da farkl\u0131 kuram zaten arkeolojinin i\u00e7ine girmi\u015f durumdayd\u0131. Bunlar\u0131n aras\u0131nda \u00f6zellikle 1950\u2019li y\u0131llarda R. J. Braidwood\u2019un \u201cdo\u011fal \u00e7evre kuram\u0131\u201d ile K. Flannery\u2019nin \u201ci\u015flevsel s\u00fcre\u00e7 arkeolojisi\u201d (functional processual archaeology) yakla\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131, daha sonraki geli\u015fmelere altl\u0131k haz\u0131rlamalar\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan b\u00fcy\u00fck bir \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131maktad\u0131r. Her iki g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f de, kendi i\u00e7indeki baz\u0131 farkl\u0131l\u0131klara kar\u015f\u0131n, toplum ya da toplumlar aras\u0131 ili\u015fkilerin kurgulanmas\u0131nda do\u011fal \u00e7evre ile olan ili\u015fki, beslenme modelleri, teknoloji ve inan\u00e7 gibi \u00f6\u011felerin ayr\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131larak, birbirleriyle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmal\u0131 olarak incelenmesinin \u00f6nemini vurgulam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Bu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fler her ne kadar daha sonra geli\u015fen ve a\u015fa\u011f\u0131da ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 olarak tan\u0131mlayaca\u011f\u0131m\u0131z yeni ak\u0131mlar\u0131n savunucular\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan reddedilmi\u015fler ise de, bunlar\u0131n yeni ak\u0131mlar i\u00e7in bir altl\u0131k olu\u015fturdu\u011fu da yads\u0131namaz.<\/p>\n

\u0130lk olarak 1968\u2019de L. Binford\u2019un ba\u015f\u0131 \u00e7ekti\u011fi ve daha o y\u0131llarda \u201cyeni arkeoloji\u201d (new archaeology) olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lmaya ba\u015flayan ak\u0131m, \u00f6nceleri Amerika Birle\u015fik Devletleri\u2019nde Michigan ve Chicago, hemen ard\u0131ndan da \u0130ngiltere\u2019de D. Clarke\u2019\u0131n \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131n etkisiyle Anglosakson arkeolojisi i\u00e7inde bir ortam bularak h\u0131zla geli\u015fmi\u015ftir. Bu a\u015famadan itibaren yeni arkeolojinin savunucular\u0131 aras\u0131nda temel g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f, yorum ve yakla\u015f\u0131m farkl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131 belirginle\u015fmi\u015f ve farkl\u0131 adlarla an\u0131lan ak\u0131mlar ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. T\u00fcm bu aray\u0131\u015flar sonucunda felsefe ve sistemler kuram\u0131ndan derlenerek aktar\u0131lan yeni bir dil ve terimler, arkeoloji d\u00fcnyas\u0131na girmi\u015ftir. Burada yaln\u0131zca baz\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 k\u0131saca tan\u0131mlamakla yetinece\u011fiz.<\/p>\n

\"\"
D. Clarke\u2019\u0131n \u201canalitik arkeoloji\u201d (analytic archaelogy) olarak tan\u0131mlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131, arkeolojide tan\u0131m\u0131n yerine istatistik olarak de\u011ferlendirilebilir say\u0131sal verilere dayal\u0131 s\u0131nanabilir modeller olu\u015fturmaya y\u00f6nelik niceliksel bir yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131n ve de\u011ferlendirme y\u00f6nteminin arkeolojinin temelini olu\u015fturmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini ileri s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Bu ak\u0131mlar aras\u0131nda en belirgin olan\u0131, \u201ck\u00fclt\u00fcrel s\u00fcre\u00e7lilik\u201d (cultural processual) olarak tan\u0131mlanan, k\u00fclt\u00fcrel de\u011fi\u015fim s\u00fcrecini, ekonomik ve sosyal sistemler \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015fl\u0131 modellere dayan\u0131p genellemeler yaparak ve bu do\u011frultuda \u00e7\u0131karsamalarla a\u00e7\u0131klayan ak\u0131md\u0131r. Ayn\u0131 d\u00f6nemde D. Clarke\u2019\u0131n \u201canalitik arkeoloji\u201d (analytic archaelogy) olarak tan\u0131mlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131, arkeolojide tan\u0131m\u0131n yerine istatistik olarak de\u011ferlendirilebilir say\u0131sal verilere dayal\u0131 s\u0131nanabilir modeller olu\u015fturmaya y\u00f6nelik niceliksel bir yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131n ve de\u011ferlendirme y\u00f6nteminin arkeolojinin temelini olu\u015fturmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini ileri s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Buna kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k say\u0131sal verilere dayal\u0131 modellerin insan kimli\u011fi ile uyu\u015fmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ileri s\u00fcren baz\u0131 bilim insanlar\u0131, \u201cbili\u015fsel yakla\u015f\u0131m arkeolojisi\u201d (cognitive archaeology) olarak tan\u0131mlanan, sembolleri ve insanlar\u0131n d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnsel d\u00fcnyalar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131karan farkl\u0131 bir yakla\u015f\u0131m kurgusuna y\u00f6nelmi\u015flerdir. 1968 ile 1980 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131, farkl\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fleri savunan, t\u00fcm\u00fc \u201cyeni arkeoloji\u201d kapsam\u0131nda de\u011ferlendirilebilecek olan bilim insanlar\u0131 aras\u0131nda, i\u015flevsellik (functionalism), s\u00fcre\u00e7sel (processual) ve kavramsal (cognitive) temele dayal\u0131 farkl\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerin tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131yla ge\u00e7mi\u015ftir. Bu s\u00fcre\u00e7 i\u00e7inde M. Gimbutas\u2019\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131 \u00e7ekti\u011fi ve kad\u0131n\u0131n k\u00fclt\u00fcr tarihi i\u00e7indeki yerinin g\u00f6z ard\u0131 edildi\u011fini vurgulayan feminist arkeoloji, K. Butzer\u2019in \u00e7evre modellemeleri a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131kl\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc, k\u0131ta Avrupas\u0131nda ise geleneksel yakla\u015f\u0131mlardan geli\u015fen \u201ck\u00fclt\u00fcrelevrim arkeolojisi\u201d (progressive archaeology) ve \u201ck\u00fclt\u00fcr tarihi arkeolojisi\u201d (cultural history archaeology) gibi farkl\u0131 ak\u0131mlar da geli\u015fmekteydi.<\/p>\n

1980\u2019li y\u0131llardan itibaren, \u00f6zellikle 1990\u2019l\u0131 y\u0131llarda \u201cyeni arkeoloji\u201d ak\u0131mlar\u0131 ile \u201cgeleneksel arkeoloji\u201d aras\u0131ndaki g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f ve y\u00f6ntemlerdeki ayr\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131n giderek azald\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. Yeni arkeolojiyi savunanlar, kuram\u0131 verinin \u00f6n\u00fcne \u00e7\u0131kartan bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 giderek yumu\u015fatm\u0131\u015f; buna kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k geleneksel olarak tan\u0131mlama yapan arkeologlar ise, yeni arkeolojinin getirmi\u015f oldu\u011fu kuram, model, say\u0131sal veri ile bili\u015fsel a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131mlar\u0131 yorum ve de\u011ferlendirmelerinde kullanmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Genel olarak \u201cyeni arkeoloji\u201d ad\u0131 alt\u0131nda toplad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z kuramsal yakla\u015f\u0131mlardaki alan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131, yeni verileri ortaya \u00e7\u0131karmak ve \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131ktan sonra verilerin ne anlama geldi\u011fini tan\u0131mlamak yerine, ortaya at\u0131lan kuram\u0131n s\u0131nanmas\u0131 olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Bunun sonucu olarak kuramsal arkeolojiyi temel y\u00f6ntem olarak benimseyen ara\u015ft\u0131rma projelerinde ama\u00e7, bilgi zenginli\u011fi yerine, s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 alanlarda kuram\u0131 irdeleyecek bilginin toplanmas\u0131na d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla bu ak\u0131mlar\u0131n g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc oldu\u011fu Anglosakson bilim insanlar\u0131n\u0131n alan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 ve \u00f6zellikle yapt\u0131klar\u0131 kaz\u0131lar dar alanlarla s\u0131n\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015f, arkeolojinin temelini olu\u015fturan buluntu topluluklar\u0131n\u0131n tan\u0131m\u0131 ve s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 arka plana d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

Bu d\u00f6nemde yeni ak\u0131mlar olarak \u201cs\u00fcre\u00e7sel sonras\u0131 arkeoloji\u201d (post processual archaelogy), \u201cyeni Marksist arkeoloji\u201d (neo-Marksist archaeology) ve \u201cpost-feminist arkeoloji\u201d gibi postmodern d\u00fcnyan\u0131n farkl\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnsel ak\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131 yans\u0131tan a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131mlar g\u00f6r\u00fclmeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. S\u00fcre\u00e7sel sonras\u0131 arkeolojinin kurucusu olan I. Hodder, yeni arkeolojinin temelini olu\u015fturan somut bilimsel olgu k\u00f6kenli (positivist) yakla\u015f\u0131ma, insan\u0131n ruhsal d\u00fcnyas\u0131 ile uyu\u015fmayan kapitalizmin bir bask\u0131 arac\u0131 oldu\u011fu gerek\u00e7esiyle kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bireylerin d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnsel ve ruhsal d\u00fcnyalar\u0131n\u0131n ge\u00e7mi\u015fi olu\u015fturmada en \u00f6nemli etkenlerden biri oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnen Hodder, bireyin kimli\u011fi ve duygusal d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6n plana \u00e7\u0131karan yeni bir yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131 benimsemi\u015f ve ayn\u0131 zamanda ge\u00e7mi\u015fi anlaman\u0131n tek bir yolu ve y\u00f6ntemi olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 vurgulam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fe g\u00f6re ge\u00e7mi\u015fi anlamak i\u00e7in nesnel bir bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n geli\u015ftirilmesine olanak yoktur; dolay\u0131s\u0131yla her t\u00fcrl\u00fc yorum ge\u00e7mi\u015fi anlamam\u0131z i\u00e7in farkl\u0131 se\u00e7enekler sunar. Ku\u015fkusuz Hodder\u2019\u0131n yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131, postmodern d\u00fcnyadaki \u00f6zellikle felsefe, mimarl\u0131k ve sanat tarihi ile politikadaki ak\u0131mlar\u0131n arkeolojideki bir yans\u0131mas\u0131d\u0131r. Hodder\u2019\u0131n yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, bireyin d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnsel d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131 i\u00e7inde bulundu\u011fu do\u011fal \u00e7evre ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel \u00e7evre ile b\u00fct\u00fcnle\u015ftirerek yorumlamaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan \u201cd\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnsel-duygusal \u00e7evre arkeolojisi\u201d (landscape archaeology) ve \u00f6zellikle Fransa\u2019da geli\u015fen ve arkeolojinin ge\u00e7mi\u015f toplumlar\u0131n sosyoekonomik sistemlerini yorumlamakla yetinmeyip, ortaya \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131\u011f\u0131 bilgiden g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz\u00fcn bi\u00e7imlendirilmesinde de yararlan\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6ng\u00f6ren \u201cyeni Marksist arkeoloji\u201d (neo-Marksist archaeology), klasik Marksist bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan farkl\u0131 olarak ge\u00e7mi\u015f toplumlar\u0131n ya\u015fam felsefesi ve ideolojilerinin sosyoekonomik d\u00fczenin belirlenmesinde birinci etken oldu\u011funu ileri s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015flerdir.<\/p>\n

\u00d6nceleri \u201ckavramsal yakla\u015f\u0131m arkeolojisi\u201d (cognitive archaeology) olarak ba\u015flayan ak\u0131m da, ge\u00e7mi\u015fin yorumlanmas\u0131nda sembolizmin daha da a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131k kazand\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u201csimgesel arkeoloji\u201dye (symbolic archaeology) d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Ge\u00e7mi\u015f d\u00f6nemlerdeki kad\u0131n\u0131 birey olarak \u00f6n plana \u00e7\u0131karan Gimbutas\u2019\u0131n feminist arkeolojisi de yerini, \u201cpostfeminist\u201d olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lan ve di\u015fili\u011fin duygusal, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnsel d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131n k\u00fclt\u00fcrel s\u00fcrecin yap\u0131lanmas\u0131ndaki \u00f6nemini vurgulayan yeni bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131na b\u0131rakm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Son y\u0131llarda \u201cPost-Darwinist\u201d gibi adlarla an\u0131lan ve hen\u00fcz tam olarak tan\u0131m ve sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 yerle\u015fmemi\u015f yeni bir\u00e7ok ak\u0131m daha bulunmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Kaynak:<\/strong> Mehmet \u00d6zdo\u011fan, 50 Soruda Arkeoloji, Bilim ve Gelecek Kitapl\u0131\u011f\u0131, Aral\u0131k 2012, 3. Bask\u0131, s. 137-141<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Yeni arkeoloji, geleneksel arkeolojinin \u00fcslup ve bi\u00e7imsel s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131rmaya dayal\u0131 bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131na bir tepki olarak ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ge\u00e7en y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ortalar\u0131ndan itibaren, geleneksel arkeolojinin kuramsal temeli olmayan ki\u015fisel bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131 i\u00e7eren yorum ve anlat\u0131mlar\u0131ndan rahats\u0131zl\u0131k duyanlar, o y\u0131llarda di\u011fer sosyal bilimlerin felsefi temelini oturtmaya ba\u015flayan \u201csistemler kuram\u0131\u201dndan (systems theory) etkilenerek arkeolojide yeni aray\u0131\u015flar i\u00e7ine girmi\u015flerdir. Bu ak\u0131m\u0131n […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":429,"featured_media":36619,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[19],"tags":[244,461,200,5280,5279,5278,238],"class_list":["post-36618","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-bilim-gundemi","tag-arkeoloji","tag-darwin","tag-evrim","tag-gordon-childe","tag-kulturel-arkeoloji","tag-sistemler-kurami","tag-tarih"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/36618","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/429"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=36618"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/36618\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/36619"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=36618"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=36618"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=36618"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}