{"id":37091,"date":"2019-09-29T03:16:21","date_gmt":"2019-09-29T00:16:21","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/?p=37091"},"modified":"2019-09-27T13:20:59","modified_gmt":"2019-09-27T10:20:59","slug":"bilimin-onculeri-charles-darwin-1809-1882","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2019\/09\/29\/bilimin-onculeri-charles-darwin-1809-1882","title":{"rendered":"Bilimin \u00d6nc\u00fcleri: Charles Darwin (1809-1882)"},"content":{"rendered":"

D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce tarihinde pek az bilim adam\u0131 Darwin \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcs\u00fcnde tepki \u00e7ekmi\u015ftir. Evrim kuram\u0131n\u0131 i\u00e7ine sindiremeyenler onu hi\u00e7bir zaman ba\u011f\u0131\u015flamam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6nem\u00adde, \u201cMaymunla akrabal\u0131k ba\u011f\u0131n annen taraf\u0131ndan m\u0131, baban taraf\u0131ndan m\u0131?\u201d diye alaya al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde ise daha ileri giden, onu bir \u201c\u015farlatan\u201d, dahas\u0131 bir \u201c\u015feytan\u201d diye karalamak isteyen \u00e7evreler vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Bir bilim insan\u0131na g\u00f6sterilen bu tepkinin nedeni neydi? Dar\u00adwin kimdir, ne yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131?<\/p>\n

Darwin k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck ya\u015f\u0131nda iken de horlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131, hem de babas\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan: \u201cAnla\u015f\u0131lan, avlanmak, k\u00f6peklerle e\u011flenmek ve fare yakalamak d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda hi\u00e7bir \u015fey seni ilgilendirmiyor. Bu gidi\u015fle kendin ve t\u00fcm ailen i\u00e7in y\u00fcz karas\u0131 olacaks\u0131n!\u201d<\/p>\n

Gelece\u011fin y\u00fcz karas\u0131 olaca\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6ylenen \u00e7ocuk, biyolojinin an\u0131t yap\u0131t\u0131 T\u00fcrlerin K\u00f6keni\u2019nin yazar\u0131, t\u00fcm \u00e7a\u011flar\u0131n say\u0131l\u0131 bilim insan\u00adlar\u0131ndan biri olur.<\/p>\n

Varl\u0131kl\u0131 bir ailenin \u00e7ocu\u011fu olarak d\u00fcnyaya gelen Charles Darwin, sekiz ya\u015f\u0131na geldi\u011finde annesini yitirir. \u00c7ocu\u011funun iyi yeti\u015fmesi yolunda hi\u00e7bir \u015fey esirgemeyen babas\u0131 ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 ve say\u00adg\u0131n bir hekimdi. Dedesi Erasmus Darwin (1731 – 1802), evrim konusuyla ilgilenen tan\u0131nm\u0131\u015f bir do\u011fa bilginiydi. Entelekt\u00fcel bir \u00e7evrede b\u00fcy\u00fcyen Charles okulda parlak bir \u00f6\u011frenci de\u011fildi. \u00d6\u011f\u00adretmenleri aras\u0131nda ona \u201captal\u201d g\u00f6z\u00fcyle bakanlar bile vard\u0131. Oy\u00adsa bu bak\u0131\u015f, y\u00fczeysel bir izlenimi yans\u0131tmaktayd\u0131; s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131 Char\u00adles\u2019\u0131n okul program\u0131yla ba\u011fda\u015fmayan kendine \u00f6zg\u00fc ilgilerinden kaynaklan\u0131yordu. Hayvanlara, \u00f6zellikle b\u00f6ceklere derin bir ilgisi vard\u0131. Daha k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck ya\u015f\u0131nda onu saran bu ilgi, ilerde belirginlik kazanan \u00fcst\u00fcn g\u00f6zlemleme yetene\u011finin itici g\u00fcc\u00fcyd\u00fc.<\/p>\n

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Darwin be\u015f y\u0131l s\u00fcren yo\u011fun ve \u00e7etin bir u\u011fra\u015fla, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n hen\u00fcz bilinmeyen pek \u00e7ok k\u0131y\u0131 ve adalar\u0131nda t\u00fcrlere ili\u015fkin fosil ve \u00f6rnekler toplar; g\u00f6zlemsel bilgiler edinir, notlar al\u0131r.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

\u00dcniversitede, ilk iki y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131 alan t\u0131p \u00f6\u011frenimi ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131z ge\u00e7er. D\u00f6nemin tart\u0131\u015fma konular\u0131 aras\u0131nda onu yaln\u0131zca canl\u0131lar\u0131n k\u00f6\u00adkeni sorunu ilgilendirmekteydi. Ama babas\u0131 umudunu t\u00fcm\u00fcyle yitirmek istemiyordu; hekim olmak istemeyen o\u011flunu hi\u00e7 de\u011fil\u00adse din adam\u0131 olmaya ikna eder. Edinburg\u2019dan Cambridge \u00dcni\u00adversitesi\u2019ne ge\u00e7en delikanl\u0131 burada da, teoloji \u00f6\u011freniminin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra b\u00f6cek toplama etkinli\u011fini s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fcr; olu\u015fturdu\u011fu zengin koleksiyonla bilim \u00e7evrelerinin be\u011fenisini kazan\u0131r. Bu arada bo\u00adtanik ve jeoloji derslerini de izlemekten geri kalmaz. 22 ya\u015f\u0131nda \u00fcniversiteyi bitirir, ama kilisede g\u00f6rev almaya y\u00f6nelik de\u011fildir. Bir rastlant\u0131, arad\u0131\u011f\u0131 olanak kap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 ona a\u00e7ar. G\u00fcney Ameri\u00adka k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131ndan ba\u015flayarak uzun s\u00fcreli bir ara\u015ft\u0131rma gezisine \u00e7\u0131kmaya haz\u0131rlanan kraliyet gemisi Beagle\u2019e do\u011fa ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131s\u0131 aranmaktayd\u0131. Botanik profes\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcn tavsiyesi \u00fczerine Darwin\u2019e, masraflar\u0131n\u0131 kendisinin kar\u015f\u0131lamas\u0131 ko\u015fuluyla, bu g\u00f6rev verilir. Ancak gen\u00e7 bilim adam\u0131n\u0131n babas\u0131n\u0131n deste\u011fini sa\u011flamas\u0131 kolay olmaz. 1831\u2019de ba\u015flayan gezide Darwin be\u015f y\u0131l s\u00fcren yo\u011fun ve \u00e7etin bir u\u011fra\u015fla, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n hen\u00fcz bilinmeyen pek \u00e7ok k\u0131y\u0131 ve adalar\u0131nda t\u00fcrlere ili\u015fkin fosil ve \u00f6rnekler toplar; g\u00f6zlemsel bilgiler edinir, notlar al\u0131r. Do\u011fa onun i\u00e7in t\u00fckenmez bir labora\u00adtuvard\u0131. \u00d6zellikle Gallapagus Adalar\u0131\u2019ndaki dev kaplumba\u011falar ile ku\u015flar \u00fczerindeki g\u00f6zlemleri, de\u011fi\u015fik \u00e7evre ko\u015fullar\u0131nda t\u00fcr\u00adlerin nas\u0131l olu\u015ftu\u011fu konusunda ona \u00f6nemli ipu\u00e7lar\u0131 sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Kimi t\u00fcrlerin \u00e7evreyle uyum kurarak s\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, kimi t\u00fcrlerin ise de\u011fi\u015fen ko\u015fullarda uyumsuzlu\u011fa d\u00fc\u015ferek yok oldu\u011fu izlenimi ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmazd\u0131. \u00dclkesine d\u00f6nd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde Darwin\u2019in yapmas\u0131 gereken \u015fey, toplad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bilgileri i\u015flemek, evrim olgusuna kan\u0131tlara dayal\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131k getirmekti. Ne var ki, bu kolay olmayacakt\u0131. Bir kez top\u00adlanan g\u00f6zlem verilerinin d\u00fczenlenmesi bile y\u0131llar alacak bir i\u015fti. Sonra, evrim konusu dikenli bir sorundu; yerle\u015fik \u00f6nyarg\u0131lara ters d\u00fc\u015fmek kolayca g\u00f6ze al\u0131namazd\u0131.<\/p>\n

Darwin incelemelerinden t\u00fcrlerin sabit olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, uzun s\u00fc\u00adreli de olsa, \u00e7evre ko\u015fullar\u0131na g\u00f6re de\u011fi\u015fti\u011fini \u00f6\u011frenmi\u015fti. Ama \u201cevrim\u201d denen bu de\u011fi\u015fimin d\u00fczene\u011fi neydi? Bu soruya yan\u0131t aray\u0131\u015f\u0131 i\u00e7inde olan Darwin\u2019e 1838\u2019de okudu\u011fu bir kitap \u0131\u015f\u0131k tu\u00adtar. Thomas Malthus\u2019un yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 N\u00fcfus \u0130lkesine \u0130li\u015fkin \u0130nceleme adl\u0131 bu kitap ilgin\u00e7 bir tez ortaya koyuyordu: Canl\u0131lar i\u00e7in ya\u00ad\u015fam bir var olma ya da yok olma sava\u015f\u0131m\u0131d\u0131r; \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc, hemen her \u00e7evrede, n\u00fcfus art\u0131\u015f\u0131 beslenme olanaklar\u0131n\u0131 kat kat a\u015fmaktad\u0131r. Bu sava\u015f\u0131mda g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fcler kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda zay\u0131f kalanlar yok olup gider; \u00e7evresiyle uyumsuzlu\u011fa d\u00fc\u015fenler elenirken, uyum kuranlar \u00e7o\u00ad\u011fal\u0131r. 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ac\u0131mas\u0131z kapitalizminin \u201cLaissez faire et lais\u00adsez passer\u201d (B\u0131rak\u0131n\u0131z yaps\u0131nlar, b\u0131rak\u0131n\u0131z ge\u00e7sinler) slogan\u0131nda da yans\u0131yan bu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce, Darwin\u2019in 20 y\u0131l sonra a\u00e7\u0131klad\u0131\u011f\u0131 evrim kuram\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc olu\u015fturur: Do\u011fal seleksiyon evrimin itici g\u00fc\u00adc\u00fc, ilerlemenin dayand\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00fczenekti.<\/p>\n

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Kuram\u0131n dayand\u0131\u011f\u0131 iki temel nokta vard\u0131r: 1) Canl\u0131 d\u00fcnyada, yeni t\u00fcrlerin olu\u015fumuna yol a\u00e7an s\u00fcrekli ama yava\u015f giden de\u011fi\u00ac\u015fim; 2) \u201cDo\u011fal seleksiyon\u201d dedi\u011fimiz evrim s\u00fcrecini i\u015fler k\u0131lan d\u00fczenek.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Evrim d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi, insan\u0131n kendi varl\u0131k k\u00f6kenini bilme mera\u00adk\u0131n\u0131 da i\u00e7ermektedir, ilkel topluluklarda bile kendini a\u00e7\u0131\u011fa vu\u00adran bu merak\u0131n \u00f6zellikle mitoloji ve dinlerin olu\u015fumundaki rol\u00fc yads\u0131namaz. Ancak bilim \u00f6ncesi a\u00e7\u0131klamalar masal\u0131ms\u0131 birer \u00f6\u011freti niteli\u011findedir. Her \u015fey gibi insan da Tanr\u0131sal g\u00fcc\u00fcn \u00fcr\u00fc\u00adn\u00fcd\u00fcr. Geli\u015fmi\u015f dinlerde bile evrim d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi yer almam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Evrimden ilk s\u00f6z edenler, M\u00d6 6. y\u00fczy\u0131lda ya\u015fayan lyonyal\u0131 filozoflar olmu\u015ftur. Thales t\u00fcm nesneler gibi canl\u0131lar\u0131n da sudan olu\u015ftu\u011fu sav\u0131ndayd\u0131. Daha \u00e7arp\u0131c\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc onu izleyen Anaxi\u00admander\u2019de (M\u00d6 610 – 546) bulmaktay\u0131z: \u201cCanl\u0131lar\u0131n kayna\u011f\u0131 denizdir. Ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta bal\u0131k olan atalar\u0131m\u0131zdan bug\u00fcnk\u00fc formu\u00admuza evrimle\u015ferek ula\u015ft\u0131k.\u201d Gene o d\u00f6nemin bir ba\u015fka filozofu, Herakleitus (M\u00d6 540 475), canl\u0131lar\u0131n geli\u015fmesinde aralar\u0131ndaki \u00e7at\u0131\u015fman\u0131n rol\u00fcne de\u011finir. Bunlardan 200 y\u0131l sonra gelen Antik\u00ad\u00e7a\u011f\u2019\u0131n \u00fcnl\u00fc filozofu Aristoteles\u2019te evrim d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi daha belirgin\u00addir. Onun g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnde a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki ilgin\u00e7 noktalar\u0131 bulmaktay\u0131z:<\/p>\n

1) Canl\u0131lar\u0131n en ilkel d\u00fczeyde kendili\u011finden olu\u015ftu\u011fu,<\/p>\n

2) Organizmalar\u0131n basitten daha karma\u015f\u0131k formlara do\u011fru geli\u015fti\u011fi,<\/p>\n

3) Canl\u0131da organlar\u0131n ihtiyaca g\u00f6re olu\u015ftu\u011fu.<\/p>\n

Ancak Orta\u00e7a\u011f teolojisinde bu t\u00fcr d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelere yer yoktu. Ger\u00e7ek kutsal kitaplarda a\u00e7\u0131klanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Evrim d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi bir sa\u00adp\u0131kl\u0131kt\u0131.<\/p>\n

Evrime bilimsel yakla\u015f\u0131m, Ayd\u0131nlanma \u00c7a\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6receli \u00f6zg\u00fcr d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnme ortam\u0131n\u0131 bekler. Bu alanda ilk ad\u0131m\u0131 Frans\u0131z do\u011fa bilimcisi Buffon\u2019un (1707 – 1788) att\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6ylenebi\u00adlir. Buffon, canl\u0131lar\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131flanmas\u0131na ili\u015fkin Aristoteles sistemini d\u00fczeltme ve geli\u015ftirme amac\u0131yla \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya koyulur, ilgilendi\u011fi konular\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda evrim geliyordu. Fosil ve di\u011fer kan\u0131tlara da\u00adyanarak canl\u0131 t\u00fcrlerin evrimle olu\u015ftu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcne ula\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Ama kilisenin sert tepkisiyle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131nca, Buffon, \u201cKutsal kitapta bil\u00addirilenlere ters d\u00fc\u015fen s\u00f6zlerimi geri al\u0131yorum\u201d diyerek sessizli\u011fe g\u00f6m\u00fcl\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

\u00dcnl\u00fc isve\u00e7 botanik\u00e7isi Linnaeus\u2019un (1707 – 1778) modern s\u0131n\u0131flama y\u00f6ntemine ili\u015fkin \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 evrim d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesine destek sa\u011flayan ba\u015fka bir giri\u015fimdir. Darwin\u2019in dedesi Erasmus Darwin de, Buffon gibi, canl\u0131lar\u0131n ya\u015fam d\u00f6nemlerinde edindikleri be\u00adceri veya \u00f6zelliklerin yeni ku\u015faklara ge\u00e7mesiyle evrimle\u015fti\u011fi g\u00f6\u00adr\u00fc\u015f\u00fcndeydi. Bu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc geli\u015ftiren Frans\u0131z do\u011fa bilgini Lamarck (1744 -1829) ise evrim konusunda olduk\u00e7a tutarl\u0131 ilk kuram\u0131 olu\u015fturur. K\u0131saca, \u201cCanl\u0131lar\u0131n ya\u015fam d\u00f6nemlerinde kazand\u0131klar\u0131 \u00f6zelliklerin ya da u\u011frad\u0131klar\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fikliklerin (bunlar \u00e7evre ko\u00ad\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131n etkisinde ortaya \u00e7\u0131kabilece\u011fi gibi, organlar\u0131n kullan\u0131\u015f veya kullan\u0131\u015fs\u0131zl\u0131k nedeniyle de olabilir) kal\u0131tsal yoldan yeni ku\u015faklara ge\u00e7ti\u011fi\u201d diye \u00f6zetleyebilece\u011fimiz bu kuram, sa\u011fdu\u00adyuya yatk\u0131n g\u00f6r\u00fcnmesine kar\u015f\u0131n, bilim d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda beklenen ilgiyi bulmaz. Kuram\u0131n olgusal i\u00e7erik y\u00f6n\u00fcnden yetersizli\u011fi bir yana, bilinen kimi g\u00f6zlemsel verilere ters d\u00fc\u015fmesi benimsenme\u00adsine olanak vermiyordu. A\u00e7\u0131klama g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc bug\u00fcn de koruyan, daha kapsaml\u0131 ve tutarl\u0131 evrim kuram\u0131n\u0131 Darwin\u2019e bor\u00e7luyuz. 1859\u2019da yay\u0131mlanan T\u00fcrlerin K\u00f6keni adl\u0131 yap\u0131tta ortaya konan bu kuram\u0131n benimsenmesine ortam haz\u0131rd\u0131. K\u0131sa s\u00fcrede birka\u00e7 yeni bas\u0131m yapan kitap, insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n d\u00fcnya anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131nda e\u015fine pek rastlanmayan k\u00f6kl\u00fc bir devrime kap\u0131 a\u00e7maktayd\u0131. D\u00f6nemin se\u00e7kin bilginlerinden T. H. Huxley\u2019in (1825 – 1895) \u015fu s\u00f6zle\u00adrinin \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f\u0131 pek \u00e7ok bilim insan\u0131n\u0131n duygular\u0131n\u0131 dile getirdi\u011fi s\u00f6ylenebilir:<\/p>\n

Biz t\u00fcrlerin olu\u015fumuna ili\u015fkin, do\u011frulu\u011fu olgusal olarak yoklanabilir bir a\u00e7\u0131klama aray\u0131\u015f\u0131 i\u00e7indeydik. Arad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 T\u00fcrlerin K\u00f6keni\u2019nde bulduk. Kutsal kitab\u0131n masal\u0131ms\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131k\u00adlamas\u0131 ge\u00e7erli olamazd\u0131. Bilimsel g\u00f6r\u00fcnen di\u011fer a\u00e7\u0131klamalar\u0131 da yeterli bulam\u0131yorduk. Darwin kuram\u0131 her y\u00f6n\u00fcyle bilim\u00adsel yeterlikte idi.<\/p>\n

Kuram\u0131n dayand\u0131\u011f\u0131 iki temel nokta vard\u0131r: 1) Canl\u0131 d\u00fcnyada, yeni t\u00fcrlerin olu\u015fumuna yol a\u00e7an s\u00fcrekli ama yava\u015f giden de\u011fi\u00ad\u015fim; 2) \u201cDo\u011fal seleksiyon\u201d dedi\u011fimiz evrim s\u00fcrecini i\u015fler k\u0131lan d\u00fczenek. Birinci nokta, t\u00fcrlerin sabitli\u011fi varsay\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 i\u00e7eren yerle\u015fik \u00f6\u011fretiye ters d\u00fc\u015fmekteydi; ikinci nokta, evrimin t\u00fcm ereksel g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcne kar\u015f\u0131n salt mekanik terimlerle a\u00e7\u0131klanabilece\u011fini g\u00f6stermekteydi.<\/p>\n

Darwin kuram\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc olu\u015fturan do\u011fal seleksiyon, ba\u015f\u00adlang\u0131\u00e7tan g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze de\u011fin, de\u011fi\u015fik ele\u015ftirilere u\u011fram\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu nedenle, ilkenin \u00f6ncelikle a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131\u011fa kavu\u015fturulmas\u0131 gerekir. Dar\u00adwin\u2019in evrim kuram\u0131, g\u00f6zlenebilir \u00fc\u00e7 olgu ve iki ilke i\u00e7erir; ilk ol\u00adgu, \u00fcreme bi\u00e7imleri ne olursa olsun, canl\u0131lar\u0131n geometrik diziyle \u00e7o\u011falma e\u011filimidir; ikinci olgu, bu e\u011filime kar\u015f\u0131n t\u00fcrlerde n\u00fcfu\u00adsun a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 yukar\u0131 sabit kald\u0131\u011f\u0131d\u0131r. Bu iki olgudan, Darwin \u201cya\u015fam sava\u015f\u0131m\u0131\u201d ilkesine ula\u015f\u0131r. \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc olgu, canl\u0131lar\u0131n (bir t\u00fcr\u00fc hatta bir aileyi olu\u015fturan bireylerin bile) az ya da \u00e7ok belirgin farkl\u0131\u00adl\u0131klar sergilemesidir. Ya\u015fam sava\u015f\u0131m\u0131 ilkesiyle birle\u015fen bu olgu Darwin\u2019i temel ilkesi olan do\u011fal seleksiyon d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesine g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fcr. Belli bir \u00e7evrede farkl\u0131 \u00f6zellikler ta\u015f\u0131yan bireyler aras\u0131nda ya\u015fam sava\u015f\u0131m\u0131 varsa, do\u011fal ko\u015fullara uyum bak\u0131m\u0131ndan, \u00f6zellikleri \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fck sa\u011flayan bireylerin (veya t\u00fcrlerin) egemenlik kurmas\u0131, di\u011ferlerinin elenmesi ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmazd\u0131r. Evrim s\u00fcrecinin dayand\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu d\u00fczene\u011fe, t\u00fcm ele\u015ftiri ve u\u011fra\u015flara kar\u015f\u0131n, daha ge\u00e7erli di\u00adyebilece\u011fimiz bir alternatif bulunamam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ayr\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131nda kimi de\u011fi\u015fikliklere u\u011framakla birlikte, kuram\u0131n s\u00fcrgit Darwinci kal\u00admayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6steren herhangi bir belirti yoktur ortada!<\/p>\n

Newton, yer\u00e7ekimi ilkesiyle devinim yasalar\u0131n\u0131n, yersel ya da g\u00f6ksel, t\u00fcm nesneler i\u00e7in ge\u00e7erli genellemeler oldu\u011funu g\u00f6s\u00adtermi\u015fti. Darwin de ya\u015fam sava\u015f\u0131m\u0131, do\u011fal seleksiyon, \u00e7evreye uyum gibi birka\u00e7 ilke i\u00e7eren kuram\u0131yla evrim olgusuna bilimsel a\u00e7\u0131klama getirdi; insan\u0131n ottan \u00e7i\u00e7e\u011fe, amipten maymuna uza\u00adnan canl\u0131 d\u00fcnyan\u0131n bir par\u00e7as\u0131 oldu\u011funu g\u00f6sterdi.<\/p>\n

Kaynak:<\/strong> Cemal Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m, Bilimin \u00d6nc\u00fcleri, Bilim ve Gelecek Kitapl\u0131\u011f\u0131, Kas\u0131m 2007, 24. Bask\u0131, S.137-141<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce tarihinde pek az bilim adam\u0131 Darwin \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcs\u00fcnde tepki \u00e7ekmi\u015ftir. Evrim kuram\u0131n\u0131 i\u00e7ine sindiremeyenler onu hi\u00e7bir zaman ba\u011f\u0131\u015flamam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6nem\u00adde, \u201cMaymunla akrabal\u0131k ba\u011f\u0131n annen taraf\u0131ndan m\u0131, baban taraf\u0131ndan m\u0131?\u201d diye alaya al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde ise daha ileri giden, onu bir \u201c\u015farlatan\u201d, dahas\u0131 bir \u201c\u015feytan\u201d diye karalamak isteyen \u00e7evreler vard\u0131r. Bir bilim insan\u0131na g\u00f6sterilen bu tepkinin nedeni […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":429,"featured_media":37092,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[19],"tags":[263,983,461,200,1474],"class_list":["post-37091","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-bilim-gundemi","tag-botanik","tag-canlilar","tag-darwin","tag-evrim","tag-turlerin-kokeni"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t