{"id":36980,"date":"2019-09-22T03:42:34","date_gmt":"2019-09-22T00:42:34","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/?p=36980"},"modified":"2019-09-19T13:47:44","modified_gmt":"2019-09-19T10:47:44","slug":"bilimin-onculeri-michael-faraday-1791-1867","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2019\/09\/22\/bilimin-onculeri-michael-faraday-1791-1867","title":{"rendered":"Bilimin \u00d6nc\u00fcleri: Michael Faraday (1791-1867)"},"content":{"rendered":"

Bilimin \u00f6nc\u00fcleri aras\u0131nda, modern ya\u015fam ko\u015fullar\u0131 \u00fczerindeki etkisi bak\u0131m\u0131ndan, Faraday ile boy \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fc\u015fe\u00adbilecek bir ba\u015fka ad kolayca g\u00f6sterilemez. \u201cDeneysel Bilimin Prensi\u201d Faraday, bir \u00f6mre s\u0131\u011fmayacak say\u0131da \u00f6nemli pek \u00e7ok \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ortaya koydu: Kimya, elektrokimya, metal\u00fcrji alanlar\u0131nda pratik sonu\u00e7lar\u0131ndan bug\u00fcn de yararland\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z de\u00adneyler yapt\u0131. Maden ocaklar\u0131nda kullan\u0131lan Davy lambas\u0131n\u0131 ge\u00adli\u015ftirmede katk\u0131lar\u0131 oldu. Elektrokimyadaki deneyleriyle kendi ad\u0131yla bilinen elektroliz yasalar\u0131na ula\u015ft\u0131. Deneysel olarak, bir maddeden ge\u00e7en belli miktarda elektrik ak\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n, o maddenin bile\u015fenlerinde belli miktarda bir \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcl\u00fcme yol a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6ster\u00addi. Bu sonu\u00e7 ilk elektrik saya\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n \u00fcretimine olanak verir. Faraday\u2019\u0131n bir ba\u015fka \u00f6nemli katk\u0131s\u0131 da \u201camper\u201d denilen ak\u0131m biriminin kesin tan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 vermi\u015f olmas\u0131d\u0131r. Elektrolizde ge\u00e7en \u201celektrot\u201d, \u201canot\u201d, \u201ckatot\u201d, \u201celektrolit\u201d, \u201ciyon\u201d vb. terimleri de ona bor\u00e7luyuz.<\/p>\n

Faraday\u2019\u0131n yeti\u015fme ko\u015fullar\u0131na bakt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda ba\u015far\u0131lar\u0131 g\u00f6z\u00fc\u00adm\u00fczde daha da b\u00fcy\u00fcmektedir.<\/p>\n

Michael Faraday, Londra\u2019da yoksul bir ailenin \u00e7ocu\u011fu ola\u00adrak d\u00fcnyaya gelmi\u015fti. Babas\u0131 demirci, annesi ev hizmet\u00e7isiydi. K\u0131sa s\u00fcren \u00f6\u011freniminde okuma, yazma, bir miktar aritmetik \u00f6\u011frenmekle kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Hen\u00fcz 13 ya\u015f\u0131nda iken bir kitap\u00e7\u0131n\u0131n ya\u00adn\u0131nda \u00e7\u0131rak olarak \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Ancak \u00e7ok ge\u00e7meden kitap ciltleme becerisini kazand\u0131. Bu i\u015f ona ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck f\u0131rsat\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flar. Bo\u015f buldu\u011fu zamanlar\u0131n\u0131 kitap okumakla, il\u00adgilendi\u011fi konularda not almakla dolduran Michael, ustas\u0131n\u0131n sempati ve anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131ndan da yararlanarak, eksik kalan e\u011fitimini kendi kendine tamamlama \u00e7abas\u0131 i\u00e7ine girer. Daha sonra yaz\u00add\u0131\u011f\u0131 an\u0131lar\u0131nda, \u201cO s\u0131ra okuduklar\u0131m aras\u0131nda ilgimi en \u00e7ok iki kitap \u00e7ekmi\u015fti\u201d der. \u201cBunlardan biri elektrik konusunda bana ilk bilgileri sa\u011flayan Britannica Ansiklopedisi, di\u011feri Jane Mar\u00adcet\u2019in Kimya \u00dczerine S\u00f6yle\u015filer adl\u0131 kitab\u0131yd\u0131.\u201d Bu kaynaklar\u0131n, onun d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n kurulmas\u0131ndaki \u00f6nemi kesin, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc kimya ile elektrik ya\u015fam\u0131 boyunca ilgilendi\u011fi ba\u015fl\u0131ca iki konu olmu\u015ftur.\"\"<\/p>\n

Faraday 19 ya\u015f\u0131na geldi\u011finde, bilim merak\u0131 bir tutkuya d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00ad m\u00fc\u015f, kendi olanaklar\u0131 i\u00e7inde ciddi deneylere bile koyulmu\u015ftu. 1812\u2019de bir m\u00fc\u015fterinin sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 biletle, d\u00f6nemin se\u00e7kin bilim adam\u0131 Sir Humphrey Davy\u2019nin (1778 – 1829) Kraliyet Enstit\u00fc\u00ads\u00fc\u2019nde d\u00fczenlenen konferanslar\u0131na kat\u0131lma olana\u011f\u0131 bulur. Bura\u00adda dinledikleriyle \u00f6\u011frenme tutkusu daha derinle\u015fen Faraday\u2019\u0131n bilimden kopmas\u0131 olanaks\u0131zd\u0131 art\u0131k. Konferansta tuttu\u011fu notlar\u00adla deneyleri ili\u015fkin \u015fekilleri bir kitapta toplayarak asistanl\u0131k i\u00e7in Davy\u2019ye ba\u015fvurur. Davy\u2019den bekledi\u011fi yan\u0131t\u0131 hemen alamazsa da, cilt\u00e7ilik i\u015finde de daha fazla kalamazd\u0131, art\u0131k! K\u0131sa bir s\u00fcre i\u00e7in de olsa Faraday i\u015fsiz kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131, ama umutsuz de\u011fildi. Bir s\u00fcre sonra \u015fans y\u00fcz\u00fcne g\u00fcler: Kraliyet Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc\u2019nden uzakla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lan bir asistan\u0131n yerine bir ba\u015fkas\u0131 al\u0131nacakt\u0131r. Davy, daha \u00f6nceki ba\u015fvurusunu hat\u0131rlayarak, Faraday\u2019\u0131 g\u00f6reve \u00e7a\u011f\u0131r\u0131r. Gen\u00e7 ara\u015f\u00adt\u0131rmac\u0131 \u00e7ok ge\u00e7meden giri\u015fti\u011fi deneyleriyle yetene\u011fini ispatlar. Daha i\u015fe ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ilk y\u0131l i\u00e7inde deney sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 yay\u0131mlamaya, Enstit\u00fc\u2019de ders vermeye ba\u015flar. Bu arada yeni evlendi\u011fi e\u015fine haz\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00fcrpriz de ilgin\u00e7tir: Bir Noel sabah\u0131 Faraday e\u015fini Kraliyet Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc\u2019ne g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fcr. Bayan Faraday kendisini bekleyen Noel arma\u011fan\u0131n\u0131n merak ve heyecan\u0131 i\u00e7indedir. Ama buldu\u011fu yaln\u0131z kendisine de\u011fil, t\u00fcm d\u00fcnyaya verilen bir arma\u011fand\u0131r: Elektrik ak\u0131m\u0131yla s\u00fcrekli mekanik devinim sa\u011flayan basit bir d\u00fczenek! Oyuncak trenlerden b\u00fcy\u00fck elektrik lokomotiflerin\u00addeki makinelere de\u011fin bildi\u011fimiz elektrik motorlar\u0131n\u0131n ortaya konmu\u015f ilk \u00f6rne\u011fi.<\/p>\n

Bilim \u00e7evrelerinde pek rastlanmayan bir h\u0131zla \u00fcn kazanan Faraday, 1823\u2019te Kraliyet Bilim Akademisi \u00fcyeli\u011fine se\u00e7ilir; bir y\u0131l sonra da \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 Enstit\u00fc\u2019de laboratuvar direkt\u00f6rl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne atan\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Faraday Enstit\u00fc\u2019n\u00fcn ba\u015f\u0131na ge\u00e7tikten sonra da deneylerini s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmekten geri kalmaz; \u201cFaraday yasalar\u0131\u201d diye bilinen ili\u015f\u00adkileri ortaya koyar. Bunlardan en \u00f6nemlisi, bir maddeden ge\u00e7en elektrik miktar\u0131yla o maddeden ayr\u0131lan bile\u015fenlerin miktar\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fkidir. Bunun ortaya koydu\u011fu bir sonu\u00e7 atomlar\u0131n yaln\u0131zca belli miktarlarda elektrikle ba\u011f\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 oldu\u011fu olay\u0131d\u0131r ki, bilimsel a\u00e7\u0131klamas\u0131 ancak y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda Rutherford\u2019un atomun yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 belirlemesiyle verilebilmi\u015ftir. Faraday elektrokimya alan\u0131ndaki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131yla yetinseydi bile, bilim tarihinde \u00f6nemli bir yeri olacakt\u0131. Ama onu bilimin \u00f6n\u00adc\u00fcleri aras\u0131na sokan as\u0131l ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131 elektromanyetik konusundaki bulu\u015flar\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

19.y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131na gelinceye dek elektri\u011fe gizemli bir olay g\u00f6z\u00fcyle bak\u0131l\u0131yordu. Elektrik Benjamin Franklin (1706 – 1790) i\u00e7in bir t\u00fcr ak\u0131\u015fkand\u0131. Kimisine g\u00f6re ise, elektrik pozitif ve ne\u00adgatif olmak \u00fczere iki de\u011fi\u015fik ak\u0131\u015fkand\u0131. \u0130lk kez Faraday elektri\u011fi bir \u201ckuvvet\u201d diye niteler. Elektrik gibi manyetizma da ilgi \u00e7eken, tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lan bir konuydu; ama ikisi aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fki hen\u00fcz bilinmi\u00adyordu. 1820\u2019de Danimarkal\u0131 bilim adam\u0131 Hans Oersted (1777 – 1851), elektrik ak\u0131m\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131yan bir telin yak\u0131n\u0131ndaki bir pusula ibresini devindirdi\u011fini saptam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bu g\u00f6zlem pek \u00e7ok deneylere, bu arada elektrik ak\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n manyetik etkilerine ili\u015fkin amper kuram\u0131na yol a\u00e7ar. Ancak bu konudaki as\u0131l a\u00e7\u0131klama Faraday\u2019\u0131n m\u0131knat\u0131s\u0131n elektriksel etkisini sezinlemesiyle ger\u00e7ekle\u015fir. Buna g\u00f6re, bir tel bobinde olu\u015fan manyetik etki, ikinci bir bobinde elektriksel etki olarak ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmal\u0131d\u0131r. \u201cElektromanyetik ind\u00fcksiyon\u201d denen bu olay\u0131 Faraday deneysel olarak 1831\u2019de belirler.\"\"<\/p>\n

\u015eekilde de g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc \u00fczere, ip ya da kuma\u015f par\u00e7as\u0131yla yal\u0131\u00adt\u0131lm\u0131\u015f demir bir halkan\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131t yanlar\u0131na bak\u0131r telden iki bobin yerle\u015ftirilmi\u015f olsun. Bobinlerden birinin u\u00e7lar\u0131 bir batarya ve \u015fal\u00adtere, di\u011ferinin u\u00e7lar\u0131 ise alt\u0131nda m\u0131knat\u0131sl\u0131 bir ibre olan kuzey – g\u00fcney do\u011frultusundaki bir tele ba\u011fland\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, birinci bobinden elektrik ak\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n ge\u00e7mesiyle m\u0131knat\u0131sl\u0131 ibrenin devindi\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fc\u00adl\u00fcr. Bu, bir anl\u0131k olan ak\u0131m\u0131n ikinci telde m\u0131knat\u0131s\u0131n etkisiyle olu\u015ftu\u011fu demektir. Oysa ak\u0131m s\u00fcrekli olursa ikinci telde \u00f6yle bir ak\u0131m olu\u015fmaz, ancak ak\u0131m kesildi\u011finde m\u0131knat\u0131sl\u0131 ibrenin bu kez ters y\u00f6nde devindi\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. Bu da ikinci bobinde bir anl\u0131k ama tersine bir ak\u0131m\u0131n olu\u015ftu\u011fu demektir. Birinci bobinden ge\u00ad\u00e7en ak\u0131m demir halkay\u0131 m\u0131knat\u0131slamakta, bu ise ikinci bobinde elektrik ak\u0131m\u0131na yol a\u00e7maktad\u0131r. Ayn\u0131 ili\u015fkiyi de\u011fi\u015fik deneylerle de ortaya koyan Faraday, bir ba\u015fka deneyinde \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck bir m\u0131knat\u0131s\u0131n kutuplar\u0131 aras\u0131nda bir bak\u0131r disk d\u00f6nd\u00fcr\u00fcr. Diskin kenarlar\u0131yla dingili aras\u0131ndaki ak\u0131m\u0131n s\u00fcrekli oldu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. Bu sonu\u00e7ta da ilk basit dinamo \u00f6rne\u011fini bulmaktay\u0131z.<\/p>\n

Faraday\u2019a bilimde \u00fcst\u00fcn konum sa\u011flayan bir di\u011fer \u00f6nemli katk\u0131s\u0131 da bilime alan kavram\u0131n\u0131 kazand\u0131rm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131d\u0131r. Bu kavram yaln\u0131z elektromanyetik kuram\u0131n de\u011fil, Einstein\u2019\u0131n ge\u00adnel g\u00f6recelik kuram\u0131n\u0131n da i\u00e7erdi\u011fi bir kavramd\u0131r. Faraday\u2019\u0131 kavram\u0131 belirlemeye y\u00f6nelten basit deneye bakal\u0131m: \u00dczerinde demir k\u0131r\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131 olan bir kart\u0131 m\u0131knat\u0131s \u00fcst\u00fcnde tutup hafif\u00e7e fiskeledi\u011fimizde k\u0131r\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131n m\u0131knat\u0131s\u0131n kuzey -g\u00fcney kutapla\u00adr\u0131n\u0131 birle\u015ftiren birtak\u0131m \u00e7izgiler olu\u015fturdu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. Faraday bu \u00e7izgilere, \u201cmanyetik g\u00fc\u00e7 \u00e7izgileri\u201d demi\u015fti. Bu \u015fekilde olu\u015fan \u00e7izgiler, m\u0131knat\u0131s\u0131 \u00e7evreleyen manyetik alan\u0131 temsil etmekte, \u00e7izgilerin y\u00f6n\u00fc ise manyetik alan\u0131n y\u00f6n\u00fcn\u00fc g\u00f6stermektedir. Ayr\u0131ca, \u00e7izgilerin birbirine yak\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131 manyetik alan\u0131n g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc, \u00e7iz\u00adgilerin birbirine uzakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 manyetik alan\u0131n zay\u0131f oldu\u011fu demek\u00adtir. Manyetik g\u00fc\u00e7 \u00e7izgilerinin bir devre taraf\u0131ndan kesilmesiyle elektrik ak\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n ind\u00fcklenece\u011fini belirten Faraday, uzayda da elektrik y\u00fckl\u00fc bir nesneyi \u00e7evreleyen manyetik g\u00fc\u00e7 \u00e7izgilerine benzer elektrik g\u00fc\u00e7 \u00e7izgilerinin oldu\u011fu kan\u0131s\u0131ndayd\u0131. \u00dcstelik, elektrik g\u00fc\u00e7 \u00e7izgisinin bir pozitif y\u00fckten ona denk bir negatif y\u00fcke uzand\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyordu. Deneysel olarak da, bir t\u00fcr elekt\u00adrik ind\u00fcklenirken, ona denk bir ba\u015fka t\u00fcr elektrik ind\u00fcklenme\u00adsinin ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmaz oldu\u011funu g\u00f6stermi\u015fti. \u00d6rne\u011fin, ipekle ovulan kuru bir cam par\u00e7as\u0131 pozitif y\u00fck kazan\u0131r, elektrik g\u00fc\u00e7 \u00e7izgileri de camdan e\u015fit negatif y\u00fck ta\u015f\u0131yan \u00e7evresine uzan\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Faraday bir at\u0131l\u0131m daha yaparak m\u0131knat\u0131s\u0131n \u0131\u015f\u0131k \u00fczerinde etki olu\u015fturabilece\u011fi hipotezini ortaya koymu\u015f, uzun deneylerden sonra \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131n ger\u00e7ekten etkilendi\u011fini kan\u0131tlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bilindi\u011fi gibi polarize \u0131\u015f\u0131k bir manyetik alan arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla d\u00f6nd\u00fcr\u00fclebilmekte\u00addir. Ancak Faraday\u2019\u0131n belirledi\u011fi bu olguyu d\u00f6nemin fizik\u00e7ileri bir t\u00fcr g\u00f6rmezlikten gelmi\u015flerdi.<\/p>\n

Faraday bulu\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n pratik sonu\u00e7lar\u0131yla pek ilgilenmiyordu. Ama bu onun o sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n \u00f6nemini kavramaktan uzak kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 demek de\u011fildi. Nitekim d\u00f6nemin, ba\u015fbakan\u0131 ona dinamonun ne i\u015fe yarayabilece\u011fini sordu\u011funda, \u201cBilmiyorum, ama h\u00fck\u00fc\u00admetinizin bir g\u00fcn ondan vergi sa\u011flayabilece\u011fini s\u00f6yleyebilirim\u201d demi\u015fti.<\/p>\n

Faraday\u2019\u0131n \u00f6vg\u00fcye de\u011fer bir \u00f6zelli\u011fi de bilimi halk\u0131n anlaya\u00adca\u011f\u0131 dil ve d\u00fczeyde yayma \u00e7abas\u0131d\u0131r. Kraliyet Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc\u2019nde halk i\u00e7in d\u00fczenledi\u011fi y\u0131ll\u0131k konferans ve dersler bug\u00fcne dek s\u00fcr\u00fcp gelmektedir. Faraday b\u00fcy\u00fck ilgi toplayan konferanslar\u0131ndan bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131n son y\u0131llar\u0131nda Mumun Kimyasal Tarihi ad\u0131 alt\u0131nda bir kitapta toplayarak \u00e7ocuklar i\u00e7in yay\u0131mlama yoluna bile gider.<\/p>\n

Faraday\u2019\u0131n matematik bilgisi bulu\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 matematiksel olarak dile getirmek i\u00e7in yeterli de\u011fildi; ama nitel de olsa deney so\u00adnu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klayan bir kuram\u0131 vard\u0131. Bu kuram\u0131n matematiksel olarak i\u015flenmesi ge\u00e7en y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck fizik bilgini James Clerk Maxwell\u2019i bekleyecektir.<\/p>\n

Kaynak: <\/strong>Cemal Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m, Bilimin \u00d6nc\u00fcleri, Bilim ve Gelecek Kitapl\u0131\u011f\u0131, Eyl\u00fcl 2009, 30. Bask\u0131, S.131-135<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Bilimin \u00f6nc\u00fcleri aras\u0131nda, modern ya\u015fam ko\u015fullar\u0131 \u00fczerindeki etkisi bak\u0131m\u0131ndan, Faraday ile boy \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fc\u015fe\u00adbilecek bir ba\u015fka ad kolayca g\u00f6sterilemez. \u201cDeneysel Bilimin Prensi\u201d Faraday, bir \u00f6mre s\u0131\u011fmayacak say\u0131da \u00f6nemli pek \u00e7ok \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ortaya koydu: Kimya, elektrokimya, metal\u00fcrji alanlar\u0131nda pratik sonu\u00e7lar\u0131ndan bug\u00fcn de yararland\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z de\u00adneyler yapt\u0131. Maden ocaklar\u0131nda kullan\u0131lan Davy lambas\u0131n\u0131 ge\u00adli\u015ftirmede katk\u0131lar\u0131 oldu. Elektrokimyadaki deneyleriyle kendi ad\u0131yla […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":429,"featured_media":36981,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[19],"tags":[1132,482,606,5330,5329],"class_list":["post-36980","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-bilim-gundemi","tag-atom","tag-bilim","tag-deney","tag-elektrokimya","tag-michael-faraday"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t