{"id":36819,"date":"2019-09-16T03:55:03","date_gmt":"2019-09-16T00:55:03","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/?p=36819"},"modified":"2019-09-12T16:59:45","modified_gmt":"2019-09-12T13:59:45","slug":"arkeoloji-neden-baslamistir","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2019\/09\/16\/arkeoloji-neden-baslamistir","title":{"rendered":"Arkeoloji neden ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r?"},"content":{"rendered":"

Arkeoloji, genel kan\u0131n\u0131n aksine \u201cmerak\u201dtan do\u011fmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u0130nsanlar bildikleri \u015feyi merak ederler, onunla ilgili daha fazla bilgi edinmek isterler. Bilinmeyen ise tan\u0131ms\u0131zd\u0131r ve ilgi \u00e7ekmez. Geleneksel d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce sistemi, yukar\u0131da k\u0131saca de\u011findi\u011fimiz gibi ge\u00e7mi\u015fi sorgulamaz, ge\u00e7mi\u015fe inan\u0131r. Bu yakla\u015f\u0131mda ge\u00e7mi\u015fin kan\u0131tlar\u0131 yoktur. \u00c7evrede g\u00f6r\u00fclen \u00f6ren yerleri, h\u00f6y\u00fckler, an\u0131t yap\u0131lar, do\u011fan\u0131n ilgi \u00e7ekmeyen bir par\u00e7as\u0131d\u0131r ya da bilinmeyen d\u00f6nemlerin gizemini yans\u0131t\u0131r. Nitekim Osmanl\u0131lar ya da M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019a gelen di\u011fer uluslar, piramitleri, eski M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019dan kalma an\u0131t yap\u0131lar\u0131, heykelleri, kabartmalar\u0131 g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015f olmalar\u0131na ra\u011fmen, bunlar hi\u00e7bir \u015fekilde ilgilerini \u00e7ekmemi\u015ftir. Ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde daha 19. Y\u00fczy\u0131lda bile k\u0131smen ayakta duran Hellenistik ya da Roma kentleri ne Bizansl\u0131lar\u0131n, ne Osmanl\u0131lar\u0131n, ne de oralardan ge\u00e7en Ha\u00e7l\u0131lar\u0131n ilgisini \u00e7ekmi\u015ftir. Bunlara, e\u011fer dinsel bir anlam y\u00fcklenmemi\u015f ise, \u00e7o\u011fu kez haz\u0131r ta\u015f oca\u011f\u0131 ya da i\u00e7inde de\u011ferli maden bulunabilecek yerler olarak bak\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu nedenle arkeolojinin k\u00f6keni kesin olarak \u201cmerak\u201d de\u011fildir.<\/p>\n

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Arkeoloji, herhangi bir g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn kan\u0131tlar\u0131n\u0131n ge\u00e7mi\u015fte aranmas\u0131yla ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Yayg\u0131n olan bir ba\u015fka yanl\u0131\u015f kan\u0131 da, eski tarihlerde eser toplam\u0131\u015f ya da belirli bir inan\u00e7 ya da etnik kayg\u0131yla eser bulmak i\u00e7in \u00f6ren yerlerini kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131rm\u0131\u015f olanlar\u0131n ilk arkeologlar olarak tan\u0131mlanmas\u0131d\u0131r. Bunun en \u00e7ok s\u00f6z\u00fc edilen \u00f6rne\u011fi Babil Kral\u0131 Nabonidus\u2019un M\u00d6 6. y\u00fczy\u0131lda y\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131 halindeki eski bir tap\u0131na\u011f\u0131 do\u011fru bir \u015fekilde onarma kayg\u0131s\u0131yla kazd\u0131rm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131d\u0131r. Kaz\u0131lan yap\u0131, Nabonidus\u2019dan 2 biny\u0131l \u00f6ncesine, Sargon d\u00f6nemine aittir. Kaz\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda \u00e7\u0131kan buluntular toplanm\u0131\u015f ve bu arada a\u015f\u0131nm\u0131\u015f durumda bulunan Sargon heykeli onar\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, bir s\u00fcre i\u00e7in sergilenmi\u015ftir. Ancak bu ge\u00e7mi\u015fe y\u00fcklenen kutsall\u0131k ile ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131d\u0131r. Buna benzer uygulamalar\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131 art\u0131r\u0131labilir. \u00d6rne\u011fin 1692 y\u0131l\u0131nda Japonya\u2019da \u201catalara ait\u201d bir mezar, 1748 y\u0131l\u0131nda da Kore\u2019de gene bir mezar, ata k\u00fclt\u00fcyle ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 olarak kaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve buluntular toplanarak belgelenmi\u015ftir. Bunun gibi, az say\u0131da da olsa belirli eserleri toplayan y\u00f6netici ya da ki\u015filere tarihin her d\u00f6neminde rastlanabilir. Bunlar\u0131n kimileri bu eserleri ilgin\u00e7 g\u00f6rd\u00fcklerinden, kimileri gizemli bir g\u00fcce ba\u011flad\u0131klar\u0131ndan, kimileri ise g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz\u00fcn koleksiyoncuyakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131yla bunlara maddi bir de\u011fer y\u00fckledi\u011finden toplam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bunun bir \u00f6rne\u011fi de Son Tun\u00e7 \u00c7a\u011f\u0131\u2019nda Ege ve Akdeniz d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda eski, art\u0131k kullan\u0131lmayan Mezopotamya m\u00fch\u00fcrlerinin ticaretinin yap\u0131lmas\u0131d\u0131r. T\u00fcm bu \u00f6rneklerin, anlad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z anlam\u0131yla arkeolojiyle hi\u00e7bir ilgisi yoktur.<\/p>\n

Arkeoloji ge\u00e7mi\u015fe soru sorulmas\u0131, ge\u00e7mi\u015fin kan\u0131tlanmas\u0131 gereksinimiyle ba\u015flar. \u00d6rne\u011fin Orta\u00e7a\u011f\u2019da Kilise\u2019nin ba\u011fnazl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile k\u00fclt\u00fcrel \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fcnt\u00fc ya\u015fanan Bat\u0131 Avrupa\u2019da H\u0131ristiyanl\u0131ktan \u00f6nce var oldu\u011fu bilinen Pagan Roma k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn g\u00f6rkemli olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 sorusunun \u00f6n plana \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131, arkeoloji ad\u0131 verdi\u011fimiz bilim dal\u0131n\u0131 tetikleyen \u00f6nemli s\u00fcre\u00e7lerden biridir. Helenistik-Roma d\u00f6neminden H\u0131ristiyan Avrupas\u0131na aktar\u0131lan bir\u00e7ok yaz\u0131l\u0131 belge vard\u0131r. Bu yaz\u0131l\u0131 belgeler k\u00fclt\u00fcr d\u00fczeyi y\u00fcksek, geli\u015fkin bir yap\u0131lanmay\u0131 \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131\u015ft\u0131rmaktad\u0131r. Bunun kan\u0131tlar\u0131n\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131karmak amac\u0131yla daha 12. y\u00fczy\u0131lda kaz\u0131lar yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve Roma d\u00f6neminin g\u00f6rkemli heykelleri, yaz\u0131tlar\u0131 ve di\u011fer buluntular\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu, ge\u00e7mi\u015fe y\u00f6nelik bir soru sorma ve bunun yan\u0131tlar\u0131n\u0131 somut kan\u0131tlara dayand\u0131rma yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131d\u0131r. Benzer bir durum Kutsal Roma-Germen \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nun da\u011f\u0131lma s\u00fcrecinde ya\u015fan\u0131r. \u00c7ok-uluslu ve \u00e7ok-dilli imparatorluktan ayr\u0131lan birimler, ilk ulus devletlerdir. Bu devletler, uluslar\u0131n\u0131n Roma-Germen \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nun kurulmas\u0131ndan \u00f6nce de var oldu\u011funu kan\u0131tlamak ve b\u00f6ylelikle ulus bilincini olu\u015fturmak amac\u0131yla kaz\u0131lar yapm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Sonu\u00e7 olarak arkeoloji, herhangi bir g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn kan\u0131tlar\u0131n\u0131n ge\u00e7mi\u015fte aranmas\u0131yla ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu soru dini, ulusal ya da k\u00fclt\u00fcrel kimlik aray\u0131\u015f\u0131 ya da ge\u00e7mi\u015fte oldu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclen \u00f6nemli bir olay\u0131n kan\u0131tlanmas\u0131 \u015feklinde olmu\u015ftur. Bu s\u00fcre\u00e7, ortaya bulgular \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131k\u00e7a yeni sorular do\u011furmu\u015f ve ilgiyi art\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r; dolay\u0131s\u0131yla \u201cmerak\u201d arkeolojinin getirdi\u011fi bir sonu\u00e7tur. Farkl\u0131 sorular, farkl\u0131 aray\u0131\u015flar, a\u015fa\u011f\u0131da ayr\u0131nt\u0131lanacak olan farkl\u0131 arkeolojileri do\u011furmu\u015ftur. Her ne kadar bug\u00fcnk\u00fc bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131m\u0131zla \u201cTevrat arkeolojisi\u201d (Yak\u0131ndo\u011fu arkeolojisi)(1), \u201culusal\u201d ya da \u201cantropolojik\u201d arkeoloji, birbirlerinden \u00e7ok farkl\u0131, ayr\u0131 alanlar olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclmekte ise de, bunlar\u0131n ortak bile\u015feni, ge\u00e7mi\u015fe y\u00f6nelik sorduklara sorulara somut verilere dayal\u0131 yan\u0131t arama yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131d\u0131r ve dolay\u0131s\u0131yla inan\u0131lan ge\u00e7mi\u015fe dayal\u0131 geleneksel bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan farkl\u0131la\u015f\u0131rlar.<\/p>\n

Kaynak: <\/strong>Mehmet \u00d6zdo\u011fan, 50 Soruda Arkeoloji, Bilim ve Gelecek Kitapl\u0131\u011f\u0131, Ocak 2019, 7.Bask\u0131, S.53-55<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Arkeoloji, genel kan\u0131n\u0131n aksine \u201cmerak\u201dtan do\u011fmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u0130nsanlar bildikleri \u015feyi merak ederler, onunla ilgili daha fazla bilgi edinmek isterler. Bilinmeyen ise tan\u0131ms\u0131zd\u0131r ve ilgi \u00e7ekmez. Geleneksel d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce sistemi, yukar\u0131da k\u0131saca de\u011findi\u011fimiz gibi ge\u00e7mi\u015fi sorgulamaz, ge\u00e7mi\u015fe inan\u0131r. Bu yakla\u015f\u0131mda ge\u00e7mi\u015fin kan\u0131tlar\u0131 yoktur. \u00c7evrede g\u00f6r\u00fclen \u00f6ren yerleri, h\u00f6y\u00fckler, an\u0131t yap\u0131lar, do\u011fan\u0131n ilgi \u00e7ekmeyen bir par\u00e7as\u0131d\u0131r ya da bilinmeyen […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":429,"featured_media":36820,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[19],"tags":[244,4130,426,1566,238,5308],"class_list":["post-36819","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-bilim-gundemi","tag-arkeoloji","tag-babil","tag-kesif","tag-misir","tag-tarih","tag-yakindogu"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t