{"id":36823,"date":"2019-09-14T03:26:59","date_gmt":"2019-09-14T00:26:59","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/?p=36823"},"modified":"2019-09-12T17:33:58","modified_gmt":"2019-09-12T14:33:58","slug":"anadolunun-ilk-insanlari-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2019\/09\/14\/anadolunun-ilk-insanlari-2","title":{"rendered":"Anadolu’nun ilk insanlar\u0131"},"content":{"rendered":"

Anadolu\u2019da 2 milyon y\u0131l \u00f6ncesine uzanmas\u0131 beklenen bir insan fosili potansiyeli mevcuttur. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde Anadolu\u2019da bilinen en eski fosil insan izleri 1 milyon y\u0131l civar\u0131ndad\u0131r ve Konya-Dursunlu ve Ni\u011fde Kaletepe Deresi 3\u2019den gelir. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde Alt Ta\u015f Devri k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc d\u00f6neminde ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f olan ve Anadolu\u2019dan gelen en eski ve tek insan fosili Denizli\u2019de ke\u015ffedilmi\u015ftir.<\/em><\/p>\n

Paleoantropoloji bilim dal\u0131na g\u00f6n\u00fcl vermi\u015f ve \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu alanda insan fosillerini aramak i\u00e7in Anadolu\u2019da araziye \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f bir biliminsan\u0131 iseniz, potansiyel olarak buluntular\u0131n\u0131z\u0131n en erken ancak Homo erectus<\/em> t\u00fcr\u00fcne ait olabilece\u011fini bilirsiniz. Asl\u0131nda insan ailesinin (Hominid-hominin) ser\u00fcveninin ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n Afrika\u2019da 7 milyon y\u0131l \u00f6ncesine uzand\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcrsek, ge\u00e7i\u015f yollar\u0131 \u00fczerinde bulunan Anadolu\u2019da en eskisi ancak yakla\u015f\u0131k 2 milyon y\u0131la ula\u015fabilecek bu potansiyel \u00e7ok yeni gelebilir. Bu ser\u00fcvende insan ailesinin Sahelanthropus chadensis<\/em>\u2019ten ba\u015flayarak Ardipithecus, Australopithecus ve Homo genuslar\u0131yla s\u00fcren uzun s\u00fcreci i\u00e7inde yer alan t\u00fcrlerin ancak Homo erectus<\/em> a\u015famas\u0131nda do\u011faya meydan okuyacak a\u015famaya gelerek Afrika d\u0131\u015f\u0131na \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131 ve 1,8 milyon y\u0131l \u00f6nce G\u00fcrcistan\u2019a ula\u015fmas\u0131 bu g\u00f6\u00e7 rotas\u0131n\u0131n \u00fczerinde yer alan Anadolu\u2019nun insanla tan\u0131\u015fmas\u0131na zemin haz\u0131rlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu arada t\u00fcm bu \u00e7\u0131karsamalar\u0131n binlerce fosil buluntuya dayanarak yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n da vurgulanmas\u0131 gerekir.<\/p>\n

Hominid evrimini ge\u00e7mi\u015ften g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze \u00fc\u00e7 temel taksonomik basamakta s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131rabiliriz. Bunlardan ilki yakla\u015f\u0131k 7-4,4 milyon y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f olan Sahelanthropus tchadensis<\/em>, Orrorin tugenensis<\/em>, Ardipithecus kadabba<\/em> ve Ardipithecus ramidus <\/em>ile bilinen erken hominidler; di\u011feri 4,2-1 milyon y\u0131llar\u0131na tarihlendirilen G\u00fcney Maymunlar\u0131 yani Australopithecine\u2019ler ve son olarak 2,6 milyon y\u0131l ile g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz aras\u0131nda ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f olan Homo cinsi yani bizler.<\/p>\n

Burada Darwin\u2019in, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz fosillerinin binde birinin bile bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir zamanda d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc \u201c\u0130nsanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n be\u015fi\u011fi Afrika\u2019d\u0131r\u201d \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn muhte\u015femli\u011fi kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za \u00e7\u0131kar. Nitekim yukar\u0131da say\u0131lan 7 ila 2 milyon y\u0131l aras\u0131ndaki 5 milyon y\u0131lda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen bu a\u015famalardan ge\u00e7en ve beyin kapasitesi ilk hominidlerdeki kuyruksuz b\u00fcy\u00fck maymunlardakine paralel yakla\u015f\u0131k 400 cm3<\/sup> l\u00fck ortalamadan, maksimumu 1250 cm3<\/sup>, ortalamas\u0131 900 cm 3 <\/sup>olan ve a\u015f\u00f6lyen el baltas\u0131 yapabilen Homo erectus<\/em>\u2019takine ula\u015fan insano\u011flunun bu geli\u015fim s\u00fcrecine sadece Afrika tan\u0131k olmu\u015ftur. Ancak bu a\u015famada do\u011faya kar\u015f\u0131 zek\u00e2s\u0131 ve alet yapma yetene\u011fi ile kar\u015f\u0131 koymaya ba\u015flayan insano\u011flu i\u00e7inden bir grup yakla\u015f\u0131k 2 milyon y\u0131l \u00f6nce, Afrika\u2019n\u0131n verimli topraklar\u0131ndan ve insan do\u011fas\u0131na dost iklim yap\u0131s\u0131ndan ayr\u0131larak en \u00f6nemli yiyecek kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131 yani hayvan s\u00fcr\u00fclerini takip ederek kuzeye do\u011fru g\u00f6\u00e7 edebilecek donan\u0131ma eri\u015fmi\u015ftir. Bu a\u015famaya ili\u015fkin en eski kan\u0131tlar 1,8 milyon y\u0131l \u00f6ncesine tarihlendirilmektedir ve G\u00fcrcistan\u2019da, Dmanisi\u2019de bulunmu\u015flard\u0131r. K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir boyuta ve Homo erectus<\/em>\u2019a g\u00f6re ilkin karakterlere sahip olan bu t\u00fcr, Homo habilis<\/em> ve Homo erectus<\/em> aras\u0131nda bir noktada durmaktad\u0131r. Ancak Dmanisi insanlar\u0131n\u0131n beyni Homo erectus<\/em>\u2019unkinden daha k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fckt\u00fcr ve Homo habilis<\/em>\u2019inkine paralel bir hacim sergilerler. Kuzeye g\u00f6\u00e7\u00fcn neden daha \u00f6nce ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmedi\u011fine ili\u015fkin \u00e7e\u015fitli d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceler olmakla birlikte, H.erectus<\/em>\u2019un daha \u00e7ok ete dayal\u0131 diyet listesinin bunda \u00f6nemli rol oynad\u0131\u011f\u0131 fikri \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kmaktad\u0131r. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc etle beslenme, daha iri ve g\u00fcnl\u00fck aktivitelerde daha g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir beden yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 beraberinde getirmi\u015f ve insan topluluklar\u0131n\u0131n daha uzun mesafe kat edebilmelerini sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu insanlar\u0131n g\u00f6\u00e7 s\u00fcrecinde y\u0131lda 1 kilometrelik bir mesafe alabildikleri hesaplanmaktad\u0131r. Bu da kuzeye g\u00f6\u00e7\u00fcn kesintisiz oldu\u011fu taktirde en az 10-15 bin y\u0131ll\u0131k bir s\u00fcre almas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fcrmektedir. Ancak bu yay\u0131l\u0131m bilin\u00e7li, planl\u0131 ve bir hedefe y\u00f6nelik olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan y\u00fcz binlerce y\u0131l alm\u0131\u015f olmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Bu \u00e7er\u00e7eveden bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda Anadolu\u2019da 2 milyon y\u0131l \u00f6ncesine tarihlendirilebilecek potansiyel insan fosillerinin bulundu\u011fu anla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Ancak bu g\u00f6\u00e7\u00fcn \u00fclkemizde bilinen en eski izleri, yakla\u015f\u0131k 1 milyon y\u0131l \u00f6ncesine tarihlendirilen Konya-Dursunlu ve Kaletepe\u2019den gelmektedir. Ne yaz\u0131k ki Anadolu\u2019nun g\u00f6\u00e7 yollar\u0131 \u00fczerinde bulunmaktan kaynaklanan muazzam fosil potansiyeli yeterli ara\u015ft\u0131rma ve kaz\u0131larla v\u00fccut bulamam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r ve bu d\u00f6neme ait buluntular son derecede s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131d\u0131r. \u015eimdi elimizdeki verilerden yola \u00e7\u0131karak Anadolu\u2019nun insan buluntular\u0131n\u0131 tarihsel bir dizin \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde ele alal\u0131m:<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de Paleolitik D\u00f6nem (Ta\u015f \u00c7a\u011f\u0131) insanlar\u0131na y\u00f6nelik \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00dclkemizde Paleolitik d\u00f6nemde ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f insanlar\u0131n fosillerine ve b\u0131rakt\u0131klar\u0131 k\u00fclt\u00fcrlerine ili\u015fkin \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar 19. y\u00fczy\u0131la kadar gider. Eugene Pittard ve Passemard\u2019\u0131n F\u0131rat nehri teraslar\u0131nda baz\u0131 el baltalar\u0131n\u0131 ke\u015ffetmeleri, Anadolu\u2019nun bilinen ilk Paleolitik buluntular\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturmu\u015ftur. Bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131, antropolojinin \u00fclkemizdeki kurulu\u015f ve geli\u015fmesine \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli katk\u0131lar sa\u011flam\u0131\u015f olan, Ankara \u00dcniversitesi\u2019nin ilk rekt\u00f6r\u00fc hocam\u0131z Ordinary\u00fcs Prof. Dr. \u015eevket Aziz Kansu\u2019nun Ankara ve \u00e7evresinde y\u00fcr\u00fctt\u00fc\u011f\u00fc y\u00fczey ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131 takip etmi\u015ftir. Burada Atat\u00fcrk\u2019\u00fcn inan\u0131lmaz vizyonu ve \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fcs\u00fcyle, d\u00fcnyada yap\u0131sal a\u00e7\u0131dan benzeri olmayan Dil ve Tarih-Co\u011frafya Fak\u00fcltesi\u2019nin kurulu\u015funa de\u011finmek gerekir. Atat\u00fcrk Anadolu\u2019nun tarih ve k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcne ili\u015fkin \u00e7e\u015fitli \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n ayn\u0131 \u00e7at\u0131 alt\u0131nda toplanmas\u0131na ve yak\u0131n disiplinler aras\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmesine vurgu yapm\u0131\u015f ve Antropoloji, Arkeoloji, Tarih, Co\u011frafya, T\u00fcrk Dili ve Edebiyat\u0131, Eski\u00e7a\u011f Dilleri ve K\u00fclt\u00fcrleri, Yabanc\u0131 Diller, Felsefe, Sosyoloji, Psikoloji gibi alanlar\u0131n bu fak\u00fcltede toplanmas\u0131na olanak sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

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T\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki baz\u0131 \u00f6nemli Paleolitik d\u00f6nem buluntu alanlar\u0131: 1) \u00dc\u00e7a\u011f\u0131zl\u0131, 2) \u00dc\u00e7a\u011f\u0131zl\u0131 II, 3) \u0130kia\u011f\u0131zl\u0131, 4) Merdivenli, 5) T\u0131kal\u0131, 6) Kanal, 7) Beldibi, 8) Belba\u015f\u0131, 9) \u00d6k\u00fczini, 10) Karain, 11) Dursunlu, 12) Kaletepe, 13) Yar\u0131mburgaz, 14) Denizli-Kocaba\u015f.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Antropoloji cephesinde, 1940\u2019l\u0131 y\u0131llar\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131nda Prof. Dr. K\u0131l\u0131\u00e7 K\u00f6kten\u2019in ba\u015flatt\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalarla T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin Paleolitik haritas\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmaya ba\u015flanm\u0131\u015f ve Antalya Karain Ma\u011faras\u0131 ke\u015ffedilerek kaz\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131na ge\u00e7ilmi\u015ftir. 1950\u2019li y\u0131llarda ise bu ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131 Ordinary\u00fcs Prof. Dr. Muzaffer S\u00fcleyman \u015eeny\u00fcrek ve Prof. Dr. Enver Ya\u015far Bostanc\u0131 gibi de\u011ferli \u00f6\u011fretim \u00fcyelerinin Hatay b\u00f6lgesinde yer alan ma\u011faralarda y\u00fcr\u00fctt\u00fckleri kaz\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 ve \u00e7evre b\u00f6lgelerdeki y\u00fczey ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131 takip etmi\u015ftir. 1970 ve 1980\u2019li y\u0131llarda Keban Baraj\u0131 ve G\u00fcneydo\u011fu Anadolu Tarih \u00d6ncesi Ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131 projeleriyle Anadolu\u2019nun g\u00fcneydo\u011fusunda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar h\u0131zlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 1940\u2019l\u0131 y\u0131larda K\u00f6kten\u2019in ba\u015flatt\u0131\u011f\u0131 Karain Ma\u011faras\u0131 kaz\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 Antalya B\u00f6lgesi\u2019ne de yayg\u0131nla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131larak Dil ve Tarih-Co\u011frafya Fak\u00fcltesi \u00f6\u011fretim \u00fcyelerince s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclmektedir. 1990\u2019l\u0131 y\u0131llarda \u0130stanbul\/Yar\u0131mburgaz Ma\u011faras\u0131 \u00e7e\u015fitli ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar taraf\u0131ndan kaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Yine 1990\u2019l\u0131 y\u0131llar\u0131n sonlar\u0131ndan ba\u015flayarak yeni tarihlendirme y\u00f6ntemleri ve kaz\u0131 teknikleriyle y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclen Hatay\/\u00dc\u00e7a\u011f\u0131zl\u0131 Ma\u011faras\u0131 ilk modern insanlara ait bilgilerimize \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli katk\u0131lar sa\u011flamaktad\u0131r. \u00dc\u00e7a\u011f\u0131zl\u0131 Ma\u011faras\u0131 d\u00fcnyada ilk modernlerin bilin\u00e7 geli\u015fimine \u0131\u015f\u0131k tutan, zengin veriler i\u00e7eren, \u00f6zg\u00fcn bir buluntu yeridir.<\/p>\n

Anadolu\u2019nun insan fosilleri<\/strong><\/p>\n

Yukar\u0131da da belirtildi\u011fi gibi Anadolu\u2019da 2 milyon y\u0131l \u00f6ncesine uzanmas\u0131 beklenen bir insan fosili potansiyeli mevcuttur. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde Anadolu\u2019da bilinen en eski fosil insan izleri 1 milyon y\u0131l civar\u0131ndad\u0131r ve Konya-Dursunlu ve Ni\u011fde Kaletepe Deresi 3\u2019den gelmektedir. Eski bir k\u00f6m\u00fcr madeni olan Konya\/Dursunlu\u2019dan ele ge\u00e7en ta\u015f aletler \u00e7ok iyi tarihlendirilmi\u015f en eski Paleolitik kal\u0131nt\u0131lara i\u015faret etmektedir. Faunal korelasyon ve manyetostratigrafik ya\u015fland\u0131rma y\u00f6ntemleri Dursunlu\u2019yu 780-900 bin y\u0131l \u00f6ncesine tarihlendirmemizi gerektirmektedir. Bu buluntu alan\u0131 Erksin Sava\u015f G\u00fcle\u00e7\u2019in dan\u0131\u015fman\u0131 oldu\u011fu Maden Tektik ve Arama Genel M\u00fcd\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc\u2019n\u00fcn Anadolu Omurgal\u0131 Fosil Yataklar\u0131n\u0131n Envanterlenmesi Projesi kapsam\u0131nda, Ankara \u00dcniversitesi Antropoloji B\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc ve U. C. Berkeley \u00f6\u011fretim elemanlar\u0131ndan olu\u015fan ve Tim White ve F. Clark Howell gibi d\u00fcnya \u00e7ap\u0131ndaki bilimadamlar\u0131n\u0131n kat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131yla yap\u0131lan bir y\u00fczey ara\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda k\u00f6m\u00fcr madeninin at\u0131klar\u0131nda ta\u015f aletlerin tan\u0131mlanmas\u0131yla ke\u015ffedilmi\u015ftir. Bu \u00fcnl\u00fc paleoantropologlar\u0131n arazi deneyimi Dursunlu\u2019dan bulunan ve alet olarak tan\u0131mlanmalar\u0131 hi\u00e7 de kolay olmayan kuvars aletlerin ke\u015ffedilmesini sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu lokalitenin ta\u015f alet toplulu\u011fu; \u00e7o\u011funlukla kuvars ve bir miktar da \u00e7akmakta\u015f\u0131ndan yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f yonga, yonga aletler, \u00e7ok y\u00fczl\u00fc aletler ve \u00e7ekirdeklerden olu\u015fmaktad\u0131r. Bu topluluk basit yonga ve \u00e7ekirdek\/alet teknolojisini i\u00e7ermekte ancak geni\u015f kesme kenar\u0131na sahip aletler (nacak gibi) veya iki y\u00fczeylilere (el baltas\u0131 gibi) dair kal\u0131nt\u0131lar bulunmamaktad\u0131r. Ta\u015f alet toplulu\u011fu i\u00e7erisinde yer alan yonga ve k\u0131r\u0131k yonga art\u0131klar\u0131 buluntular\u0131n \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011funu olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

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Antalya-Karain Ma\u011faras\u0131<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Kaletepe Deresi III lokalitesi Ni\u011fde\u2019den bilinen alt ve orta paleolitik d\u00f6neme ait bir buluntu alan\u0131d\u0131r. Lokalite obsidiyen yataklar\u0131n\u0131n \u00fczerinde yer al\u0131r, ancak paleolitik d\u00f6nemde obsidiyen yan\u0131 s\u0131ra hammadde olarak bazalt ve riyolit de kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu lokalitenin \u00fcst tabakalar\u0131 di\u015flemeli ve geni\u015f \u00e7entikli aletler, kenar kaz\u0131y\u0131c\u0131lar gibi aletlerden dolay\u0131 Clacton teknolojisini i\u015faret etmektedir. Alt tabakalarda ise Acheulian end\u00fcstrisinin tipik buluntular\u0131 olan el baltalar\u0131, iki y\u00fczeyli alet tipleri ve nacaklar saptanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Kaletepe\u2019de ya\u015fland\u0131rmalar volkanik t\u00fcflerden yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve en \u00fcst katman 200.000 y\u0131l, en alt katman ise 1.000.000 y\u0131l \u00f6ncesine tarihlendirilmi\u015ftir. Ancak Alt Paleolitik d\u00f6neme ili\u015fkin tabakalar\u0131n ya\u015f\u0131 hen\u00fcz bilinmemektedir (Slimak ve di\u011ferleri 2008).<\/p>\n

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Antalya-Karain Ma\u011faras\u0131’ndan \u00e7\u0131kan baz\u0131 buluntular.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

T\u00fcrkiye Alt Paleolitik buluntular\u0131n\u0131 veren di\u011fer buluntu alanlar\u0131 daha gen\u00e7 katmanlar i\u00e7ermektedir. Bunlar \u0130stanbul\/Yar\u0131mburgaz ve Antalya\/Karain ma\u011faralar\u0131d\u0131r.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Yar\u0131mburgaz Ma\u011faras\u0131, \u0130stanbul\u2019un bat\u0131s\u0131nda yer alan ve birka\u00e7 t\u00fcnel \u015feklindeki yap\u0131dan olu\u015fan bir yerle\u015fim alan\u0131d\u0131r. Ma\u011faradan ele ge\u00e7en ay\u0131lara ait di\u015f buluntular\u0131ndan yap\u0131lan ESR (Electron Spin Resonance) tarihlendirmesi bulunmakla birlikte -\u00e7ok g\u00fcvenilir olmasa da- OIS 6 ila 9 aras\u0131na rastlamaktad\u0131r. Ancak \u00f6zellikle ay\u0131 di\u015flerinden bu tip bir ya\u015fland\u0131rma uygun olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in paleontolojik veriler Orta Plesitosenin ortas\u0131 olarak tarihlendirilmi\u015ftir (yakla\u015f\u0131k 400 bin y\u0131l \u00f6ncesi) (Kuhn ve di\u011ferleri 1996). Yar\u0131mburgaz Ma\u011faras\u0131n\u0131n ta\u015f alet toplulu\u011funu, \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011funu d\u00fczeltili yonga aletler ve d\u00fczensiz kenarl\u0131 di\u015flemeli aletler olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r. Bunun yan\u0131 s\u0131ra iki y\u00fczeyli ve Levallois teknoloji de g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. K\u0131y\u0131c\u0131 gibi b\u00fcy\u00fck alet gruplar\u0131na az rastlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Karain Ma\u011faras\u0131 ise Antalya\u2019n\u0131n kuzeyinde yer alan bir yerle\u015fimdir. Ma\u011fara, Roma d\u00f6neminden Alt Paleolitik d\u00f6neme kadar bir\u00e7ok k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc i\u00e7erisinde bar\u0131nd\u0131rmaktad\u0131r. Alt Paleolitik k\u00fclt\u00fcre ili\u015fkin tabakalar 350.000 y\u0131l \u00f6ncesine tarihlendirilmektedir ve Clacton end\u00fcstrisiyle karakterize bi\u00e7imsiz \u00e7ekirdekler, yonga \u00fczerine yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f di\u015flemeli aletler ve b\u00fcy\u00fck d\u00fczeltili aletler i\u00e7ermektedirler. Di\u011fer Alt Paleolitik tabakalar\u0131 ise Proto-Charentian olarak tan\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015f ve 300-350 bin y\u0131llar\u0131na tarihlendirilmi\u015ftir. Bu end\u00fcstri \u00e7o\u011funlukla kal\u0131n yongalar \u00fczerine yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f d\u00fczeltili kaz\u0131y\u0131c\u0131lar ile karakterizedir. Acheulian teknolojisinin tipik aletleri olan el baltalar\u0131 saptanmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Yukar\u0131da bahsedilen d\u00f6rt buluntu yeri de Alt Paleolitik d\u00f6neme ili\u015fkin fosil insan buluntular\u0131 vermese de insanlar\u0131n ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131na i\u015faret eden zengin Alt Ta\u015f Devri aletlerini i\u00e7ermektedir.<\/p>\n

G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde Alt Ta\u015f Devri k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc d\u00f6neminde ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f olan ve Anadolu\u2019dan gelen en eski ve tek insan fosili Denizli\u2019de ke\u015ffedilmi\u015ftir. 2008 y\u0131l\u0131nda Amerikal\u0131 bir paleoantropolog ve baz\u0131 \u00fclkemiz jeologlar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan Denizli\u2019nin Kocaba\u015f il\u00e7esine ba\u011fl\u0131 bir traverten oca\u011f\u0131nda 500 bin y\u0131l \u00f6ncesine tarihlendirilen ve Homo erectus<\/em>\u2019a ait oldu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclen bir kafatas\u0131 par\u00e7as\u0131 ke\u015ffedildi. Kafatas\u0131 fosilinin sahip oldu\u011fu karakterler \u00f6zellikle Yunanistan\u2019da bulunan Petrolana Adam\u0131 yani Homo heidelbergensis <\/em>t\u00fcr\u00fcne benzemektedir ve bir\u00e7ok paleoantropolog Homo erectus<\/em>\u2019tan ziyade Homo heidelbergensis <\/em>olmas\u0131 gerekti\u011finde hemfikirdir. Bu nedenle buluntunun sistematik tan\u0131mlanmas\u0131n\u0131n tekrar g\u00f6zden ge\u00e7irilmesi gerekmektedir. Ayr\u0131ca sistematik tan\u0131m\u0131ndaki soru i\u015faretleri ile beraber bu ke\u015ffin t\u00fcberk\u00fcloz hastas\u0131 bir bireye ait oldu\u011funun iddia edilmesi T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de ilk kez ke\u015ffedilmi\u015f bir Homo erectus <\/em>olmas\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcne ge\u00e7ti ve dikkatlerin bu y\u00f6ne \u00e7ekilmesine neden oldu. Roberts, Peister ve Mays ke\u015ffin yay\u0131nland\u0131\u011f\u0131 ayn\u0131 dergide t\u00fcberk\u00fcloz te\u015fhisinin hatal\u0131 oldu\u011funa dair bir ele\u015ftiri \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 yay\u0131nlad\u0131lar. Kappelman ve di\u011ferleri bilimsel \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131nda kafatas\u0131 buluntusunun i\u00e7 k\u0131sm\u0131nda yer alan izleri t\u00fcberk\u00fclozdan ve t\u00fcberk\u00fcloz hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n da D vitamini eksikli\u011finden kaynakl\u0131 oldu\u011funu vurgulam\u0131\u015flard\u0131. Ancak yap\u0131lan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmada kafatas\u0131 iskeletinde D vitamini eksikli\u011fini g\u00f6steren herhangi bir kan\u0131ta rastlanmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Roberts, Peister ve Mays, t\u00fcberk\u00fcloz hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7ok ender olarak kafatas\u0131nda iz b\u0131rakt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve b\u0131raksa bile izlerin histolojik olarak farkl\u0131 oldu\u011funu belirtmi\u015ftir. Bu nedenle Homo erectus <\/em>oldu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclen kafatas\u0131 fosilinin tekrar \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 mevcut soru i\u015faretlerinin giderilmesi i\u00e7in gerekli g\u00f6r\u00fcnmektedir. B\u00fct\u00fcn bu soru i\u015faretleri \u00fclkemizde 500 bin y\u0131l \u00f6nce bir insan atas\u0131n\u0131n yasam\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu ger\u00e7e\u011fini de\u011fi\u015ftirmemektedir.<\/p>\n

\u0130nsanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n geli\u015fim s\u00fcrecinde Alt Paleolitik\u2019ten sonraki bir \u00fcst basamak olan Orta Paleolitik buluntular\u0131 \u00fclkemizde \u00e7ok say\u0131da veriye sahiptir. Bu b\u00fcy\u00fck k\u00fclt\u00fcrel evrimdeki en belirgin geli\u015fmenin yakla\u015f\u0131k 300 bin y\u0131l \u00f6nce Afrika\u2019da ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmektedir. Levallois tekni\u011fi olarak tan\u0131mlanan ve belli bir standarda sahip alet \u00fcretimini sergileyen bu a\u015fama modern insanlar, ge\u00e7 arkaik insanlar ve Neanderthaller taraf\u0131ndan ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir. Bu d\u00f6nem b\u00fcy\u00fck kaba tipteki Alt Paleolitik tip aletlerden daha k\u0131sa bi\u00e7imli, \u00e7ok \u00e7e\u015fitli ve amaca y\u00f6nelik farkl\u0131 i\u015flevsel alet \u00fcretimine ge\u00e7ilmesiyle karakterizedir.<\/p>\n

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Alt Paleolitik buluntular\u0131n\u0131 veren Yar\u0131mburgaz Ma\u011faras\u0131, \u0130stanbul\u2019un bat\u0131s\u0131nda yer alan ve birka\u00e7 t\u00fcnel \u015feklindeki yap\u0131dan olu\u015fan bir yerle\u015fim alan\u0131d\u0131r.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

\u00dclkemizde Orta Paleolitik buluntular\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck bir \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu y\u00fczey ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131ndan saptanm\u0131\u015f ancak bu d\u00f6nem kaz\u0131lar\u0131 Antalya ve Hatay b\u00f6lgesiyle s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Hatay B\u00f6lgesi Levant ve Zagros b\u00f6lgelerinin kesi\u015fme noktalar\u0131 aras\u0131nda ve Levant ile Avrasya aras\u0131nda uzanan g\u00f6\u00e7 yollar\u0131 \u00fczerindedir. G\u00fcneydo\u011fu Afrika\u2019da ba\u015flayan Rift Vadisi Levant koridoru yoluyla Hatay ilinden Anadolu\u2019ya a\u00e7\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Yani bu b\u00f6lge Afrika\u2019dan gelen g\u00f6\u00e7lerin Anadolu\u2019ya giri\u015f koridoru \u00fczerinde bulunmaktad\u0131r. Hatay b\u00f6lgesine ait Orta Paleolitik D\u00f6nem buluntular\u0131 Merdivenli, T\u0131kal\u0131, \u00dc\u00e7a\u011f\u0131zl\u0131 II ve \u0130kia\u011f\u0131zl\u0131 ma\u011faralar\u0131nda saptanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Yine d\u00f6nem k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcne ait bol miktarda kal\u0131nt\u0131 mevcut olmakla birlikte ancak Karain Ma\u011faras\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda bu d\u00f6neme i\u015faret eden g\u00fcvenilir insan fosili buluntular\u0131 mevcut de\u011fildir. Karain Ma\u011faras\u0131ndan Neandertal adam\u0131na ait fosil buluntular deklare edilmekle birlikte, hen\u00fcz bu buluntular\u0131n bilim d\u00fcnyas\u0131na tan\u0131t\u0131m\u0131 maalesef ger\u00e7ekle\u015fememi\u015ftir. Son y\u0131llardaki antik DNA \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 d\u00fcnyada modern insan\u0131n Orta ve \u00dcst Paleolitikte yaln\u0131z olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve Neandertaller d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda en az\u0131ndan Denisova\u2019l\u0131larla birlikte ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131na i\u015faret etmektedirler. \u00dclkemizdeki Paleolitik d\u00f6nem insanlar\u0131na ili\u015fkin ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131n yayg\u0131nla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 bu a\u00e7\u0131dan da \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131maktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

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G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde Alt Ta\u015f Devri k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc d\u00f6neminde ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f olan ve Anadolu\u2019dan gelen en eski ve tek insan fosili Denizli\u2019de ke\u015ffedilmi\u015ftir.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Ge\u00e7 ta\u015f \u00e7a\u011f\u0131 veya \u00dcst Paleolitik ise yakla\u015f\u0131k 50.000-10.000 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda ya\u015fanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu d\u00f6nem do\u011frudan anatomik a\u00e7\u0131dan modern insanlarla ili\u015fkilidir ve dilgi teknolojisiyle karakterizedir. OferBar-Yosef teknolojideki bu geli\u015fim ve de\u011fi\u015fimin bireylerin kendilerini fark etmesi, gruplar\u0131n kimlik kazanmas\u0131, sosyal organizasyonun geli\u015fmesi ve son olarak sembolik ifadelerin artmas\u0131yla belirmeye ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 vurgulamaktad\u0131r. \u00dcst Paleolitik topluluklar\u0131 prizmatik dilgi \u00e7ekirdeklerden \u00fcretilmi\u015f dilgi ve dilgiciklerle karakterizedir ve yonga \u00fcretimi bu d\u00f6nem i\u00e7erisinde azd\u0131r. \u0130lk dilgi \u00fcretimine 250.000-150.000 y\u0131l \u00f6ncesi son buzul \u00e7a\u011f\u0131 esnas\u0131nda kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin \u00dcst Paleolitik d\u00f6nemine ili\u015fkin buluntular\u0131 yo\u011funlukla Akdeniz k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131ndaki Antalya ve Hatay illerinden bilinmektedir. Hatay ilinden bilinen Erken \u00dcst Paleolitik d\u00f6nem buluntu alanlar\u0131 i\u00e7erisinde Kanal ve \u00dc\u00e7a\u011f\u0131zl\u0131 ma\u011faralar\u0131 \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131maktad\u0131r. Kanal Ma\u011faras\u0131 \u00d6nc\u00fcl \u00dcst Paleolitik (\u00d6\u00dcP) d\u00f6neme ait ta\u015f alet gruplar\u0131n\u0131 bar\u0131nd\u0131rmaktad\u0131r. \u00d6nc\u00fcl \u00dcst Paleolitik, Bostanc\u0131\u2019n\u0131n \u201ctradisyon\u201d olarak kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 terimin tam kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 olup, Orta Paleolitik\u2019in Levallois tekni\u011finin kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 ancak \u00dcst Paleolitik tip aletlerin yer ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir ta\u015f alet toplulu\u011fudur ve ge\u00e7i\u015f \u00f6zellikleri g\u00f6stermektedir. Bu end\u00fcstri \u00f6zelliklerinin \u00dc\u00e7a\u011f\u0131zl\u0131 Ma\u011faras\u0131\u2019nda detayl\u0131 olarak ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmu\u015ftur. Yakla\u015f\u0131k 41.000 y\u0131l \u00f6ncesinde isk\u00e2n edilen \u00dc\u00e7a\u011f\u0131zl\u0131 Ma\u011faras\u0131 Erken \u00dcst Paleolitik d\u00f6neme ili\u015fkin ve t\u00fcm d\u00fcnyada hemen hemen hi\u00e7 bilinmeyen insan buluntular\u0131 i\u00e7ermesi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan hem Anadolu, hem de Levant b\u00f6lgesi i\u00e7in \u00f6nemli bir buluntu alan\u0131d\u0131r. Bu ma\u011faradan bulunan ve deniz kabuklar\u0131ndan yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f binlerce \u201cboncuk\u201d d\u00f6nem insanlar\u0131n\u0131n toplum i\u00e7indeki bireysel farkl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 ve \u201cben kavram\u0131n\u0131\u201d (self kavram\u0131n\u0131) idrak ettiklerinin a\u00e7\u0131k bir g\u00f6stergesidir ve bu ma\u011fara modern insanlar\u0131n g\u00f6\u00e7 yollar\u0131n\u0131n ve davran\u0131\u015fsal \u00f6zelliklerinin ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmas\u0131nda \u00f6nemli bir rol oynamaktad\u0131r. \u00dc\u00e7a\u011f\u0131zl\u0131 Ma\u011faras\u0131 \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f\u0131 k\u00fclt\u00fcr sergileyen di\u011fer ma\u011faralarla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda son derecede zengin boncuk buluntular\u0131yla ve \u00e7ok iyi bilinen stratigrafik yap\u0131s\u0131yla \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kmaktad\u0131r. Ma\u011faradan bir\u00e7ok izole di\u015f ve iskelet par\u00e7alar\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irilmi\u015f olup yay\u0131n a\u015famas\u0131ndad\u0131r. \u00dc\u00e7a\u011f\u0131zl\u0131 Ma\u011faras\u0131 sakinlerine ili\u015fkin kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131n incelenmesi, son y\u0131llarda varl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6\u011frendi\u011fimiz Homo sapiens<\/em> ve Neandertal \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f\u0131 t\u00fcrlere yeni bir halka ekleme potansiyeli a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan da son derecede \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131maktad\u0131r. Bu \u00f6nemli kaz\u0131 yerine ili\u015fkin detayl\u0131 bilgiler a\u015fa\u011f\u0131da verilmektedir.<\/p>\n

\u00dc\u00c7A\u011eIZLI MA\u011eARASI KAZISI<\/strong><\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin en zengin Paleolitik d\u00f6nem merkezlerinden olan Hatay, Levant ve Zagros b\u00f6lgelerinin kesi\u015fme noktas\u0131nda ve buradan Avrasya\u2019ya uzanan g\u00f6\u00e7 yollar\u0131 \u00fczerindedir. Hatay ilindeki sistematik Paleolitik d\u00f6nem ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131 1950\u2019li y\u0131llarda ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r ve bu ilde uzun y\u0131llar Antropoloji B\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc \u00f6\u011fretim \u00fcyeleri Ord. Prof. Dr. \u015eevket A. Kansu, Ord. Prof. Dr. Muzaffer S. \u015eeny\u00fcrek ve Prof. Dr. Enver Y. Bostanc\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan Paleolitik d\u00f6neme ili\u015fkin sistemli ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar yap\u0131larak bu y\u00f6redeki insan ya\u015fant\u0131s\u0131na ait bulgular bilim d\u00fcnyas\u0131na tan\u0131t\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

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Hatay-\u00dc\u00e7a\u011f\u0131zl\u0131 Ma\u011faras\u0131 deniz seviyesinden 18 m. y\u00fckseklikte bir kire\u00e7ta\u015f\u0131 burnu \u00fczerinde yer al\u0131r.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Hatay\u2019daki \u00f6nemli Paleolitik d\u00f6nem merkezlerinden biri olan \u00dc\u00e7a\u011f\u0131zl\u0131 Ma\u011faras\u0131, Samanda\u011f il\u00e7esinin 12 km g\u00fcneyinde, Meydan K\u00f6y\u00fc civar\u0131nda yer almaktad\u0131r. \u00dc\u00e7a\u011f\u0131zl\u0131 Ma\u011faras\u0131 g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde deniz seviyesinden 18 m. y\u00fckseklikte olup, bir kire\u00e7ta\u015f\u0131 burnu \u00fczerinde yer al\u0131r. Ma\u011faran\u0131n W\u00fcrm buzul d\u00f6neminde al\u00e7ak deniz seviyesi nedeniyle k\u0131y\u0131dan birka\u00e7 kilometre i\u00e7eride yer ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 bilinir. 1989 y\u0131l\u0131nda Frans\u0131z ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131 Angela Minzoni-Deroche taraf\u0131ndan yap\u0131lan bir y\u00fczey ara\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda bulunmu\u015f ve 1991 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar kendisi taraf\u0131ndan kaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Maalesef bu de\u011ferli ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131 b\u00fcrokratik engeller y\u00fcz\u00fcnden \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131na son vermek zorunda kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 1997 y\u0131l\u0131nda Hatay M\u00fczesi M\u00fcd\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ile ortakla\u015fa olarak tekrar ba\u015flat\u0131lan kaz\u0131lar 2000 y\u0131l\u0131ndan beri Prof. Dr. Erksin G\u00fcle\u00e7 ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndaki uluslararas\u0131 bir ekip taraf\u0131ndan s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclmektedir. \u00dc\u00e7a\u011f\u0131zl\u0131 Ma\u011faras\u0131, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de erken \u00dcst Paleolitik d\u00f6neme tarihlendirilen iyi korunmu\u015f depozitler i\u00e7eren az say\u0131daki buluntu yerlerinden biridir. Topo\u011frafik ve ekolojik olarak Levant b\u00f6lgesine b\u00fcy\u00fck benzerlikler g\u00f6sterir ve G\u00fcneybat\u0131 Asya\u2019daki en erken \u00dcst Paleolitik d\u00f6nemin (\u00d6nc\u00fcl \u00dcst Paleolitik d\u00f6nemin) kan\u0131tlar\u0131n\u0131 sunar. Ma\u011faran\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcne ait tavan ve bat\u0131 duvar\u0131n\u0131n y\u0131k\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, ma\u011faradaki organik materyalin korunma durumu m\u00fckemmel durumdad\u0131r. Son derece zengin ta\u015f buluntular\u0131, faunal ve denizel kal\u0131nt\u0131lar, erken \u00dcst Paleolitik ya\u015fam davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131 ve s\u00fcslenme \u00fczerine \u00f6nemli bilgiler verir.<\/p>\n

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\u00dc\u00e7a\u011f\u0131zl\u0131 Ma\u011faras\u0131nda bulunan Ahmarian d\u00f6nem ta\u015f aletlerine \u00f6rnekler<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Ma\u011faradaki k\u00fclt\u00fcr tabakalar\u0131 iki b\u00f6lgede korunmu\u015ftur. \u0130lki, Minzoni-Deroche taraf\u0131ndan kaz\u0131lan g\u00fcneydeki tabakalar ve ikincisi b\u00fcy\u00fck oranda ma\u011faran\u0131n kuzey b\u00f6lgesindeki tabakalard\u0131r. Burada 1997 y\u0131l\u0131ndan beri ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen kaz\u0131larda tabakalar\u0131n derinli\u011fi 4,5 m\u2019yi a\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Erken \u00dcst Paleolitik k\u00fclt\u00fcrel buluntular yo\u011fun olarak en \u00fcstteki 3 m\u2019lik b\u00f6l\u00fcmden gelir. Sedimanlardaki bask\u0131n jeolojik bile\u015fen terra rosa killeridir ve Akdeniz havzas\u0131ndaki karstik alanda tipiktir. Bu alanda yap\u0131lan kaz\u0131lardan ele ge\u00e7irilen buluntular GIS tekni\u011fine ve X, Y, Z koordinat sistemine g\u00f6re kaydedilmekte ve buluntular\u0131n da\u011f\u0131l\u0131mlar\u0131na g\u00f6re insan davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131 yorumlanmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Bu sistem \u00fclkemizde ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen Paleolitik d\u00f6nem kaz\u0131lar\u0131nda ilk kez uygulanmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

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\u00dc\u00e7a\u011f\u0131zl\u0131\u2019dan \u00d6nc\u00fcl \u00dcst Paleolitik d\u00f6nem ta\u015f aletlerine \u00f6rnekler<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

\u00dc\u00e7a\u011f\u0131zl\u0131 Ma\u011faras\u0131 tabakalar\u0131na ait 20\u2019nin \u00fczerinde AMS radyokarbon tarihlendirmesi vard\u0131r. Buna ilaveten denizel yumu\u015fak\u00e7a kabuklar\u0131 (Monodonta lineata<\/em> ve Columbella rustica<\/em>) \u00f6rneklerinden de yararlan\u0131larak tarihlendirmeler yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Tarihlendirmeye g\u00f6re k\u00fclt\u00fcr buluntular\u0131 i\u00e7eren tabakalar yakla\u015f\u0131k olarak 41 binden 29 bin radyokarbon y\u0131l\u0131na kadar d\u00fczenli olarak s\u0131ralanmaktad\u0131r. Ma\u011farada iki temel k\u00fclt\u00fcrel unsurun varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 bilinir. Bunlar\u0131n daha eski olan\u0131 \u00d6nc\u00fcl \u00dcst Paleolitik (\u00d6\u00dcP) olarak isimlendirilen d\u00f6nem, ikinci ve daha yeni olan\u0131 ise Ahmarian olarak bilinen k\u00fclt\u00fcrd\u00fcr. Ayr\u0131ca, ma\u011faran\u0131n \u00fcst k\u0131sm\u0131ndaki \u00e7ok k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir ni\u015fte 17 bin y\u0131ll\u0131k Epipaleolitik depozitlere de rastlan\u0131r. Epipaleolitik, eskiden Mezolitik olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lan ve Paleolitik k\u00fclt\u00fcrle Neolitik aras\u0131nda yer alan k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck ve \u00e7ok \u00e7e\u015fitli ama\u00e7lara y\u00f6nelik ta\u015f aletleri sergileyen bir k\u00fclt\u00fcr a\u015famas\u0131d\u0131r. \u00dc\u00e7a\u011f\u0131zl\u0131 Ma\u011faras\u0131ndaki stratigrafik tabakalanmalar, ma\u011farada ya\u015fayan d\u00f6nem insanlar\u0131n\u0131n aktivitelerine g\u00f6re d\u00fczenlenir. Sedimanlarda terra rosa bask\u0131nd\u0131r, ancak i\u00e7eriklerinde k\u00fcl, odunk\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fc, ta\u015f alet kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131, kemik ve deniz kabu\u011fu buluntular\u0131 da mevcuttur. \u0130nsan kullan\u0131m\u0131 art\u0131klar\u0131 olduk\u00e7a yo\u011fundur. Ayr\u0131ca k\u00fcl tabakas\u0131n\u0131n yo\u011funlu\u011fu ve insanlar taraf\u0131ndan \u00fcretilmi\u015f materyallerin say\u0131ca \u00e7oklu\u011fu da bizlere ma\u011farada hangi d\u00f6nemlerde insan varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n daha uzun s\u00fcreli oldu\u011funu g\u00f6sterir. Bu sedimanlar\u0131n renk ve i\u00e7erikleri, buluntular\u0131n yo\u011funluk ve niceli\u011fi, k\u00fcl ve odunk\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fc art\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 tabakalanman\u0131n ay\u0131rt edilmesinde kullan\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u00dc\u00e7a\u011f\u0131zl\u0131\u2019da \u00fcstlerde yer alan B-E tabakalar\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki katmanlar Ahmarian olarak tan\u0131mlan\u0131r ve veriler alt tabakalarda g\u00f6zlenen sert iklimin g\u00f6rece yumu\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, iklimin s\u0131cak ve nemli oldu\u011funu, bitki \u00f6rt\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn yo\u011funla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve deniz seviyesinin y\u00fckseldi\u011fini yans\u0131t\u0131r. Bu end\u00fcstri dilgi veya dilgicik \u00fcretimi ile karakterizedir. Alt seviyelerde yer alan F-H tabakalar\u0131 aras\u0131nda kalan tabakalar ise \u00d6nc\u00fcl \u00dcst Paleolitik d\u00f6neme tarihlendirilmektedir. Bu tabakalardaki veriler y\u00f6rede serin ve kuru bir iklimin ya\u015fand\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve denizin ma\u011faran\u0131n \u00e7ok uza\u011f\u0131na kadar geri \u00e7ekildi\u011fini g\u00f6sterir. Bu d\u00f6nem Orta ve \u00dcst Paleolitik ta\u015f alet end\u00fcstrilerinin bir arada kullan\u0131lmas\u0131yla karakterizedir ve dilgilerden \u00fcretilen ta\u015f aletler bask\u0131nd\u0131r. Bunlar aras\u0131nda kalan D-E tabakalar\u0131nda ise bu iki ana d\u00f6nem aras\u0131nda ge\u00e7i\u015f \u00f6zellikleri g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. \u00dc\u00e7a\u011f\u0131zl\u0131 Ma\u011faras\u0131 katmanlar\u0131 29-43 bin y\u0131l \u00f6ncesine tarihlendirilmektedir. Burada ele ge\u00e7en ta\u015f alet \u00f6rnekleri Ksar Akil, Antelias, Abu Halka, Boker Tachtit, Kanal ve Yabrub\u2019daki \u00f6rneklerle benzerlikler g\u00f6sterir.<\/p>\n

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\u00dc\u00e7a\u011f\u0131zl\u0131 Ma\u011faras\u0131nda bulunan beslenme ama\u00e7l\u0131 avlanm\u0131\u015f yaban domuzu defans di\u015fi (Sus scrofa)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

\u00dc\u00e7a\u011f\u0131zl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n karasal faunas\u0131n\u0131 yabanke\u00e7isi, karaca, alageyik, k\u0131z\u0131l geyik, yaban \u00f6k\u00fcz\u00fc, yaban domuzu, tilki, ay\u0131, kaplumba\u011fa ve yabani tav\u015fan olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r. Patella ve monodonta cinsine ait denizkabuklar\u0131 ve bal\u0131k kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131 ma\u011faran\u0131n sucul faunas\u0131 hakk\u0131nda bilgi vermektedir. Ma\u011farada az say\u0131da da olsa b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fckl\u00fc ku\u015flara ait kal\u0131nt\u0131lar da ele ge\u00e7mektedir. Faunaya dayal\u0131 analizler de Ahmarian (Erken \u00dcst Paleolitik) faunas\u0131n\u0131n o d\u00f6nemde \u00dc\u00e7a\u011f\u0131zl\u0131 ve \u00e7evresinde s\u0131k bitki \u00f6rt\u00fcs\u00fcne sahip, nemli bir iklimin h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc ve daha \u00f6nceki \u00d6nc\u00fcl \u00dcst Paleolitik d\u00f6nemde ise daha serin ve kuru bir iklimin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 desteklemektedir.<\/p>\n

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\u00dc\u00e7a\u011f\u0131zl\u0131\u2019dan boncuk olarak kullan\u0131lan, delinmi\u015f deniz kabu\u011fu \u00f6rnekleri (Nassarius gibbosula)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

\u00dc\u00e7a\u011f\u0131zl\u0131\u2019daki neredeyse t\u00fcm s\u00fcs e\u015fyalar\u0131 deniz kabuklar\u0131ndan yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Columbella<\/em> ve Nassarius <\/em>buluntular\u0131 \u00dc\u00e7a\u011f\u0131zl\u0131 Ma\u011faras\u0131n\u0131n t\u00fcm tabakalar\u0131nda kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za \u00e7\u0131kmakla birlikte yo\u011funlukla Ahmarian tabakalarda g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. Dentalium <\/em>buluntular\u0131 ise Epipaleolitik d\u00f6neme tarihlendirilen tabakalarda bulunmaktad\u0131r. Farkl\u0131 deniz kabuklular\u0131n\u0131n kullan\u0131m\u0131 bizlere 1) se\u00e7icili\u011fin ve 2) k\u0131y\u0131 kesimlerinde yap\u0131lan toplay\u0131c\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n artt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stermektedir. K\u0131sa bir s\u00fcre \u00f6ncesine kadar ilk modernlere ait en eski s\u00fcs e\u015fyalar\u0131n\u0131n Do\u011fu Afrika ve Orta Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n en erken \u00dcst Paleolitik k\u00fclt\u00fcrlerinde var oldu\u011fu san\u0131l\u0131yordu. D\u00fcnyada bilinen en eski deniz kabu\u011fu boncuk kullan\u0131m\u0131 Taforalt Ma\u011faras\u0131nda (Fas) 82 bin y\u0131l ve Blombos Ma\u011faras\u0131nda (G\u00fcney Afrika) 75 bin y\u0131l \u00f6ncesine ait buluntular sunar.<\/p>\n

\u00dc\u00e7a\u011f\u0131zl\u0131 Ma\u011faras\u0131 insanlar\u0131 toplum i\u00e7inde kendilerini ifade etmelerini sa\u011flayan s\u00fcs objelerini bol miktarda kullanm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. D\u00fcnyada bu a\u00e7\u0131dan tek olan ma\u011faradaki s\u00fcs objelerinin neredeyse tamam\u0131n\u0131 yumu\u015fak\u00e7a kabuklar\u0131ndan \u00fcretilmi\u015f boncuklar olu\u015fturur. \u00c7o\u011fu denizel olan k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck yumu\u015fak\u00e7a kabuklar\u0131 genellikle boncuk ya da kolye ucu yap\u0131lmak \u00fczere delinmi\u015ftir. Genel olarak \u00dc\u00e7a\u011f\u0131zl\u0131\u2019da 24 farkl\u0131 yumu\u015fak\u00e7a t\u00fcr\u00fc s\u00fcs e\u015fyas\u0131 olarak modifiye edilmi\u015ftir. Bu taksalar\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu Do\u011fu Akdeniz\u2019e \u00f6zg\u00fc canl\u0131lard\u0131r. Ancak 2 t\u00fcr deniz yumu\u015fak\u00e7as\u0131 bask\u0131nd\u0131r: Nassarius gibbosula<\/em> ve Columbella rustica<\/em>. Ayr\u0131ca Asi Nehri\u2019nden toplanan tatl\u0131 su yumu\u015fak\u00e7alar\u0131 da boncuk olarak kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u00dc\u00e7a\u011f\u0131zl\u0131 Ma\u011faras\u0131\u2019nda bulunan insan kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131 modern insan\u0131n Avrupa\u2019ya yay\u0131l\u0131mlar\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131ndaki s\u00fcre\u00e7leri konusunda pek \u00e7ok ipucu vermektedir. \u00dc\u00e7a\u011f\u0131zl\u0131 Ma\u011faras\u0131 insanlar\u0131 avc\u0131-toplay\u0131c\u0131 bir ya\u015fam bi\u00e7imine sahiptir. \u0130nsanlar ma\u011faray\u0131 ilkbahar-sonbahar mevsimleri aras\u0131nda kullanm\u0131\u015flar, k\u0131\u015f aylar\u0131n\u0131 ge\u00e7irmek i\u00e7in muhtemelen g\u00fcneye g\u00f6\u00e7 etmi\u015flerdir. Yaban ke\u00e7isi, alageyik, karaca gibi toynakl\u0131 av hayvanlar\u0131 ile yak\u0131n \u00e7evrelerinden toplad\u0131klar\u0131 bitkiler ana besin kaynaklar\u0131d\u0131r. Az miktarda da olsa bal\u0131k avlad\u0131klar\u0131 ve yumu\u015fak\u00e7a t\u00fckettikleri tespit edilmi\u015ftir. Avlanma stratejisi, iklimde meydana gelen de\u011fi\u015fimlere g\u00f6re tabakalar aras\u0131nda farkl\u0131l\u0131k sergiler. \u00d6nc\u00fcl \u00dcst Paleolitikte b\u00fcy\u00fck karasal av hayvanlar\u0131 (ke\u00e7i, alageyik, karaca, yaban s\u0131\u011f\u0131r\u0131 gibi) en \u00f6nemli protein kayna\u011f\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturur, Erken \u00dcst Paleolitik ve Epipaleolitik\u2019te diyete k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck av hayvanlar\u0131 (tav\u015fan, kaplumba\u011fa, ku\u015flar) ve denizel besinler (bal\u0131klar ve yumu\u015fak\u00e7alar) de kat\u0131l\u0131r. Ocaklar yiyeceklerin pi\u015firilmesi, y\u0131rt\u0131c\u0131 hayvanlardan korunma, \u0131s\u0131nma ve ma\u011faran\u0131n nem miktar\u0131n\u0131n azalt\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00f6nemlidir. Etlerin t\u00fcts\u00fclenmesi i\u00e7in bol miktarda odun yak\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olmal\u0131d\u0131r. Ma\u011farada yap\u0131 kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131 yoktur, ama tek s\u0131ra halinde dizilmi\u015f orta boyutlu ta\u015f s\u0131ras\u0131, ya\u015fam alan\u0131 ile \u00e7\u00f6pl\u00fck olarak kullan\u0131lan duvar dibini birbirinden ay\u0131rmak i\u00e7in yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olabilir. Ta\u015f aletlerdeki kullan\u0131m izi analizleri baz\u0131 aletlerin deri tabaklamada ve bitki kesme i\u015flerinde kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stermektedir. Hayvan derileri tabaklanarak giysi, \u00f6rt\u00fc ve belki de ayakkab\u0131 yap\u0131m\u0131nda kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Kemikten \u00fcretilen b\u0131zlar ve i\u011fneler, derileri ve boncuklar\u0131 delmek, sa\u00e7lar\u0131 toplamak ve giysi olarak kullan\u0131lan hayvan postlar\u0131n\u0131 birbirine tutturmak amac\u0131yla kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u00dc\u00e7a\u011f\u0131zl\u0131 Ma\u011faras\u0131\u2019n\u0131n buluntular\u0131 Hatay\u2019a kazand\u0131r\u0131lan yeni Arkeoloji M\u00fczesi\u2019nin giri\u015finde ma\u011faraya yak\u0131n \u00f6zellikler ta\u015f\u0131yan bir mek\u00e2nda sergilenmekte ve d\u00f6nem insan\u0131n\u0131n ve av hayvanlar\u0131n\u0131n canland\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 balmumu heykeller ziyaret\u00e7ilerin ilgi oda\u011f\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r. D\u00fcnya genelinde ikinci b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fckteki mozaik m\u00fczesi \u00f6zelli\u011fini de ta\u015f\u0131yan bu m\u00fczenin g\u00f6r\u00fclmesini sa\u011fl\u0131k veririz.<\/p>\n

Daha \u00f6nce de vurguland\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi \u00fclkemizin insan fosilleri a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan sergiledi\u011fi muazzam potansiyel maalesef ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131n azl\u0131\u011f\u0131 nedeniyle buluntulara yans\u0131t\u0131lamam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ge\u00e7ti\u011fimiz y\u0131llarda engellenen \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde bu engelin kalkmas\u0131 sonucu giderek artmas\u0131 sevindiricidir.<\/p>\n

Yukar\u0131da k\u0131saca \u00f6zetlenen \u00fclkemiz Paleoantropoloji ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131 son y\u0131llarda yurt \u00e7ap\u0131nda say\u0131lar\u0131 h\u0131zla artan biliminsanlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131yla artarak s\u00fcrecektir.<\/p>\n

Kaynak: <\/strong>Bilim ve Gelecek, Say\u0131: 160, Haziran 2017, s. 40<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Anadolu\u2019da 2 milyon y\u0131l \u00f6ncesine uzanmas\u0131 beklenen bir insan fosili potansiyeli mevcuttur. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde Anadolu\u2019da bilinen en eski fosil insan izleri 1 milyon y\u0131l civar\u0131ndad\u0131r ve Konya-Dursunlu ve Ni\u011fde Kaletepe Deresi 3\u2019den gelir. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde Alt Ta\u015f Devri k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc d\u00f6neminde ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f olan ve Anadolu\u2019dan gelen en eski ve tek insan fosili Denizli\u2019de ke\u015ffedilmi\u015ftir. Paleoantropoloji bilim dal\u0131na g\u00f6n\u00fcl […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":179,"featured_media":36824,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[19],"tags":[571,244,5237,816,353],"class_list":["post-36823","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-bilim-gundemi","tag-anadolu","tag-arkeoloji","tag-epipaleolitik","tag-fosil","tag-paleoantropoloji"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t