{"id":36685,"date":"2019-09-08T03:03:59","date_gmt":"2019-09-08T00:03:59","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/?p=36685"},"modified":"2019-09-19T17:00:51","modified_gmt":"2019-09-19T14:00:51","slug":"bilimin-onculeri-antoine-laurent-lawoisier-1743-1794","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2019\/09\/08\/bilimin-onculeri-antoine-laurent-lawoisier-1743-1794","title":{"rendered":"Bilimin \u00d6nc\u00fcleri: Antoine Laurent Lawoisier (1743-1794)"},"content":{"rendered":"

Lavoisier ya\u015fam d\u00f6neminde olu\u015fan iki devrimin payla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir ki\u015fidir. Devrimlerden biri, y\u00fczy\u0131llar boyunca \u201csimya\u201d ad\u0131 alt\u0131nda s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclen \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n, bug\u00fcnk\u00fc anlamda, kimya bilimine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmesidir. Lavoisier bu devrimin kahrama\u00adn\u0131d\u0131r. \u0130kinci devrim, \u201c1789 Frans\u0131z \u0130htilali\u201d diye bilinir. Lavoisi\u00ader bu devrimin getirdi\u011fi ter\u00f6r\u00fcn kurban\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier, Parisli zengin bir ailenin \u00e7ocu\u011fu olarak d\u00fcnyaya gelir. Daha k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck ya\u015f\u0131nda iken annesini yitiren Lavoisier babas\u0131n\u0131n yak\u0131n ilgi ve bak\u0131m\u0131yla b\u00fcy\u00fcr; ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta belki de onun etkisiyle hukuk\u00e7u olmaya y\u00f6nelir. Ancak bu arada uyanan deneysel bilim merak\u0131 \u00e7ok ge\u00e7meden bir tutkuya d\u00f6n\u00fc\u00ad\u015f\u00fcr. 21 ya\u015fma yeni bast\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, Paris Sokaklar\u0131n\u0131 Ayd\u0131nlatma Proje Yar\u0131\u015fmas\u0131\u2019nda birincili\u011fi al\u0131r, Frans\u0131z Bilim Akademisi\u2019nce alt\u0131n madalya ile \u00f6d\u00fcllendirilir. 25 ya\u015f\u0131na geldi\u011finde, \u00f6zellikle kimya alan\u0131ndaki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcne al\u0131narak Akademi\u2019ye \u00fcye se\u00e7ilir. Bu arada h\u00fck\u00fcmetin \u00f6zel bir komisyonunda g\u00f6\u00adrevlendirilen gen\u00e7 bilim adam\u0131, metrik sistemin olu\u015fturulmas\u0131, Fransa\u2019n\u0131n jeolojik haritas\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmas\u0131 gibi etkinliklerden tar\u0131mda verimin y\u00fckseltilmesine uzanan pek \u00e7ok uygulamal\u0131 bilim \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 d\u00fczenler. Ayr\u0131ca o s\u0131rada bir t\u00fcr abluka alt\u0131nda olan \u00fclkesinin savunma ihtiyac\u0131 olan barutun \u00fcretim sorum\u00adlulu\u011funu \u00fcstlenir. Gen\u00e7 bilim adam\u0131 bu kadarla da yetinmez; ileride ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131 yitirmesine yol a\u00e7an bir i\u015fe, \u00fclkenin bozuk vergi sistemini d\u00fczeltme i\u015fine el atar. Ama t\u00fcm bu u\u011fra\u015flar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n Lavoisier kendisini as\u0131l ilgilendiren bilimden kopmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r; her f\u0131rsatta \u00f6zel laboratuvar\u0131na \u00e7ekilip deneylerini s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmekten geri kalmaz.<\/p>\n

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Lavoisier yanma olay\u0131 ile 1770\u2019lerin ba\u015f\u0131nda ilgilenmeye ba\u015f\u00aclam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Kapal\u0131 bir kapta fosfor yak\u0131nca gaz\u0131n a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n de\u011fi\u015f\u00acmedi\u011fini, oysa kab\u0131 a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131nda havan\u0131n i\u00e7eri girmesiyle birlikte gaz\u0131n a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n az da olsa artt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 saptam\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Lavoisier bilim d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda en ba\u015fta yanma olay\u0131na ili\u015fkin geli\u015ftirdi\u011fi yeni kuram\u0131yla \u00fcn kazan\u0131r. Ne ki, kimya devrimini olu\u015fturmada ba\u015fka \u00f6nemli \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 da vard\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca, deney\u00adlerinde, \u00f6zellikle \u00f6l\u00e7me i\u015fleminde g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc duyar\u00adl\u0131l\u0131k, kendisini izleyen yeni ku\u015fak ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar i\u00e7in \u00f6zenilen bir \u00f6rnek olmu\u015ftur. Kimya, dil, mant\u0131ksal d\u00fczen ve kuramsal a\u00e7\u0131klama y\u00f6nlerinden bilimsel kimli\u011fini Lavoisier\u2019e bor\u00e7ludur. T\u00fcm bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131nda ona b\u00fcy\u00fck deste\u011fi e\u015fi sa\u011flar: Deney \u015fe\u00adkillerini \u00e7izer, yabanc\u0131 dillerden kaynak \u00e7eviriler yapar, makale ve kitaplar\u0131n\u0131 yay\u0131ma haz\u0131rlar.<\/p>\n

Lavoisier ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131na ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, kimyada Antik Yu\u00adnanl\u0131lar\u2019\u0131n maddeye ili\u015fkin d\u00f6rt element (toprak, su, ate\u015f ve hava) \u00f6\u011fretisinin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra yanmaya ili\u015fkin flogiston kuram\u0131 ge\u00e7erliydi. Bilindi\u011fi gibi, bir tahta ya da bez par\u00e7as\u0131 yand\u0131\u011f\u0131nda duman ve alev \u00e7\u0131kar, yanan nesne bir miktar k\u00fcl b\u0131rakarak yok olur. Y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fckteki kurama g\u00f6re, yanma, yanan nesnenin \u201cflo\u00adgiston\u201d denen, ama ne oldu\u011fu bilinmeyen, gizemli bir madde \u00e7\u0131karmas\u0131 demekti. Odun k\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fc gibi yand\u0131\u011f\u0131nda geriye en az k\u00fcl b\u0131rakan nesneler flogiston bak\u0131m\u0131ndan en zengin nesneler\u00addi. Bilim insanlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7o\u011funluk doyurucu buldu\u011fu bu kurama ters d\u00fc\u015fen kimi g\u00f6zlemler de yok de\u011fildi. Bunlardan biri yanma i\u00e7in havan\u0131n gereklili\u011fiydi. Bir di\u011feri, kur\u015fun gibi madenlerin, erime derecesinde \u0131s\u0131t\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, y\u00fczeylerinde olu\u015fan \u201ccalx\u201din, maddenin eksilen b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden daha a\u011f\u0131r olmas\u0131yd\u0131. Asl\u0131nda yanma olay\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klamadaki g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn bir nedeni gazlara ili\u015fkin bilgi eksikli\u011fiydi. 1756\u2019da \u0130sko\u00e7 kimyageri Joseph Black (1728 – 1799) \u201csabit gaz\u201d dedi\u011fi karbondioksidi (C02) buluncaya dek bilinen tek gaz hava idi. \u0130ngiliz kimya bilgini Joseph Priestley daha sonra deneysel olarak 10 kadar yeni gaz ke\u015ffeder. Bunlar\u00addan biri onun \u201cyetkin gaz\u201d dedi\u011fi, ilerde Lavoisier\u2019in \u201coksijen\u201d ad\u0131n\u0131 verece\u011fi gazd\u0131r. Priestley, oksijeni bulmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n flo\u00adgiston kuram\u0131ndan kopamaz. \u00dcst\u00fcn bir deneyci olan bu \u0130ngiliz bilim adam\u0131, kuramsal y\u00f6nden rakibi Lavoisier ile boy \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fc\u015fecek yeterlikte de\u011fildi.<\/p>\n

Lavoisier yanma olay\u0131 ile 1770\u2019lerin ba\u015f\u0131nda ilgilenmeye ba\u015f\u00adlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Kapal\u0131 bir kapta fosfor yak\u0131nca gaz\u0131n a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n de\u011fi\u015f\u00admedi\u011fini, oysa kab\u0131 a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131nda havan\u0131n i\u00e7eri girmesiyle birlikte gaz\u0131n a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n az da olsa artt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 saptam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bu g\u00f6zlemin y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fckteki kurama uymad\u0131\u011f\u0131 belliydi, ama daha doyurucu bir a\u00e7\u0131klamas\u0131 da yoktu. Lavoisier arad\u0131\u011f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klaman\u0131n ipucunu birka\u00e7 y\u0131l sonra Priestley\u2019le Paris\u2019te bulu\u015ftu\u011funda elde eder. Priestley c\u0131va oksit \u00fczerindeki deneylerinden s\u00f6z ederken bul\u00addu\u011fu \u201cyetkin gaz\u201d\u0131n \u00f6zelliklerini belirtir. Lavoisier yay\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131n hi\u00e7birinde Priestley\u2019e hakk\u0131 olan \u00f6nceli\u011fi tan\u0131maz; sadece bir kez, \u201cOksijeni Priestley\u2019le hemen ayn\u0131 zamanda ke\u015ffetmi\u015ftik\u201d demekle yetinir.<\/p>\n

Do\u011frusu, oksijenin ke\u015ffinde \u00f6ncelik Lavoisier\u2019in de\u011fildi; ama bu gaz\u0131n ger\u00e7ek \u00f6nemini ilk kavrayan bilim adam\u0131 oydu. Priest\u00adley\u2019in deneylerini kendine \u00f6zg\u00fc dikkat ve \u00f6zenle tekrarlamaya koyulur. Belli miktarda havaya yer verilen bir kapta c\u0131va \u0131s\u0131t\u0131ld\u0131\u00ad\u011f\u0131nda, c\u0131van\u0131n k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 c\u0131va okside d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmesiyle a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131k kazand\u0131\u00ad\u011f\u0131, havan\u0131n ise ayn\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131k yitirdi\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. Lavoisier de\u00adneylerinde bir ad\u0131m daha ileri gider: c\u0131vadan ay\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 c\u0131va oksidi (calx\u2019i) tartt\u0131ktan sonra daha fazla \u0131s\u0131t\u0131r; kora d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fen k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 oksidin giderek yok olmaya y\u00fcz tuttu\u011funu, geriye belli say\u0131da c\u0131va taneci\u011fiyle, solunum ve yanma s\u00fcrecinde atmosferik hava\u00addan daha etkili bir miktar \u201celastik ak\u0131c\u0131\u201d kald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 saptar. Elastik ak\u0131c\u0131 Priestley\u2019in \u201cyetkin gaz\u201d dedi\u011fi \u015feydi. Lavoisier \u00fcstelik bu art\u0131\u011f\u0131n a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile c\u0131van\u0131n ilk a\u015famadaki \u0131s\u0131t\u0131lmas\u0131ndan azalan hava a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n da e\u015fit oldu\u011funu belirler. Dahas\u0131, c\u0131va oksidin \u0131s\u0131 alt\u0131nda c\u0131vaya d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmesiyle kaybetti\u011fi a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131k ile \u00e7\u0131kan gaz\u0131n a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131 denkti. Bunun anlam\u0131 \u015fuydu: Yanma, yanan nesnenin flogiston salmas\u0131yla de\u011fil, havan\u0131n etkili b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcyle (yani oksi\u00adjenle) birle\u015fmesiyle ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmektedir. Ba\u015fta \u00f6nemsenmeyen bu kuram, suyun iki gaz\u0131n birle\u015fmesiyle olu\u015ftu\u011funa ili\u015fkin Caven\u00addish (1731 – 1810) deney sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 da a\u00e7\u0131klay\u0131nca, bilim \u00e7ev\u00adrelerinin dikkatini \u00e7ekmede gecikmez. Cavendish deneylerinde, asitlerin metal \u00fczerindeki etkisinden \u201cyan\u0131c\u0131\u201d dedi\u011fi bir gaz elde etmi\u015f, bunu flogiston sanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Ancak Priestley\u2019in bir deneyi onu bu yanl\u0131\u015f yorumdan kurtar\u0131r. Priestley, hidrojen ve oksijen kar\u0131\u015f\u0131m\u0131 bir gaz\u0131 elektrik k\u0131v\u0131lc\u0131m\u0131yla patlatt\u0131\u011f\u0131nda bir miktar \u00e7iyin olu\u015ftu\u011funu g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. Ayn\u0131 deneyi tekrarlayan Cavendish daha ileri giderek patlamada \u201cyan\u0131c\u0131\u201d gaz\u0131n t\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn, normal havan\u0131n ise be\u015fte birinin t\u00fcketildi\u011fini, \u00f6ylece olu\u015fan \u00e7iyin ise ar\u0131 su oldu\u011funu saptar.<\/p>\n

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Lavoisier\u2019nin Traite Elementaire de Chimie (Kimyan\u0131n Temelleri) adl\u0131 eserinin etkisi, bir\u00e7ok kez Newton\u2019un Principia\u2019s\u0131n\u0131n etkisiyle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ger\u00e7ekten de Lavoisier\u2019nin eseri t\u0131pk\u0131 Principia\u2019n\u0131n yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi bir\u00e7ok yarat\u0131c\u0131 geli\u015fmenin kayna\u011f\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturmu\u015ftur.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Flogiston teorisi y\u0131k\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131 art\u0131k! Yeni teorinin benimsenmesi, kimi ba\u011fnaz \u00e7evrelerin direnmesine kar\u015f\u0131n, uzun s\u00fcrmez. Kim\u00adyada geciken at\u0131l\u0131m sonunda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015f olur.<\/p>\n

Lavoisier ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 sonucu Bilim Akademisi\u2019ne bir bildiriyle sunar; ne var ki, tek kelimeyle de olsa Priestley, Cavendish, vb. deneycilerin katk\u0131lar\u0131ndan s\u00f6z etmez.<\/p>\n

Lavoisier\u2019in asl\u0131nda ne yeni kimyasal bir nesne, ne de yeni kimyasal bir olgu ke\u015ffetti\u011fi s\u00f6ylenebilir. Onun yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131, ba\u015fka\u00adlar\u0131n\u0131n buldu\u011fu nesne ve olgular\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klayan, kimyasal bile\u015fime a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131k getiren bir kuram olu\u015fturmak, kimyasal nesneleri ad\u00adland\u0131rmada yeni ve i\u015fler bir sistem kurmakt\u0131. 1789\u2019da yay\u0131m\u00adlanan Traite Elementaire de Chimie adl\u0131 yap\u0131t\u0131, kendi alan\u0131nda, Newton\u2019un Principia\u2019s\u0131 say\u0131lsa yeridir. Biri modern fizi\u011fin, di\u011feri modern kimyan\u0131n temelini atm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Lavoisier\u2019i unutulmaz yapan bir \u00f6zelli\u011fi de nesnelerin kim\u00adyasal de\u011fi\u015fimlerini \u00f6l\u00e7mede g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc duyarl\u0131l\u0131kt\u0131. Bu \u00f6zelli\u011fi ona \u201cK\u00fctlenin Korunumu Yasas\u0131\u201d diye bilinen \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli bilimsel bir ilkeyi ortaya koyma olana\u011f\u0131 sa\u011flar. Lavoisier kimi kez kendi ad\u0131ylada an\u0131lan bu ilkeyi \u015f\u00f6yle dile getirmi\u015fti:<\/p>\n

Do\u011fan\u0131n t\u00fcm i\u015fleyi\u015flerinde hi\u00e7bir \u015feyin yoktan var edilme\u00addi\u011fi, t\u00fcm deneysel d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcmlerde maddenin miktar olarak ayn\u0131 kald\u0131\u011f\u0131, elementlerin t\u00fcm bile\u015fimlerinde nicel ve nitel \u00f6zelliklerini korudu\u011fu ger\u00e7e\u011fini tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lmaz bir aksiyom ola\u00adrak ortaya s\u00fcrebiliriz.<\/p>\n

1794\u2019de solunum \u00fczerinde deneylerini yapmakta oldu\u011fu bir s\u0131rada, Lavoisier Devrim Mahkemesi \u00f6n\u00fcne \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131l\u0131r, iki su\u00e7lamaya hedef olmu\u015ftur: 1) Devrim kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 olarak karalanan aristokrasiyle ili\u015fkisi; 2) Vergi toplamada yolsuzluk. (Lavoisier toplad\u0131\u011f\u0131 vergilerin k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc laboratuvar deneyleri i\u00e7in harcam\u0131\u015ft\u0131.)<\/p>\n

Lavoisier\u2019i kurtarmak i\u00e7in dostlar\u0131 mahkemeye ko\u015fmu\u015ftu, ama tan\u0131k olarak bile dinlenmemi\u015flerdi. \u201cYurtta\u015f Lavoisier\u2019in \u00e7a\u00adl\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131yla Fransa\u2019ya onur sa\u011flayan b\u00fcy\u00fck bir bilgin oldu\u011funda hepimiz birle\u015fiyor, ba\u011f\u0131\u015flanmas\u0131n\u0131 diliyoruz\u201d dilek\u00e7esiyle ba\u015fvu\u00adran g\u00fcn\u00fcn se\u00e7kin bilim insanlar\u0131na yarg\u0131c\u0131n verdi\u011fi yan\u0131t kesin ve \u00e7arp\u0131c\u0131d\u0131r: \u201cCumhuriyet\u2019in bilginlere ihtiyac\u0131 yoktur!\u201d<\/p>\n

Galileo ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131n son 10 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131 Engizisyon\u2019un g\u00f6z hapsinde ge\u00e7irmi\u015fti. Lavoisier\u2019in sonu daha ac\u0131kl\u0131 olur: 51 ya\u015f\u0131nda iken \u201cdevrim\u201d ad\u0131na kafas\u0131 giyotinle u\u00e7urulur.<\/p>\n

Kaynak:<\/strong> Cemal Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m, Bilimin \u00d6nc\u00fcleri, Bilim ve Gelecek Kitapl\u0131\u011f\u0131, Eyl\u00fcl 2019, 30. Bask\u0131, s.121-124<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Lavoisier ya\u015fam d\u00f6neminde olu\u015fan iki devrimin payla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir ki\u015fidir. Devrimlerden biri, y\u00fczy\u0131llar boyunca \u201csimya\u201d ad\u0131 alt\u0131nda s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclen \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n, bug\u00fcnk\u00fc anlamda, kimya bilimine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmesidir. Lavoisier bu devrimin kahrama\u00adn\u0131d\u0131r. \u0130kinci devrim, \u201c1789 Frans\u0131z \u0130htilali\u201d diye bilinir. Lavoisi\u00ader bu devrimin getirdi\u011fi ter\u00f6r\u00fcn kurban\u0131d\u0131r. Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier, Parisli zengin bir ailenin \u00e7ocu\u011fu olarak d\u00fcnyaya gelir. Daha k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck ya\u015f\u0131nda iken annesini […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":429,"featured_media":36686,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[3845],"tags":[606,410,321,5294,5293],"class_list":["post-36685","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-bilimin-onculeri","tag-deney","tag-fransiz-devrimi","tag-kimya","tag-kutlenin-korunumu","tag-lawoisier"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t