{"id":36857,"date":"2019-09-17T03:20:39","date_gmt":"2019-09-17T00:20:39","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/?p=36857"},"modified":"2019-09-16T12:19:12","modified_gmt":"2019-09-16T09:19:12","slug":"dna-arastirmalari-eski-goclerin-dili-ve-tarimi-nasil-sekillendirdigine-dair-bir-bakis-sunuyor","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2019\/09\/17\/dna-arastirmalari-eski-goclerin-dili-ve-tarimi-nasil-sekillendirdigine-dair-bir-bakis-sunuyor","title":{"rendered":"DNA \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131, eski g\u00f6\u00e7lerin dili ve tar\u0131m\u0131 nas\u0131l \u015fekillendirdi\u011fine odakland\u0131"},"content":{"rendered":"

Geni\u015f \u00e7apl\u0131 DNA ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131, eski d\u00f6nem g\u00f6\u00e7lerinin g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz G\u00fcney Asyal\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n geneti\u011fini \u00e7e\u015fitli yollardan etkiledi\u011fini ortaya koydu. Uzun y\u0131llar \u00f6nce d\u00fczl\u00fcklerden ve vadilerden ge\u00e7erek gelen insanlar\u0131n Hindistan ve Pakistan\u2019da bug\u00fcn bile konu\u015fulan dillere \u015fekil vermi\u015f olabilece\u011fi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcl\u00fcyor. Ancak baz\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar, genomun bu t\u00fcrden \u00f6zellikler hakk\u0131nda kesin yarg\u0131lar belirtmek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n hatal\u0131 sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n olabilece\u011fini de ifade ediyorlar.<\/p>\n

Bu ara\u015ft\u0131rma iki tart\u0131\u015fmal\u0131 konuya de\u011finiyor. \u0130lki, kimin G\u00fcney Asya\u2019ya tar\u0131m\u0131 getirdi\u011fi sorusu. Genetik kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmalara g\u00f6re tar\u0131m, ya yerel olarak avc\u0131-toplay\u0131c\u0131lar taraf\u0131ndan ba\u015flat\u0131ld\u0131 ya da bug\u00fcnk\u00fc T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin i\u00e7inde bulundu\u011fu co\u011frafyay\u0131 kapsayan Yak\u0131n Do\u011fu b\u00f6lgesindeki \u00e7ift\u00e7ilerin bilgisi bir \u015fekilde aktar\u0131ld\u0131. \u00c7al\u0131\u015fmada, Avrupa\u2019ya da tar\u0131m\u0131 getirdi\u011fi iddia edilen bu \u00e7ift\u00e7ilere dair DNA i\u015faretlerine rastlanmad\u0131. \u0130kinci olarak, “Yerel dillerin k\u00f6keni ne?” sorusu ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131. Yeni DNA kan\u0131tlar\u0131, Hint-Avrupa dillerinin Yak\u0131n Do\u011fu \u00e7ift\u00e7ileri yerine Avrasya\u2019n\u0131n g\u00f6\u00e7ebe \u00e7obanlar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan G\u00fcney Asya\u2019ya getirildi\u011fine i\u015faret ediyor.
\nAntik DNA sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 Hint-Avrupa dillerini konu\u015fan, Yamnaya ad\u0131 da verilen Avrasyal\u0131 \u00e7obanlar\u0131n 5000 y\u0131l \u00f6nce erken Tun\u00e7 \u00e7a\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6nemlerinde Avrupa\u2019ya ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6sterdi (Science News 15\/9\/2017). Yamnaya ili\u015fkili genetik i\u015faretler, G\u00fcney Asyal\u0131larda 3500-3900 y\u0131l \u00f6nceye tarihlendi (Science 6\/9\/2019).<\/p>\n

\"\"
DNA \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 biyoloji ve k\u00fclt\u00fcr aras\u0131nda bazen \u015f\u00fcpheli, hatta tehlikeli \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131mlar yapabiliyor.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Washington \u00dcniversitesi\u2019nden Michael Frachetti\u2019ye g\u00f6re erken Tun\u00e7 \u00e7a\u011f\u0131nda insan g\u00f6\u00e7leri Asya\u2019daki genetik havuzu kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131yordu. Frachetti, Harvard T\u0131p\u2019tan ve Viyana \u00dcniversitesi\u2019nden ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131larla bu ara\u015ft\u0131rmay\u0131 y\u00fcr\u00fctt\u00fc. \u00d6ne \u00e7\u0131kan sonu\u00e7lardan biri de G\u00fcney Asya\u2019n\u0131n geli\u015fmi\u015f merkezlerine gelen Avrasyal\u0131 \u00e7obanlar\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n pek fazla olmamas\u0131yd\u0131. Bu nedenle Hint-Avrupa dillerinin G\u00fcney Asya\u2019da yay\u0131lmas\u0131 \u00e7obanlar\u0131n gelmesi y\u00fcz\u00fcnden olamazd\u0131. Dildeki de\u011fi\u015fimlerin bilimsel senaryosu genelde b\u00fct\u00fcn bir pop\u00fclasyonun bir yere g\u00f6\u00e7 edip oradaki dili de\u011fi\u015ftirmesi \u00fczerinedir. Bu noktadan hareketle ara\u015ft\u0131rma ekibi, Orta Asya ve G\u00fcney Asya\u2019n\u0131n kuzey taraflar\u0131nda ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan 523 iskelete DNA analizi yapt\u0131. Buluntular 2000 ile 12000 y\u0131l \u00f6ncesi aras\u0131nda de\u011fi\u015fiyordu. Kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmalar daha \u00f6nce bulunan Avrasyal\u0131 antik DNA’lar ile g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz insanlar\u0131 aras\u0131nda yap\u0131ld\u0131.\u00a0Genetik kan\u0131tlara g\u00f6re Yak\u0131n Do\u011fu \u00e7ift\u00e7ileri kuzeye do\u011fru Asya da\u011flar\u0131ndan ve vadilerinden bug\u00fcnk\u00fc \u0130ran\u2019a do\u011fru y\u00fcr\u00fcd\u00fc. \u00c7ift\u00e7ilik ara\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6steren arkeolojik buluntular 5000 y\u0131l \u00f6nceye tarihlendi. Ayn\u0131 zamanda, step \u00e7obanlar\u0131 ayn\u0131 da\u011f koridorlar\u0131ndan g\u00fcneye do\u011fru y\u00fcr\u00fcyerek ayn\u0131 b\u00f6lgeye ula\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n

Kan\u0131tlara g\u00f6re Yak\u0131n Do\u011fu \u00e7ift\u00e7ileri bat\u0131 \u0130ran\u2019dan daha \u00f6teye ge\u00e7medi, G\u00fcney Asya\u2019n\u0131n bat\u0131 yama\u00e7lar\u0131ndan yakla\u015f\u0131k 1500 km uzakla\u015ft\u0131lar. 4000-5300 y\u0131l \u00f6nce ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f, \u0130ran ve T\u00fcrkmenistan\u2019da bulunan 11 kal\u0131nt\u0131da \u00e7ift\u00e7ilere dair hi\u00e7bir genetik iz bulunamad\u0131. Aksine, soylar\u0131 eski \u0130ranl\u0131lardan ve G\u00fcneydo\u011fu Asyal\u0131 avc\u0131-toplay\u0131c\u0131lardan geliyordu.
\nKuzey Hindistan\u2019da bulunan 4000-5000 y\u0131ll\u0131k bir bedenin \u0130ndus Vadisi Uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131na (Harappan Uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131) ait oldu\u011fu saptand\u0131 (Cell 5\/9\/2019). Bu genetik \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ile kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131 bulunan 12 insan\u0131n daha Harappanlara dahil edilebilece\u011fi g\u00f6sterildi. Sonu\u00e7 olarak, bug\u00fcnk\u00fc G\u00fcney Asyal\u0131lar\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011funun atas\u0131 \u0130ndus Vadisi Uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 idi. Harappan DNA’s\u0131 \u00e7ift\u00e7i gruplar\u0131ndan hi\u00e7bir iz i\u00e7ermiyordu. Buna g\u00f6re, ya kendileri tar\u0131m tekniklerini icat etti ya da ba\u015fka yerlerden edindiler.<\/p>\n

Yamnaya \u00e7obanlar\u0131 G\u00fcney Asya\u2019ya da g\u00f6\u00e7 etti. DNA sonu\u00e7lar\u0131na g\u00f6re \u00e7obanlar 3000-4000 y\u0131l \u00f6nce G\u00fcney Asya\u2019n\u0131n kuzey k\u0131s\u0131mlar\u0131na gitti. Az say\u0131daki Hint-Avrupa dillerini konu\u015fan g\u00f6\u00e7men, G\u00fcney Asya\u2019ya evlilik ya da metal i\u015fleme gibi i\u015fler i\u00e7in gitti. Yeni kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131klar\u0131 toplumda belki de Hint-Avrupa dillerinin yeni \u00e7e\u015fitlerini ortaya \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131lar. Bu g\u00f6\u00e7ler, neden baz\u0131 Avrupa ve G\u00fcney Asya dilleri aras\u0131nda benzerlikler oldu\u011funu a\u00e7\u0131klayabilir. G\u00fcney Asya\u2019da Yamnaya geneti\u011fi, bug\u00fcn rahip stat\u00fcs\u00fcnde olan insanlar aras\u0131nda y\u00fcksek oranda g\u00f6zlemleniyor. \u00d6rne\u011fin, erken Hint-Avrupa dillerinden olan Sanskrit\u00e7e dini yaz\u0131lar Brahminler taraf\u0131ndan korunuyor.\u00a0Science dergisinde yay\u0131nlanan bulgular g\u00f6\u00e7ebe \u00e7obanlar\u0131n G\u00fcney Asya soylar\u0131n\u0131 ve dillerini etkiledi\u011fini g\u00f6steriyor. Fakat yine de Hint-Avrupa dillerinin k\u00f6keni tart\u0131\u015fmal\u0131 olarak kald\u0131. Yamnaya \u00e7obanlar\u0131 G\u00fcney Asya\u2019ya, Avrupa\u2019ya k\u0131yasla, \u00e7ok daha az DNA katk\u0131s\u0131 verdi. Yani, Yamnaya insanlar\u0131 dilleri Avrupa\u2019ya ta\u015f\u0131m\u0131\u015f olsalar da eski \u0130ranl\u0131lar, yakla\u015f\u0131k 6000-7000 y\u0131l \u00f6nce bu dilleri G\u00fcney Asya\u2019ya getirmi\u015fti.<\/p>\n

Yine de baz\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar DNA ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131na \u015f\u00fcphe ile yakla\u015f\u0131yor. Cambridge \u00dcniversitesi’nden Marc Vander Linden\u2019e g\u00f6re DNA \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 biyoloji ve k\u00fclt\u00fcr aras\u0131nda bazen \u015f\u00fcpheli, hatta tehlikeli \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131mlar yapabiliyor. Belirli \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar, genetik indirgemecilik olarak da anland\u0131r\u0131lan g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fe destek sunacak \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131lar \u00fcretebiliyor. Bu durum, Linden’\u0131n ifade etti\u011fi gibi tehlikeli \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131mlar\u0131n ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131na neden olabiliyor. Almanya’n\u0131n M\u00fcnih kentindeki Ludwig-Maximilians \u00dcniversitesi’nde ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131 olan Philipp Stockhammer da genetik ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131n\u0131n arkeologlar\u0131n, biyolojik akrabal\u0131\u011f\u0131n maddi k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn veya stat\u00fcn\u00fcn miras\u0131 ile nas\u0131l ili\u015fkili oldu\u011funu sormalar\u0131na izin verecek \u015fekilde y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclmesi gerekti\u011fini savunuyor ve tarihin bu b\u00fcy\u00fck sorular\u0131n\u0131n i\u015fbirli\u011fi ile \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclebilece\u011fini vurguluyor. Mitokondrideki genetik \u00e7e\u015fitlili\u011fi ara\u015ft\u0131ran Stockhammer, arkeolojik kay\u0131tlardaki baz\u0131 k\u00fclt\u00fcrel de\u011fi\u015fimlerin b\u00fcy\u00fck g\u00f6\u00e7lerden de\u011fil, kad\u0131nlar\u0131n bireysel olarak sistematik hareketlili\u011finden kaynaklan\u0131yor olabilece\u011fini g\u00f6sterdi. Arkeolog Volker Heyd konuyu \u015f\u00f6yle \u00f6zetliyor: \u201cGenetik\u00e7ilerin g\u00fcndemi belirlemesine izin vermek yerine, onlara ge\u00e7mi\u015f insan eylemlerindeki karma\u015f\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6\u011fretmeliyiz.\u201d<\/p>\n

Kaynak:\u00a0https:\/\/www.sciencenews.org\/article\/ancient-dna-how-migrations-shaped-south-asian-language-farming
\nhttps:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/d41586-018-03773-6<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Geni\u015f \u00e7apl\u0131 DNA ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131, eski d\u00f6nem g\u00f6\u00e7lerinin g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz G\u00fcney Asyal\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n geneti\u011fini \u00e7e\u015fitli yollardan etkiledi\u011fini ortaya koydu. Uzun y\u0131llar \u00f6nce d\u00fczl\u00fcklerden ve vadilerden ge\u00e7erek gelen insanlar\u0131n Hindistan ve Pakistan\u2019da bug\u00fcn bile konu\u015fulan dillere \u015fekil vermi\u015f olabilece\u011fi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcl\u00fcyor. Ancak baz\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar, genomun bu t\u00fcrden \u00f6zellikler hakk\u0131nda kesin yarg\u0131lar belirtmek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n hatal\u0131 sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n olabilece\u011fini de ifade ediyorlar. […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":808,"featured_media":36889,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[19],"tags":[2463,3463,5316,694,528,543],"class_list":["post-36857","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-bilim-gundemi","tag-antik-dna","tag-asya","tag-coban","tag-dil","tag-goc","tag-tarim"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t