{"id":36987,"date":"2019-09-24T03:06:28","date_gmt":"2019-09-24T00:06:28","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/?p=36987"},"modified":"2019-09-19T16:19:46","modified_gmt":"2019-09-19T13:19:46","slug":"evrenle-soylesiler-21-bir-sicimle-soylesi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2019\/09\/24\/evrenle-soylesiler-21-bir-sicimle-soylesi","title":{"rendered":"Evrenle S\u00f6yle\u015filer 21: Bir sicimle s\u00f6yle\u015fi"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>\u00c7evirmen: N\u00e2lan Mahsereci<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Durdu\u011funuz i\u00e7in te\u015fekk\u00fcrler, bize kendiniz hakk\u0131nda k\u0131\u00adsaca bir \u015feyler anlat\u0131r m\u0131s\u0131n\u0131z?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Evet, belki kendimi, sizin par\u00e7ac\u0131klara dair standart g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u00adn\u00fczle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rarak ba\u015flayabilirim.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Buyrun l\u00fctfen.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Pek \u00e7o\u011funuz par\u00e7ac\u0131klar\u0131 bir nokta olarak d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fc; eni, boyu, derinli\u011fi olmayan bir nesne\u2026 Ya da ba\u015fka t\u00fcrl\u00fc s\u00f6ylersek, s\u0131f\u0131r boyutlu par\u00e7ac\u0131klar.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Bu standart g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f m\u00fc?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Evet, fakat bu model bir\u00e7ok zorlukla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Ne gibi?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u00d6ncelikle, bir par\u00e7ac\u0131\u011f\u0131n enerjisini hesaplar ve denerseniz, yolundan sapar; bu demek oluyor ki enerji s\u0131n\u0131rs\u0131zd\u0131r. Nokta par\u00e7ac\u0131klarla sonsuz sonu\u00e7 edinmekten ka\u00e7\u0131nmak i\u00e7in dikkatli analizlerle ara\u015ft\u0131rmak zorundas\u0131n\u0131z.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Yani siz s\u0131f\u0131r boyutlu de\u011filsiniz, bir uzaysal boyutunuz var.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Beni s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn tam anlam\u0131yla k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir sicim gibi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcne\u00adbilirsiniz, ya bir kurt\u00e7uk gibi a\u00e7\u0131k, ya da bir paket lasti\u011fi gibi kapal\u0131.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0130nsanlara nokta par\u00e7ac\u0131klar d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesini b\u0131rakt\u0131ran ve sicim modelini benimseten neydi?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Bunun 70\u2019lerde ba\u015flayan uzun bir hik\u00e2yesi var. N\u00fckleer g\u00fc\u00e7\u00adleri anlama giri\u015fimi olarak ba\u015flad\u0131 ve bu k\u00f6kenine mahk\u00fbm ol\u00admas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n, matematiksel bir zarafet ve fizikte ipu\u00e7lar\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131\u00adyordu.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Fiziksel ipu\u00e7lar\u0131 aras\u0131nda neler vard\u0131?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Bir s\u00fcre sonra, sicim kuram\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6ng\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc iki k\u00fctlesiz par\u00e7a\u00adc\u0131\u011f\u0131n tek bir spinde olmas\u0131 durumu ke\u015ffedildi.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Bu \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli bir etki yaratt\u0131 diyorsunuz.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Kesinlikle \u00f6yle diyorum.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Bir dakika bekleyin, bozonun s\u00f6yledi\u011fi bir \u015feylere bak\u0131yo\u00adrum, \u201ctabii ki k\u00fctle\u00e7ekimi alanlar\u0131n\u0131n gravitonlar\u0131n\u0131n da spini ikidir.\u201d<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Uyarmak zorunday\u0131m, e\u011fer o bencil i\u011fren\u00e7 bozon geri gelirse, buradan giderim.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Hay\u0131r hay\u0131r, bozon geri d\u00f6nmeyecek. Yani, sicim kuram\u0131n\u0131n k\u00fctle\u00e7ekimi kuram\u0131yla tan\u0131mlanabilece\u011fini mi s\u00f6yl\u00fcyorsunuz?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Sadece bunu de\u011fil, kuantum k\u00fctle\u00e7ekimi kuram\u0131n\u0131 tan\u0131mla\u00adman\u0131n tek yolunun sicim kuram\u0131 oldu\u011fu da g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyor. Bu fizik\u00ad\u00e7iler aras\u0131nda s\u00f6ylentilere yol a\u00e7t\u0131; ufukta fizik\u00e7ilerin en b\u00fcy\u00fck zaferlerinden birinin oldu\u011fu ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Kuantum k\u00fctle\u00e7ekimi kuram\u0131 klasik kuramla kar\u015f\u0131t m\u0131?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Evet.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0130kisini kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rabilir misiniz?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>19.y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n son b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde bir klasik kuram olarak geli\u015ftiri\u00adlen elektromanyetizmle pek \u00e7ok y\u00f6nden benzer olacakt\u0131r. Klasik elektrodinamikle, b\u00fct\u00fcn uzaya yay\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olan, y\u00fcklerin yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 kesintisiz bir alan demek istiyoruz. Bunu siz s\u00f6ylemi\u015ftiniz \u00e7irkin bozona: \u201cAnlad\u0131\u011f\u0131m kadar\u0131yla bir elektron elektrik alan\u0131 olu\u015ftu\u00adrur ve o elektrik alan\u0131 da bir di\u011fer elektron \u00fczerine kuvvet uygu\u00adlar.\u201d Kuantum elektrodinami\u011fi i\u00e7inde b\u00f6yle alanlar d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmeyiz. Bunun yerine \u015funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcr\u00fcz: Y\u00fck, de\u011fi\u015ftoku\u015f par\u00e7ac\u0131klar\u0131, fo\u00adtonlar ve kuvvetlere kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k gelen bu par\u00e7ac\u0131klar\u0131n de\u011fi\u015ftoku\u00ad\u015funu yarat\u0131r. 20. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ilk yar\u0131s\u0131 boyunca fizik\u00e7ileriniz, klasik kuramdan kuantum kuram\u0131na nas\u0131l ula\u015f\u0131labilece\u011fini anlamaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131lar, bunu kuram\u0131n kuantumlanmas\u0131 olarak adland\u0131rd\u0131n\u0131z.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Basit\u00e7e s\u00f6ylersek, bu kuvvetleri d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmenin farkl\u0131 bir yolu mu?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Hay\u0131r, tamamen de\u011fil. Ne zaman hesap yapsan\u0131z, sadece elekt\u00adrodinami\u011fin kuantum yorumu size tam\u0131 tam\u0131na yan\u0131t verir.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Ve k\u00fctle\u00e7ekimi?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Ayn\u0131 \u015fey. Einstein klasik k\u00fctle\u00e7ekimi kuram\u0131n\u0131 1915\u2019te geli\u015f\u00adtirdi ama onu kuantumlamaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131zda, ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131z oldunuz.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Demek istedi\u011finiz, Einstein\u2019\u0131n k\u00fctle\u00e7ekimi kuram\u0131n\u0131 kuan\u00adtumlayamad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z m\u0131?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Do\u011fru, b\u00fcy\u00fck fizik\u00e7ilerinizin \u00e7o\u011fu, y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n geri kalan\u0131nda bununla u\u011fra\u015ft\u0131. Bir ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131k bir di\u011feriyle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131; taa ki, akla gelmedik bir \u015fey olana dek.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Akla gelmedik bir \u015fey?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>B\u0131rakt\u0131n\u0131z ya da \u00e7o\u011funuz b\u0131rakt\u0131. K\u00fctle\u00e7ekimi alan\u0131n\u0131n kuan\u00adtumlanmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6neren birka\u00e7 talihsiz can\u0131n, ancak ay \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n bir kavanoz i\u00e7inde yakalanabilmesi kadar \u015fans\u0131 vard\u0131.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Yani kuantum k\u00fctle\u00e7ekimi i\u00e7in durum karanl\u0131k g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcyor\u00addu\u2026<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Evet, karanl\u0131k g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcyordu, ama bilinen bir \u015fey vard\u0131. Ba\u015far\u0131\u00adl\u0131 olacak kuram kuantum de\u011fi\u015ftoku\u015f par\u00e7ac\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 i\u00e7ermeliydi ve bu par\u00e7ac\u0131klar k\u00fctlesiz ve iki spinli olmal\u0131yd\u0131.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Aaaah\u2026<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u015eimdi anlad\u0131n\u0131z. Sicim kuram\u0131 orada olmas\u0131 gereken iki k\u00fctle\u00adsiz par\u00e7ac\u0131\u011f\u0131n bir spinde oldu\u011funu g\u00f6sterdi\u011finde; olas\u0131l\u0131kla y\u00fcz\u00ady\u0131l\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck at\u0131l\u0131mlar\u0131ndan birisi olarak alg\u0131lanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Ne oldu?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>D\u00fcr\u00fcst olmak gerekirse, bu olay\u0131n ayd\u0131nlanmaya ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 yerlerden birisidir, ama kuram biraz acayip \u00f6zelliklere sahipti. Ayr\u0131ca, kuram takyonlar\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fcyordu ve takyonla yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131z s\u00f6yle\u015fiden an\u0131msayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131z gibi, bu hi\u00e7 de iyi kar\u015f\u0131\u00adlanmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Kuram\u0131n di\u011fer acayiplikleri nelerdi?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Pek\u00e2l\u00e2, kuram \u00fc\u00e7 uzaysal boyut art\u0131 zamandan olu\u015fan d\u00f6rt boyutta i\u015fe yaram\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Bu kuram\u0131n yanl\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu anlam\u0131na m\u0131 gelir?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Bu ne kuram\u0131n yanl\u0131\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ne de sizin i\u00e7inde ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 d\u00fc\u00ad\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcz boyut say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n yanl\u0131\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 demektir.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Tabii ki \u00fc\u00e7 uzaysal boyutta ya\u015f\u0131yoruz, bu \u00e7ok a\u00e7\u0131k.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Dikkat edin, fikrinizi de\u011fi\u015ftirmek zorunda kalaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131z kimi varsay\u0131mlara sahipsiniz.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Do\u011fru, fakat oradaki ba\u015fka boyutu nas\u0131l oluyor da g\u00f6remi\u00adyoruz?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fckse ve kendi \u00fcst\u00fcne kapal\u0131ysa, g\u00f6remeyiz.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Kapal\u0131 derken?..<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u00c7ay\u0131r\u0131n \u00fczerinde uzanan bir bah\u00e7e hortumunu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcn. Bir kar\u0131nca, hortumun uzunlu\u011fu boyunca y\u00fcr\u00fcyebilir, ya da uzun\u00adlamas\u0131na ilerlemeksizin etraf\u0131nda d\u00f6nebilir, ya da tabii ki, bu y\u00f6nlerin birka\u00e7 kombinasyonunda yava\u015f\u00e7a ilerleyebilir.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Evet, bunu g\u00f6z\u00fcmde canland\u0131rabiliyorum.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u015eimdi de g\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fcz\u00fcn \u00f6n\u00fcne \u015funu getirin: \u00c7ay\u0131r\u0131n \u00fczerinden bir u\u00e7ak y\u00fcksekli\u011finde u\u00e7uyorsunuz ve bah\u00e7e hortumuna tepe\u00adden bak\u0131yorsunuz. B\u00fct\u00fcn g\u00f6rd\u00fckleriniz tek boyutludur, uzun\u00adluk; ama ger\u00e7ekte iki tanedir. Bir boyut, kendi i\u00e7ine kapal\u0131 olan dairesel boyut, g\u00f6rmek i\u00e7in \u00e7ok k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fckt\u00fcr, yine de onun etkisini g\u00f6rebilirsiniz. \u00d6rne\u011fin, kar\u0131ncan\u0131n ilerlemesini \u00f6l\u00e7ebilseydiniz, onun gizli boyut \u00e7evresinde giderken ara s\u0131ra g\u00f6zden kaybol\u00addu\u011funu g\u00f6rebilecektiniz. Ayn\u0131 t\u00fcr \u015feyler, sizin \u00fc\u00e7 boyutlu uzay dedi\u011finiz yerde de ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar. Uzayda bir \u00e7izgi boyunca ba\u00adkarsan\u0131z, belki atomdan \u00e7ok daha k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck olabilen, kapal\u0131 k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck boyut vard\u0131r, ama do\u011frudan kan\u0131t\u0131 yoktur.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Hi\u00e7 b\u00f6yle d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmemi\u015ftim. Yani sicim kuram\u0131n\u0131n 5 tane bo\u00adyutu var, ekstra bir tanesi kapal\u0131, minik bir boyut olabilir.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Asl\u0131nda 5 tane de\u011fil.<\/p>\n<p><strong>6 m\u0131?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Hay\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Ka\u00e7 tane?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>26.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00c7ok gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcyor.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Bunlardan 22\u2019sinin \u00e7ok s\u0131k\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olabilece\u011fi, bah\u00e7e hortu\u00admu gibi k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck ve kapal\u0131 hale gelmi\u015f olabilece\u011fi umudu vard\u0131; ama burada ba\u015fka bir problem olu\u015ftu.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Ne oldu?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Kuram s\u00fcpersimetriyi i\u00e7erecek hale getirilirse, \u00e7ok daha iyi olaca\u011f\u0131 bulundu.<\/p>\n<p><strong>S\u00fcpersimetri? Bir dakika, n\u00f6tralino s\u00fcpersimetriyi, bozonun fermiyona d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015febildi\u011fi ya da tersinin oldu\u011fu yer olarak a\u00e7\u0131k\u00adlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Evet, kuram s\u00fcpersimetrik hale getirildi\u011finde, s\u00fcpersicim kuram\u0131 olarak adland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r. Kuantum kuram\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131n\u0131 yiyen sonsuz niceliklerin birka\u00e7\u0131 s\u00fcpersicim kuram\u0131yla ortadan kaybo\u00adlur. Bu ba\u015far\u0131 ve kuantum k\u00fctle\u00e7ekiminin olabilirli\u011fi aras\u0131nda, kuramdan gelen b\u00fcy\u00fck bir g\u00fczellik vard\u0131r. S\u00fcpersicim kuram\u0131 ya da genellikle k\u0131salt\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 haliyle sicim kuram\u0131n\u0131n, ger\u00e7ek bir birle\u015fik kurama yol a\u00e7abilece\u011fi ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Kuram, b\u00fct\u00fcn kuvvetlerin e\u015fit oldu\u011fu a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 y\u00fcksek enerjide ve onlar\u0131n yaln\u0131zca \u015fimdi g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm\u00fcz d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck enerji limiti i\u00e7inde farkl\u0131 olarak ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmalar\u0131nda g\u00f6r\u00fclebilir.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u015eimdi g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm\u00fcz derken neyi kastediyorsunuz?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Erken Evren i\u00e7inde her \u015fey, a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 y\u00fcksek enerji oca\u011f\u0131 anla\u00adm\u0131nda, \u00e7ok s\u0131cakt\u0131. O zaman \u00e2lemde b\u00fcy\u00fck bir simetri vard\u0131 ve \u015feyler so\u011fur ve geni\u015flerken simetri k\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Simetri k\u0131r\u0131n\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n kan\u0131t\u0131 bu mu?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Kan\u0131t sizin 90 kg olman\u0131z.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Hi\u00e7 de de\u011fil, ben 82 kg\u2019dan az geliyorum.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u00d6z\u00fcr dilerim, yuvarlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131m; y\u00fcz y\u00fcze kald\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z di\u011fer bir sorun da tam say\u0131lar edinmek. Her neyse, simetri k\u0131r\u0131n\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n kan\u0131t\u0131 \u00f6yle bask\u0131nd\u0131r ki, baz\u0131 insanlar simetrinin hi\u00e7 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u00addan ku\u015fkulan\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Bu bana kuark\u0131n s\u00f6yledi\u011fi bir \u015feyi an\u0131msatt\u0131: \u201cYeni fikirler, naho\u015f ve yabanc\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcrler; ancak teninizden ge\u00e7ip ruhunuz\u00adda yer ettikten sonra, yeni bir g\u00fczellik ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar. Bu do\u011faya bakman\u0131n yeni ve harika bir yoludur. Size sadece daha iyi bir bak\u0131\u015f kazand\u0131rmaz, ayn\u0131 zamanda daha derinleri de g\u00f6rmenizi olanakl\u0131 k\u0131lar.\u201d<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Kat\u0131l\u0131yorum. Sicim kuram\u0131 yaln\u0131zca kuvvetlere bakman\u0131n bir\u00adle\u015fik bir yolunu sa\u011flamad\u0131, size par\u00e7ac\u0131klara bakmak i\u00e7in \u00e7ok g\u00fczel bir yol da verdi. Standart modelde, elektron, kuark, foton vb.\u2019ne sahipsiniz. B\u00fct\u00fcn farkl\u0131 par\u00e7ac\u0131klar\u0131n farkl\u0131 \u00f6zellikleri var. Evren\u2019iniz sadece \u00fc\u00e7 par\u00e7ac\u0131ktan olu\u015ftu\u011fu zamanlardaki basitli\u00ad\u011fini kaybetti.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Bu do\u011fru.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>B\u00f6ylesi basit bir g\u00fczelli\u011fi ya da daha iyisini yeniden kurabili\u00adriz, hatta daha iyisini bile. Biz sicimleri d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcrseniz, elektron benim sal\u0131n\u0131m\u0131m\u0131n par\u00e7ac\u0131k modu gibidir ve ben farkl\u0131 bir moda de\u011fi\u015fti\u011fimde, belki y\u00fcksek ve al\u00e7ak frekanslarda oldu\u011fumda, ya da ayr\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131mda ya da bir ba\u015fka sicimle birle\u015fti\u011fimde, farkl\u0131 bir par\u00e7ac\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131z, belki bir foton olur. Bu do\u011fay\u0131 betimlemenin basit ve g\u00fczel bir yoludur.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Kat\u0131l\u0131yorum, farkl\u0131 yap\u0131 bloklar\u0131ndan d\u00fczenin \u00fcretildi\u011fi bir d\u00fcnya yerine, sadece bir tane yap\u0131 blo\u011funun olmas\u0131: sicim.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Do\u011fru, sadece ben.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Bu kuram genel olarak kabul ediliyor mu?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Asl\u0131nda tam olarak de\u011fil, ama size g\u00fczel bir haberden s\u00f6z et\u00admeyi unuttum.<\/p>\n<p><strong>L\u00fctfen, s\u00f6z edin.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>S\u00fcpersicim kuram\u0131 sadece 10 ya da 11 boyut gerektiriyor. B\u00f6ylelikle, e\u011fer 11\u2019in 7\u2019sinin s\u0131k\u0131\u015faca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6sterebilirseniz, geri\u00adye g\u00f6rebildi\u011finiz \u015fey olan 4 boyut kalacak.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Bunu bir geli\u015fme olarak varsayay\u0131m, ama h\u00e2l\u00e2 bu kuram\u0131n neden genel kabul g\u00f6rmedi\u011fine \u015fa\u015f\u0131r\u0131yorum\u2026<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Pek\u00e2l\u00e2, iyi bir sat\u0131c\u0131 gibi, b\u00fct\u00fcn anaba\u015fl\u0131klar\u0131 okudum ama k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck fontlarla yaz\u0131lanlarda dilim tutuldu.<\/p>\n<p><strong>K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck fontlarla yaz\u0131lanlar m\u0131 ba\u015flad\u0131?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Kuram s\u00fcpersimetrik oldu\u011fundan beri, n\u00f6tralinonun a\u00e7\u0131kla\u00add\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi, her bir par\u00e7ac\u0131k i\u00e7in bir tane s\u00fcpersimetrik e\u015f oldu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcl\u00fcyor. Yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131z s\u00f6yle\u015filer bir yana, bu s\u00fcper e\u015flerin hi\u00e7\u00adbiri hen\u00fcz bulunamad\u0131.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Fotino, gluino, selektron, sguark vb. mi?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Evet ve n\u00f6tralinonun arkada\u015flar\u0131 ve di\u011ferleri de dahil.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Yani sicim kuram\u0131, asla g\u00f6zlenememi\u015f b\u00fct\u00fcn bir par\u00e7ac\u0131k se\u00adtini \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fcyormu\u015f gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcyor. Bu sicim kuram\u0131n\u0131n yanl\u0131\u015f\u00adl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kan\u0131tlamaz m\u0131?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Evet, bu iyiye alamet de\u011fil; ama hay\u0131r, belki onlar\u0131 hen\u00fcz be\u00adlirleyememi\u015fizdir.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Niye belirleyemeyelim?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u00c7ok k\u00fctleli ya da bozunmu\u015f olabilirler.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Ne demek istiyorsunuz?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>E\u011fer par\u00e7ac\u0131k a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 k\u00fctleliyse, onu yaratmak i\u00e7in yeterli ener\u00adjiyi toplayamayabilirsiniz. Bu nedenin bir par\u00e7as\u0131d\u0131r, \u00fcretiminiz uzun zaman al\u0131r ve sonra \u00fcst kuark\u0131 ke\u015ffedersiniz. Fakat onlar\u0131 yaratsan\u0131z bile, olas\u0131l\u0131kla bozunacaklard\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Bozunacaklar m\u0131?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Muon arkada\u015f\u0131n\u0131z gibi. Do\u011fa cisimleri basit tutmaktan ho\u015fla\u00adn\u0131r. E\u011fer ayn\u0131 \u00f6zellikleri olan daha hafif bir par\u00e7ac\u0131k varsa, do\u011fa hafif par\u00e7ac\u0131kla \u00e7ok daha rahat edecektir. \u00d6rne\u011fin, muon sadece daha k\u00fctleli bir elektron gibiydi, dolay\u0131s\u0131yla elektrona bozun\u00addu. En hafif par\u00e7ac\u0131\u011fa bozunma kurald\u0131r. Bu her yerde garip, t\u0131ls\u0131ml\u0131, a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 ve yukar\u0131 kuarklar yerine sadece a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 ve yukar\u0131 kuarklar g\u00f6rmenizin nedenidir. Bu d\u00f6rd\u00fc \u00e7ok k\u00fctlelidir ve daha hafif birine bozunurlar.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Anl\u0131yorum, yani b\u00fct\u00fcn bu s\u00fcper par\u00e7ac\u0131klar bozunacak?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>En hafif s\u00fcper par\u00e7ac\u0131\u011f\u0131 elde edene kadar bozunacaklar. N\u00f6t\u00adralinonun s\u00f6yledi\u011fi gibi s\u0131\u00e7rama orada son bulacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p><strong>N\u00f6tralinonun bulunmas\u0131, sicim kuram\u0131n\u0131n do\u011frulu\u011funu des\u00adtekler demek do\u011fru olur mu?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Evet, buna yard\u0131m edebilir. S\u00fcpersimetrinin ger\u00e7ekli\u011fi i\u00e7in olas\u0131l\u0131kla ikna edici bir arg\u00fcman olacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Bir final sorusu sorabilir miyim?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Kesinlikle.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Siz ve kuark, g\u00fczellik kavram\u0131n\u0131 tart\u0131\u015ft\u0131n\u0131z, durumlara bak\u0131\u00ad\u015f\u0131n\u0131z farkl\u0131 gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcyor. Bunu yorumlayabilir misiniz?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Kuark, do\u011fadaki g\u00fczelli\u011fi kendi simetrisinde g\u00f6r\u00fcyor. Kuark \u00f6zellikle renk simetrisini tan\u0131mlad\u0131; temel par\u00e7ac\u0131klar fizi\u011finizin standart modelinde, benzer t\u00fcrde ba\u015fka simetriler vard\u0131r. Bu si\u00admetriler, temel par\u00e7ac\u0131k d\u00fczeyinde uyum ve demokrasiyi verir, farkl\u0131 par\u00e7ac\u0131klar\u0131n al\u0131\u015fveri\u015finin alt\u0131nda ayn\u0131 t\u00fcrden bir fizi\u011fin yatt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n garantisidir. Bunun do\u011faya g\u00fczel bir bak\u0131\u015f oldu\u011funa kat\u0131l\u0131yorum, ama daha derine gidece\u011fim. Benim simetrim, bo\u00adzon ve fermiyondan farkl\u0131 olarak, b\u00fct\u00fcn par\u00e7ac\u0131klar\u0131 i\u00e7erecek \u015fekilde geni\u015fletilebilir. Tuval \u0131\u015f\u0131kta a\u00e7\u0131\u011fa \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, tam olu\u015fmam\u0131\u015f resim \u00e7ekicidir.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Tuval \u0131\u015f\u0131kta a\u00e7\u0131\u011fa m\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kar?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Korkar\u0131m \u00f6yle. Einstein\u2019\u0131n genel g\u00f6relilik kuram\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcn. Bu kuram\u0131n temeline g\u00fczelli\u011fi koymu\u015ftu, ilginizi \u00e7ekebilecek bir g\u00fczellikti. \u00d6rne\u011fin, Einstein ivmenin ve k\u00fctle\u00e7ekimsel alan\u0131n e\u015fde\u011ferlili\u011fini ve b\u00f6ylesi bir fiziksel ilkeye ba\u015fvurulmas\u0131 gerek\u00adlili\u011fini iddia etti, siz de bu kurama inanmak istediniz. Sicim ku\u00adram\u0131n\u0131n simetrisi ya da temel ilkeleri bu \u00e7ekicilikten yoksundur. Par\u00e7ac\u0131k simetrisini benimsemeniz i\u00e7in sizi ikna edecek temel fiziksel arg\u00fcmanlar yoktur. Fizik\u00e7ileriniz, fiziksel ilkelerdense matematiksel ilkeleri temel almay\u0131 se\u00e7en bir modeli kucaklama\u00adya \u00e7o\u011funlukla isteksizdir.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Peki bundan sonra ne olacak?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Zaman s\u00f6yleyecek.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Kaynak: <\/strong>Richard T. Hammond, Evrenle S\u00f6yle\u015filer, Bilim ve Gelecek Kitapl\u0131\u011f\u0131, \u015eubat 2014, S.179-186<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u00c7evirmen: N\u00e2lan Mahsereci Durdu\u011funuz i\u00e7in te\u015fekk\u00fcrler, bize kendiniz hakk\u0131nda k\u0131\u00adsaca bir \u015feyler anlat\u0131r m\u0131s\u0131n\u0131z? Evet, belki kendimi, sizin par\u00e7ac\u0131klara dair standart g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u00adn\u00fczle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rarak ba\u015flayabilirim. Buyrun l\u00fctfen. Pek \u00e7o\u011funuz par\u00e7ac\u0131klar\u0131 bir nokta olarak d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fc; eni, boyu, derinli\u011fi olmayan bir nesne\u2026 Ya da ba\u015fka t\u00fcrl\u00fc s\u00f6ylersek, s\u0131f\u0131r boyutlu par\u00e7ac\u0131klar. Bu standart g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f m\u00fc? Evet, fakat bu model [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":412,"featured_media":36988,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[19],"tags":[1092,2642,657,288,5332],"class_list":["post-36987","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-bilim-gundemi","tag-boyut","tag-bozon","tag-evren","tag-fizik","tag-sicim"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 4.9.8 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"max-image-preview:large\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Richard T. 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