{"id":36964,"date":"2019-09-23T03:54:47","date_gmt":"2019-09-23T00:54:47","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/?p=36964"},"modified":"2019-09-26T17:19:08","modified_gmt":"2019-09-26T14:19:08","slug":"cagdas-bilimlerin-tohumlari-once-nerelerde-ne-zaman-atildi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2019\/09\/23\/cagdas-bilimlerin-tohumlari-once-nerelerde-ne-zaman-atildi","title":{"rendered":"\u00c7a\u011fda\u015f bilimlerin tohumlar\u0131 \u00f6nce nerelerde, ne zaman at\u0131ld\u0131?"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u0130slam-Do\u011fu uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n yakla\u015f\u0131k be\u015f y\u00fczy\u0131l s\u00fcren \u00f6nder konumunun t\u00fckenerek, bir bilimsel devrime yol a\u00e7may\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnsel nedenleri; e\u011fitimin d\u00fczensizli\u011fi, din ve felsefe \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131, gelenek eksikli\u011fi, ara\u015ft\u0131rmaya ilgi nin zay\u0131flamas\u0131 gibi birka\u00e7 ana kategoride de\u011ferlendirilebilir.<\/p>\n

Do\u011fa bilimleri ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131nda \u00f6nderli\u011fin \u0130slam-Do\u011fu\u2019dan Avrupa\u2019ya ge\u00e7i\u015fi<\/strong><\/p>\n

Bu uygarl\u0131kta do\u011fa ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n yeti\u015ftirilmesi, kurumsal, \u00f6rg\u00fcn e\u011fitimle yap\u0131lmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bilim adamlar\u0131, u\u011fra\u015f\u0131 alanlar\u0131nda, daha \u00e7ok ki\u015fisel ilgi ve \u00e7abalar\u0131yla bilgi edinmi\u015flerdir. \u00dcnl\u00fc bilginlerin \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131klar\u0131 hastane, g\u00f6zlemevi, k\u00fct\u00fcphane gibi yerlerdeki e\u011fitim t\u00fcm\u00fcyle usta\u00e7\u0131rak ili\u015fkisi \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclmekteydi. \u0130leti\u015fim olanaklar\u0131n\u0131n k\u0131s\u0131tl\u0131 olu\u015fu, bu merkezler aras\u0131nda canl\u0131 ve etkin bilgi al\u0131\u015fveri\u015fine engel oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in, b\u00fcy\u00fck Ustalar\u0131n katk\u0131lar\u0131 genellikle yak\u0131n \u00e7evreleri i\u00e7inde kal\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n

Uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n s\u00f6n\u00fckle\u015fmeye y\u00fcz tuttu\u011fu d\u00f6nemlerde kurulan medreselerin e\u011fitim programlar\u0131, a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131kl\u0131 [olarak] din bilim konular\u0131yla biraz dil ve yaz\u0131n bilgisinden olu\u015fuyordu. Do\u011fa bilimleri ve matemati\u011fe ise hi\u00e7 yer verilmiyordu. \u0130slam devletinde toplumsal k\u00fclt\u00fcr ve e\u011fitimin gelenek yap\u0131s\u0131na kavu\u015fmam\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131, s\u00fcrekli ve sistemli ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar i\u00e7in gerekli tabandan yoksun kalan ortamda bilgilerin rasgele y\u00f6ntem ve yordamlarla dev\u015firilmesine neden olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

Do\u011fa bilimlerine ilginin azalmas\u0131n\u0131n bir ba\u015fka nedeni de, ara\u015ft\u0131rma i\u015finin toplumdaki sayg\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n giderek d\u00fc\u015fmesidir. Buna yol a\u00e7an etken ise, zamanla toplumsal de\u011fer yarg\u0131lar\u0131 i\u00e7inde yararc\u0131l\u0131k \u00f6zelli\u011finin y\u00fckselmesi olmu\u015ftur. \u201cDe\u011ferli ve \u00d6nemli Olan\u201d ile, \u201cYararl\u0131 ve Maddi Kazan\u00e7 Getiren\u201d \u00f6zde\u015f olunca, ancak uzun s\u00fcrede ve dolayl\u0131 \u00fcr\u00fcnler verecek kuramsal ara\u015ft\u0131rma u\u011fra\u015f\u0131 g\u00f6z ard\u0131 edilmi\u015f, do\u011fa bilimcilerin korunmas\u0131 ve kollanma d\u00f6nemi ge\u00e7ince yapt\u0131klar\u0131 i\u015f de \u00f6nemini b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde yitirmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

\"\"
II. Sylvester ad\u0131yla papal\u0131\u011fa y\u00fckselecek olan Aurillacl\u0131 Gerbert (946-1003), din okullar\u0131nda \u00f6\u011fretmenlik yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 zamanlarda, Latince \u00e7evirisini elde etti\u011fi birka\u00e7 Arap kitab\u0131ndan, abak\u00fcs ve usturlap kullanmay\u0131 \u00f6\u011frenmi\u015ftir.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

\u00d6zg\u00fcr d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce ve felsefel tart\u0131\u015fman\u0131n bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 tutucu toplumlarda, dayat\u0131lan kal\u0131p d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce sistemini sorgulayan g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fler gibi, do\u011fa bilimleri de geli\u015femez. \u0130slam devletinde de, daha X. yy.\u2019da her t\u00fcrl\u00fc ak\u0131lc\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceye kar\u015f\u0131 din adamlar\u0131 \u00e7evresinden ba\u015flay\u0131p giderek yay\u0131lan tepki ve ku\u015fku, medrese y\u00f6netimlerine metafizik d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce yanda\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n egemen olmas\u0131yla doru\u011fa \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. E\u015f\u2019ari doktrininin en \u00f6nemli temsilcisi olup, Platon felsefesini \u0130slam dini ile kayna\u015ft\u0131rarak \u0130slam skolasti\u011fini kuran Ebu Hamit Gazzali (1059-1111), Felsefenin Y\u0131k\u0131m\u0131<\/em> adl\u0131 \u00fcnl\u00fc yap\u0131t\u0131nda, \u00f6zg\u00fcr ve \u00e7izgi d\u0131\u015f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcrleri sapk\u0131n ilan ederek \u015fiddetle su\u00e7lamaktad\u0131r. Do\u011fa ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131yla ilgili olarak, \u201cB\u00f6ylesi \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar, evrenin k\u00f6kenine ve Yaradan\u2019a ili\u015fkin inan\u00e7 kayb\u0131na yol a\u00e7ar\u201d yarg\u0131s\u0131ndad\u0131r. Bu nedenler ve ko\u015fullar, XIII. yy\u2019dan sonra do\u011fa bilimi ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nderli\u011finin, \u0130slam-Do\u011fu toplumlar\u0131ndan Avrupa\u2019ya ge\u00e7mesine neden olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

Katedral Okullar\u0131 ve \u00f6rg\u00fcn e\u011fitim<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0130slam-Do\u011fu uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n son temsilcileri, End\u00fcl\u00fcs Emevi devletinin Kurtuba (Cordova) ve Tuleytula (Toledo) kentlerindeki medrese, k\u00fct\u00fcphane ve hastanelerinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015flard\u0131. Bu merkezlerdeki bilgi birikimleri, Latince \u00e7eviriler arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla Bat\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesine girmi\u015ftir. \u00d6rne\u011fin, sonralar\u0131 II. Sylvester ad\u0131yla papal\u0131\u011fa y\u00fckselecek olan Aurillacl\u0131 Gerbert (946-1003), din okullar\u0131nda \u00f6\u011fretmenlik yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 zamanlarda, Latince \u00e7evirisini elde etti\u011fi birka\u00e7 Arap kitab\u0131ndan, abak\u00fcs ve usturlap kullanmay\u0131 \u00f6\u011frenmi\u015ftir. Bunlardan ve ba\u015fka kaynaklardan yararlanarak g\u00f6kleri temsil eden bir k\u00fcre yapm\u0131\u015f ve tak\u0131my\u0131ld\u0131zlar\u0131n devinimlerini a\u00e7\u0131klayan bir de model geli\u015ftirmi\u015ftir. \u00c7eviri kitaplardan edindi\u011fi bilgilerle yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar y\u00fcz\u00fcnden, papa se\u00e7ildikten sonra bile hakk\u0131ndaki b\u00fcy\u00fcc\u00fc oldu\u011funa ili\u015fkin s\u00f6ylentiler kesilmemi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Bat\u0131\u2019n\u0131n \u00f6nde gelen e\u011fitim merkezleri, XI. yy.\u2019dan sonra geli\u015fen ve en \u00f6nemlileri Reims, Cologne, Utrecht, Auxerre ve Rouen\u2019de bulunan katedral okullar\u0131d\u0131r. \u00d6zellikle Gerbert\u2019in \u00f6\u011frencileri ve izleyicileri, bu okullar\u0131n programlar\u0131na do\u011fa bilimi derslerinin de yerle\u015ftirilmesi i\u00e7in \u00e7ok \u00e7aba ve emek harcam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Katedral okullar\u0131nda geleneksel olarak yedi liberal sanat ad\u0131 verilen ve iki ana grupta toplanan bir ders program\u0131 okutulurdu. Bunlardan birincisi olan Trivium<\/em>, Dilbilgisi (Gramer), S\u00f6zbilim (Retorik) ve Mant\u0131k (Lojik) \u00fc\u00e7l\u00fcs\u00fcnden olu\u015fuyordu. \u0130kinci ana grup Quadrivium <\/em>ise, M\u00fczik, Aritmetik, Geometri ve Astronomiden meydana geliyordu. Kutsal kitab\u0131 do\u011fru anlayabilmek i\u00e7in bilinmesi gerekli say\u0131lan aritmetik \u00f6\u011fretiminde, s\u00fcrekli, s\u00fcreksiz, do\u011frusal, d\u00fczlemsel, dairesel, k\u00fcresel say\u0131lar tan\u0131mlan\u0131yor, be\u015f t\u00fcr oran hakk\u0131nda bilgiler veriliyordu. Geometriyi say\u0131sal b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fckler, d\u00fczlem bi\u00e7imler, kat\u0131 bi\u00e7imler ve ak\u0131lsal b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fckler olarak anla\u015f\u0131lmaz bir nedenle d\u00f6rde b\u00f6l\u00fcyorlard\u0131. Nokta, do\u011fru, daire, k\u00fcp, koni ve d\u00f6rtgen tan\u0131mlar\u0131 da verilince geometri tamamlan\u0131yordu. M\u00fczik k\u0131sa tan\u0131mlardan olu\u015fmu\u015ftu ama, en uzun b\u00f6l\u00fcm olan astronomide, Aristoteles ve Ptolemaios gelene\u011fine uygun olarak G\u00fcne\u015f, Ay, gezegenler, y\u0131ld\u0131zlar ve kuyrukluy\u0131ld\u0131zlar hakk\u0131nda bilgiler verilirdi. Katedral okullar\u0131 sonralar\u0131 \u00fcniversitelere d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

\u00dcniversiteler<\/strong><\/p>\n

Avrupa\u2019da e\u011fitim, VIII. yy.\u2019da ba\u015flayan ve kurumlarda y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclen bir s\u00fcreklilik niteli\u011fi g\u00f6sterir. Nitekim, Charlemagne\u2019\u0131n 787 y\u0131l\u0131nda t\u00fcm kiliselerle onlara ba\u011fl\u0131 kurulu\u015flar\u0131n bir okul a\u00e7malar\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayan giri\u015fimi, bu s\u00fcreklili\u011fin ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131 say\u0131labilir. Laik e\u011fitime y\u00f6nelik olan bu okullar, daha sonra kurulacak \u00fcniversitelerin \u00e7ekirde\u011fi olmu\u015flard\u0131r. B\u00f6ylece, Do\u011fu\u2019da hen\u00fcz canl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcren e\u011fitim \u00fcr\u00fcnleri, bir \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde de olsa Bat\u0131\u2019ya aktar\u0131labilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Bilime merakl\u0131 h\u00fck\u00fcmdarlar\u0131n, bilginleri korumalar\u0131 alt\u0131na al\u0131p onlara \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma olana\u011f\u0131 sa\u011flamalar\u0131 da bilgi birikiminin y\u00fckselmesine yol a\u00e7an etkenlerdendir. Kutsal Roma Germen \u0130mparatoru II. Frederik (1194-1250), bu egemenlerin tipik bir \u00f6rne\u011fidir. Felsefe, t\u0131p, astronomi, matematik, \u015fiir, politika gibi farkl\u0131 alanlarla ilgilenen imparator, renkli bir ki\u015filik sahibiydi. Papal\u0131kla [ilgili] s\u00fcrekli \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, bilgin ve \u00e7evirmenleri \u00e7evresine toplayarak, \u0130slam-Do\u011fu uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n ve Antik \u00e7a\u011f\u0131n \u00f6nemli yap\u0131tlar\u0131n\u0131 Latinceye kazand\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Giri\u015fimleri aras\u0131nda, Padua\u2019da 1222\u2019de ve Napoli\u2019de 1224\u2019te birer \u00fcniversite kurulmas\u0131 da bulunmaktad\u0131r.\"\"<\/p>\n

\u00dcniversite s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, Salerno t\u0131p ve Bologna hukuk merkezlerinde okuyan \u00f6\u011frencilerin hem haklar\u0131n\u0131 korumak hem de \u00f6\u011fretim \u00fcyesi tutabilmek i\u00e7in XI. yy.\u2019da kurduklar\u0131 \u201c\u00dcniversitas\u201d <\/em>adl\u0131 loncadan kaynaklan\u0131r. 1160\u2019ta Paris kentindeki \u00f6\u011fretim \u00fcyeleri, kendi y\u00f6netimlerinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmak \u00fczere d\u00fczenledikleri okula bu ad\u0131 vermi\u015flerdir.<\/p>\n

\u00c7eviriler<\/strong><\/p>\n

End\u00fcl\u00fcs Emevi devletinin \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f\u00fcyle Araplar\u0131n \u0130spanya\u2019dan \u00e7ekili\u015flerinin ilk basama\u011f\u0131, 1085 tarihinde Toledo kentinin Kastil Kral\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan ele ge\u00e7irili\u015fidir. Araplar, 1091 tarihinde Sicilya\u2019dan da \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131l\u0131nca t\u00fcm Avrupa, H\u0131ristiyan devletlerin egemenli\u011fine girmi\u015f oldu.<\/p>\n

Ele ge\u00e7irdi\u011fi b\u00f6lgelerdeki e\u011fitim merkezlerinde bulunan Arap\u00e7a kitaplar\u0131n Latinceye \u00e7evrilmesini isteyen Kastil Kral\u0131 IV. Alphons, bu ama\u00e7la Toledo\u2019da bir \u00e7eviri okulu kurmu\u015f ve ba\u015f\u0131na \u00fcnl\u00fc bilgin Cremonal\u0131 Gerard\u2019\u0131 (?-1187), getirmi\u015ftir. T\u0131p, bilim, teknik, felsefe gibi alanlardaki kitaplar\u0131 \u00e7evirenler aras\u0131nda, Bathl\u0131 Adelard, Chesterli Robert, Tivolili Plato bu merkezde bulunmaktayd\u0131lar. Cremonal\u0131 Gerard\u2019\u0131n ve \u00f6b\u00fcr \u00e7evirmenlerin Latinceye kazand\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 yap\u0131tlar aras\u0131nda, Galenos\u2019tan T\u0131p<\/em> Sanat\u0131<\/em>, Ptolemaios\u2019tan Almagest<\/em>, Eukleides\u2019ten \u00d6\u011feler<\/em>, Aristoteles\u2019ten Meteorologia<\/em>, Razi\u2019den \u015eaplar ve Tuzlar<\/em>, \u0130bn-i Sina\u2019dan Kanon<\/em>, el Harezmi\u2019den Algebra <\/em>\u00f6rnekleri verilebilir. Yaln\u0131zca Gerard\u2019\u0131n \u00e7evirileri 70 kitaptan fazlad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Manast\u0131rlar<\/strong><\/p>\n

En eski bilgi merkezlerinden olan manast\u0131rlar, ba\u011fl\u0131 olduklar\u0131 tarikatlar\u0131n dinsel ideolojilerini s\u0131k\u0131 bir disiplinle uygulayan ke\u015fi\u015flerin topland\u0131klar\u0131 yerlerdi. Birincil g\u00f6revleri, dua, oru\u00e7, \u00e7ile doldurma gibi ruhsal ar\u0131nma ve kendileriyle \u00e7evrelerini sapk\u0131nl\u0131klardan koruma olan bu d\u0131\u015fa kapal\u0131 topluluklarda, zaten \u00e7ok az kullan\u0131lan do\u011fa bilgileri de metafizik yakla\u015f\u0131mlarla kaplanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. \u00d6rne\u011fin, manast\u0131r hekimli\u011fi t\u00fcm\u00fcyle mucizelere, inan\u00e7 temeline dayan\u0131yordu. Hastal\u0131klar\u0131n nedenleri do\u011fa\u00fcst\u00fc g\u00fc\u00e7lere ba\u011flan\u0131yor; sa\u011falt\u0131m i\u00e7in de peygamberler ve azizlerin kutsal say\u0131lan kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131ndan medet umuluyordu. Bu ilkel yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131n bir \u00f6rne\u011fi olarak, XIII. yy.\u2019da toplanan bir din ulular\u0131 meclisi, H\u0131ristiyan dininin kan\u0131 sevmedi\u011fi gerek\u00e7esiyle rahiplere cerrahl\u0131\u011f\u0131 yasaklam\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n

\u00dcniversitelerin do\u011fu\u015fuyla birlikte, XIII. yy.\u2019da ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan iki dinsel tarikat, bilime bak\u0131\u015flar\u0131ndaki farkl\u0131 yakla\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n \u00e7a\u011flar\u0131nda olduk\u00e7a etkin olmu\u015flard\u0131r. Assisili Aziz Francesco\u2019nun 1209\u2019da kurdu\u011fu \u201cFransisken\u201d tarikat\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6\u011fretisi, din bilgilerini halka yal\u0131n bir dille anlatmakt\u0131. \u0130nanc\u0131 savunabilmek i\u00e7in bilgi sahibi olmak yani, ba\u015fka bir deyi\u015fle iyi bir e\u011fitimden ge\u00e7mek gerekiyordu. Bu gerek\u00e7e, Fransisken manast\u0131rlar\u0131nda do\u011fa bilimi derslerinin \u00f6\u011fretim programlar\u0131na girmesini sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca, tarikat \u00fcyesi bir\u00e7ok bilgin de Bologna, Paris, Oxford vb. \u00fcniversitelerde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 1215\u2019te, vaazc\u0131 \u0130spanyol rahibi Aziz Domenicus taraf\u0131ndan kurulan \u201cDominiken\u201d tarikat\u0131 ise, \u00e7ok s\u0131k\u0131 kurallar i\u00e7inde ve yoksul bir ya\u015famla dini yayarak sapk\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131 yok etme amac\u0131ndayd\u0131. Dominikenler de bilgi g\u00fcc\u00fcyle silahlanma ve bunun i\u00e7in e\u011fitim kurumlar\u0131nda yuvalanma gere\u011fini duymu\u015flard\u0131r. Ancak, tarikat\u0131n kuralc\u0131 ve ba\u011fnazl\u0131\u011fa yatk\u0131n yap\u0131s\u0131 giderek bilimsellikten uzakla\u015f\u0131p tam tersine \u00f6zg\u00fcr d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce d\u00fc\u015fman\u0131 \u201cEngizisyon\u201d \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fc olu\u015fturacak kadar kat\u0131la\u015fmalar\u0131na neden olmu\u015ftur. R\u00f6nesans d\u00f6nemine kadar etkili olmu\u015f (Albertus Magnus, St. Thomas Aquinas, Roger Bacon gibi) bilgin ve d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcrlerin \u00f6nemli bir kesimi, bu iki tarikata ba\u011fl\u0131 ki\u015filerdir.<\/p>\n

Kaynak:<\/strong> Der: Al\u00e2eddin \u015eenel, 50 Soruda Bilim ve Bilimsel Y\u00f6ntem, Bilim ve Gelecek Kitapl\u0131\u011f\u0131, May\u0131s 2012 s. 94-99<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u0130slam-Do\u011fu uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n yakla\u015f\u0131k be\u015f y\u00fczy\u0131l s\u00fcren \u00f6nder konumunun t\u00fckenerek, bir bilimsel devrime yol a\u00e7may\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnsel nedenleri; e\u011fitimin d\u00fczensizli\u011fi, din ve felsefe \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131, gelenek eksikli\u011fi, ara\u015ft\u0131rmaya ilgi nin zay\u0131flamas\u0131 gibi birka\u00e7 ana kategoride de\u011ferlendirilebilir. Do\u011fa bilimleri ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131nda \u00f6nderli\u011fin \u0130slam-Do\u011fu\u2019dan Avrupa\u2019ya ge\u00e7i\u015fi Bu uygarl\u0131kta do\u011fa ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n yeti\u015ftirilmesi, kurumsal, \u00f6rg\u00fcn e\u011fitimle yap\u0131lmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bilim adamlar\u0131, u\u011fra\u015f\u0131 alanlar\u0131nda, daha \u00e7ok […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":429,"featured_media":36965,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[3624],"tags":[746,482,5328,5327,584,969,5240],"class_list":["post-36964","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-sorularla-bilim","tag-avrupa","tag-bilim","tag-bologna","tag-cagdaslasma","tag-dogu","tag-ortadogu","tag-yontem"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t