{"id":37502,"date":"2019-10-13T03:53:31","date_gmt":"2019-10-13T00:53:31","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/?p=37502"},"modified":"2019-10-10T13:57:55","modified_gmt":"2019-10-10T10:57:55","slug":"bilimin-onculerilouis-pasteur-1822-1895","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2019\/10\/13\/bilimin-onculerilouis-pasteur-1822-1895","title":{"rendered":"Bilimin \u00d6nc\u00fcleri:Louis Pasteur (1822-1895)"},"content":{"rendered":"

Bilim tarihinde pek az bilim adam\u0131 Louis Pasteur \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00adde insan ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131 do\u011frudan etkileyen bulu\u015flar ortaya koymu\u015ftur. G\u00fcnl\u00fck dilimize bile ge\u00e7en \u201cpast\u00f6rizasyon\u201d terimi onun bulu\u015flar\u0131ndan yaln\u0131zca birini dile getirmektedir. Kristaller \u00fczerindeki kuramsal \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra kimi hastal\u0131klara ba\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131k sa\u011flama yolundaki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131, bu arada \u00f6zellikle \u201c\u015farbon\u201d (ya da antraks) denilen koyun ve s\u0131\u011f\u0131rlarda g\u00f6r\u00fclen bula\u015f\u0131c\u0131 hastal\u0131kla kuduza kar\u015f\u0131 geli\u015ftirdi\u011fi a\u015f\u0131 y\u00f6ntemi ona d\u00fcnya \u00e7ap\u0131nda \u00fcn kazand\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bug\u00fcn Fransa\u2019da pek \u00e7ok bulvar ve alan onun ad\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131maktad\u0131r. Kendi kurdu\u011fu \u201cPasteur Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc\u201d d\u00fcnyan\u0131n \u00f6nde gelen ara\u015ft\u0131rma merkezlerinden biri\u00addir. Frans\u0131zlar\u2019\u0131n g\u00f6z\u00fcnde Pasteur ulusal bir kahramansa, bunun nedeni onun yaln\u0131zca b\u00fcy\u00fck bir bilim adam\u0131 olmas\u0131 de\u011fil, ayn\u0131 zamanda, ya\u015fam\u0131 boyunca ortaya koydu\u011fu \u00f6zveri ve insanl\u0131\u011fa hizmet tutkusuydu.<\/p>\n

Louis, Frans\u0131z Devrimi\u2019yle \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne kavu\u015fan bir k\u00f6lenin torunuydu. Babas\u0131, Napolyon Ordusu\u2019nda \u00fcst\u00fcn at\u0131l\u0131m g\u00fcc\u00fcyle \u201cLegion de Honour\u201d alan bir astsubayd\u0131. Baba Pasteur\u2019\u00fcn, Na\u00adpolyan\u2019un d\u00fc\u015fmesiyle ordudan ayr\u0131lmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n Imparator\u2019un an\u0131s\u0131na besledi\u011fi derin ba\u011fl\u0131l\u0131k duygusu, ilerde o\u011flu Louis\u2019in ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc diren\u00e7 ve yeteneklerini de y\u00f6nlendiren kat\u0131ks\u0131z yurt\u00adseverli\u011fe d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc.<\/p>\n

Ge\u00e7imini dericilikle sa\u011flayan Pasteur ailesi yoksuldu, ama \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n\u0131n e\u011fitimi i\u00e7in her t\u00fcrl\u00fc s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131y\u0131 g\u00f6ze alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Lo\u00aduis daha k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck ya\u015flar\u0131nda g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fckleri g\u00f6\u011f\u00fcslemede sergiledi\u011fi diren\u00e7 ve isten\u00e7 g\u00fcc\u00fcyle dikkatleri \u00e7ekiyor, co\u015fkuyla ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 okul \u00f6\u011freniminde kendisiyle birlikte karde\u015flerinin de ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 olmas\u0131 i\u00e7in u\u011fra\u015f veriyordu. Ger\u00e7i okulda pek parlak bir \u00f6\u011frenci de\u011fildi; dahas\u0131, ilk gen\u00e7lik y\u0131llar\u0131nda ilerde b\u00fcy\u00fck bilim adam\u0131 olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6steren bir belirti de yoktu ortada. Tam tersine, Lou\u00adis\u2019in belirgin merak\u0131 portre \u00e7izmekti. \u00dcst\u00fcn bir yetene\u011fi yans\u0131tan tablolar\u0131, bug\u00fcn de, Pasteur Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc\u2019nde as\u0131l\u0131 durmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Louis 19 ya\u015f\u0131na geldi\u011finde sanat\u0131 b\u0131rak\u0131r, bilime y\u00f6nelir. Ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta \u00f6\u011fretmenlernin y\u00f6nlendirmesiyle \u00f6\u011fretmen olmaya karar verir, \u00fcnl\u00fc e\u011fitim enstit\u00fcs\u00fc Ecole Normale Superieure\u2019e ba\u015fvurur. Giri\u015f s\u0131nav\u0131n\u0131 kazanmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n, matematik, fizik ve kimyada derslere daha haz\u0131rl\u0131kl\u0131 ba\u015flamak i\u00e7in \u00f6\u011frenimine bir y\u0131l sonra ba\u015flar. Amac\u0131 iyi bir \u00f6\u011fretmen olarak yeti\u015fmekti. Ne var ki, \u00f6\u011frenimini tamamlad\u0131\u011f\u0131nda t\u00fcm ilgi ve co\u015fkusunun bilimsel ara\u015ft\u0131rmaya y\u00f6nelik oldu\u011funu fark eder. Kristaller \u00fczerindeki ilk \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 onu bir t\u00fcr b\u00fcy\u00fclemi\u015fti. \u00d6\u011frencisinin \u00f6zg\u00fcn d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00adme ve kavray\u0131\u015f g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc sezen kimya profes\u00f6r\u00fc onu, basit ara\u00e7\u00adlarla yeni kurdu\u011fu laboratuvar\u0131na ara\u015ft\u0131rma asistan\u0131 olarak al\u0131r. Bu gen\u00e7 bilim adam\u0131n\u0131n hayal bile edemedi\u011fi bir f\u0131rsatt\u0131. Pasteur hemen \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya koyulur, ilk a\u015famada tartarikasit kristalleri \u00fczerindeki optik deneylerini yo\u011funla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r. \u00c7ok ge\u00e7meden bilim \u00e7evrelerinin dikkatini \u00e7eken bulu\u015flar\u0131, kimi tan\u0131nm\u0131\u015f bilim adam\u00adlar\u0131n\u0131n te\u015fvikiyle Frans\u0131z Bilimler Akademisi\u2019ne sunulur. Pasteur bilim d\u00fcnyas\u0131nca tan\u0131nma yolundad\u0131r, ama E\u011fitim Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 onu bir ortaokula \u00f6\u011fretmen olarak atamakta \u0131srarl\u0131d\u0131r. Akademinin ve kimi bilim insanlar\u0131n\u0131n giderek artan bask\u0131s\u0131na daha fazla kar\u015f\u0131 koyamayan Bakanl\u0131k bir y\u0131l sonra Pasteur\u2019\u00fcn Strasburg \u00dcniversi\u00adtesi\u2019ne yard\u0131mc\u0131 profes\u00f6r olarak d\u00f6nmesine izin verir.<\/p>\n

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Pasteur \u201ckendili\u011finden olu\u015fumu\u201d mikroskopik organizmalar i\u00e7in bile olanaks\u0131z g\u00f6r\u00fcyordu.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Pasteur\u2019\u00fcn bir \u00f6zelli\u011fi de kararl\u0131 olmas\u0131, duraksamalarla va\u00adkit \u00f6ld\u00fcrmemesiydi. \u00dcniversiteye geli\u015finin daha ilk haftas\u0131nda rekt\u00f6re k\u0131z\u0131yla evlenmek istedi\u011fini bildirir. Ba\u015fvuru mektubu ilgin\u00e7tir:<\/p>\n

\u201cSaklamama gerek yok, t\u00fcm\u00fcyle yoksul bir kimseyim. Tek varl\u0131\u011f\u0131m sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131m, y\u00fcreklili\u011fim ve \u00fcniversitedeki isimdir… Gelece\u011fim, \u015fimdiki e\u011filimim de\u011fi\u015fmezse, kimyasal ara\u015f\u00adt\u0131rmalara adanm\u0131\u015f olacakt\u0131r. \u00c7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131mdan bekledi\u011fim sonucu al\u0131rsam, ilerde Paris\u2019e yerle\u015fmeyi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyorum. \u0130s\u00adte\u011fimi olumlu bulursan\u0131z, resmi evlenme \u00f6nerisi i\u00e7in babam hemen Strasburg\u2019a gelecektir.\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n

\u0130stek olumlu kar\u015f\u0131land\u0131. Pasteur ya\u015fam\u0131 boyunca t\u00fcm bilim\u00adsel \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131nda kendisine destek veren, tutku ve sorunlar\u0131n\u0131 payla\u015fan Marie Laurent\u2019le 1849\u2019da ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131 birle\u015ftirir. Bayan Pasteur ger\u00e7ekten \u00f6zveri ve sevgi ba\u011fl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc bir e\u015fti. Mutlu evlilik ne yaz\u0131k ki, y\u0131llar sonra trajik bir d\u00f6nemden ge\u00e7er: Pasteurler d\u00f6rt \u00e7ocuklar\u0131ndan \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn\u00fc k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck ya\u015flar\u0131nda tifo ve benzer hastal\u0131klar nedeniyle yitirir. Geriye kalan o\u011fullar\u0131 20 ya\u015f\u0131nda iken 1871 Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019nda Almanlar\u2019a esir d\u00fc\u015fer. Pasteur bilimsel \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 bir yana iterek e\u015fiyle birlikte o\u011flunun d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc bekler; Fransa\u2019n\u0131n yenilgisiyle birlikte cepheden ka\u00ad\u00e7an binlerce gen\u00e7 aras\u0131nda o\u011flunu aramaya koyulur. Sonunda bulundu\u011funda o\u011flan bitkin ve a\u011f\u0131r yaral\u0131d\u0131r. Pasteur Almanlar\u2019\u0131 hi\u00e7bir zaman ba\u011f\u0131\u015flamad\u0131; \u00f6yle ki, y\u0131llar sonra bilimsel ba\u015far\u0131lar\u0131 i\u00e7in Alman H\u00fck\u00fcmeti\u2019nin \u00f6nerdi\u011fi madalyay\u0131 kabul etmedi.<\/p>\n

\u015eimdi Pasteur\u2019\u00fc bilimin \u00f6nc\u00fcleri aras\u0131na y\u00fckselten bilimsel \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131na de\u011finelim. Pasteur\u2019\u00fcn ya\u015fam\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 bug\u00fcn de etki\u00adleyen bulu\u015flar\u0131ndan biri fermentasyon (mayalanma) olgusuna ili\u015fkindir. \u201cFermentasyon\u201d terimi bilindi\u011fi gibi kimi maddelerde olu\u015fan bir de\u011fi\u015fiklik s\u00fcrecini dile getirmektedir. \u00d6rne\u011fin \u015farap \u00fcz\u00fcmden bu i\u015flemle elde edilir; istenirse gene bu i\u015flemle sirkeye d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fclebilir. Ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde, s\u00fct\u00fcn \u015fekeri laktikaside d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00adt\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde s\u00fct ek\u015fir. Yumurta ve et t\u00fcr\u00fcnden maddeler de fermen\u00adtasyonla bozularak yenmez hale gelebilir.<\/p>\n

\u00dcretimi fermentasyona dayanan \u015farap Fransa\u2019da \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli bir konuydu. Ne var ki, bu i\u015flemin g\u00fcvenilir teknolojisi hen\u00fcz yeterince bilinmiyordu. G\u00f6reneklere ba\u011fl\u0131 y\u00f6ntemler her zaman istenen sonucu vermiyor, kimi zaman \u015farap yerine sirke ya da kullan\u0131ma elvermeyen bozuk bir s\u0131v\u0131 elde ediliyordu. Sorunu ilk kez Pasteur bilimsel olarak incelemeye koyulur: Sonunda ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klama (fermentasyonun mikrop teorisi) ge\u00e7erli\u011fini bug\u00fcn de korumaktad\u0131r. Buna g\u00f6re, do\u011fada organik maddelerdeki hemen t\u00fcm de\u011fi\u015fiklikler g\u00f6zle g\u00f6r\u00fclemeyen birtak\u0131m k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck canl\u0131lar taraf\u0131ndan olu\u015fturulmaktad\u0131r. Pasteur bu mikroorganizmalar\u0131n \u0131s\u0131yla kontrol alt\u0131na al\u0131nabilece\u011fini g\u00f6stererek \u015farap \u00fcretimini sa\u011flam bir y\u00f6ntemle g\u00fcvenilir k\u0131lmakla kalmaz, \u201cpast\u00f6rizasyon\u201d dedi\u011fimiz i\u015flemle modern s\u00fct end\u00fcstrisine de yol a\u00e7ar.<\/p>\n

Pasteur\u2019\u00fcn \u00f6nemli bir ba\u015fka \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 da ipek\u00e7ili\u011fi b\u00fcy\u00fck bir s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131dan kurtarmas\u0131d\u0131r. Hastal\u0131kl\u0131 ipekb\u00f6cekleri, \u00fcreticileri s\u0131k s\u0131k b\u00fcy\u00fck kay\u0131plara u\u011frat\u0131yordu. Soruna \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm bulmas\u0131 mikrop teorisiyle \u00fcnlenen Pasteur\u2019den istenir. Bilim adam\u0131 her zamanki yo\u011fun ve dikkatli yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131yla sorunu de\u011fi\u015fik boyutlar\u0131yla ince\u00adler; sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 ipekb\u00f6ce\u011fi yumurtalar\u0131n\u0131 se\u00e7mede \u201cpratik\u201d diyebi\u00adlece\u011fimiz bir y\u00f6ntem olu\u015fturarak ipek\u00e7ili\u011fi g\u00fcvenilir bir \u00fcretim teknolojisine kavu\u015fturur.<\/p>\n

Pasteur\u2019\u00fcn ba\u015far\u0131lar\u0131 bir t\u00fcr zincirleme tepki i\u00e7inde birbiri\u00adne yol a\u00e7maktayd\u0131. Kristaller \u00fczerindeki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 onu canl\u0131 ya\u015fam\u0131n gizemi sorununa g\u00f6t\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. Canl\u0131lar \u00fczerindeki in\u00adcelemeleri ise onu fermentasyonu a\u00e7\u0131klayan mikrop teorisine ula\u015ft\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Do\u011frulu\u011fundan art\u0131k kimseni ku\u015fku duymad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu teori ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta tepkiyle kar\u015f\u0131lanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131: Pek \u00e7ok kimse i\u00e7in \u00f6yle bir d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce uydurma bir a\u00e7\u0131klama olmaktan ileri ge\u00e7emezdi. \u201cSpontane \u00fcreme\u201d diye bilinen yerle\u015fik g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fe g\u00f6re kurt\u00e7uk, t\u0131rt\u0131l, tenya, sinek, fare vb. yarat\u0131klar elveri\u015fli ko\u015fullarda kendi\u00adli\u011finden olu\u015fmaktayd\u0131. Oysa Pasteur \u201ckendili\u011finden olu\u015fumu\u201d mikroskopik organizmalar i\u00e7in bile olanaks\u0131z g\u00f6r\u00fcyordu.<\/p>\n

Mikrop teorisinin \u00f6zellikle bula\u015f\u0131c\u0131 hastal\u0131klar\u0131n denetim alt\u0131\u00adna al\u0131nmas\u0131 yolunda yeni ara\u015ft\u0131rmalara yol a\u00e7mas\u0131 ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmazd\u0131. Pasteur \u00e7ok ge\u00e7meden \u015farbonun yan\u0131 s\u0131ra kangren, kan zehirle\u00admesi, lo\u011fusa hummas\u0131 vb. hastal\u0131klar \u00fczerinde de ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131n yo\u011funla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r. Onun \u00e7arp\u0131c\u0131 bir ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131 da kuduza kar\u015f\u0131 olu\u015f\u00adturdu\u011fu a\u015f\u0131d\u0131r. Kuduz, \u00f6zellikle k\u00f6peklerin ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6l\u00fcmc\u00fcl bir hastal\u0131kt\u0131r. Pasteur\u2019e gelinceye dek kuduza kar\u015f\u0131 bilinen tek \u00e7are \u0131s\u0131r\u0131lan yerin k\u0131zg\u0131n bir demirle derinlemesine da\u011flanmas\u0131yd\u0131. Kald\u0131 ki, gecikme halinde bu y\u00f6ntemin, hastan\u0131n can\u0131n\u0131 yakma d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda bir etkisi olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 da biliniyordu. Pasteur hayvanlar \u00fcze\u00adrinde denedi\u011fi ama insanlara hen\u00fcz uygulamad\u0131\u011f\u0131 a\u015f\u0131s\u0131yla dokuz ya\u015f\u0131ndaki bir \u00e7ocu\u011fun ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131 kurtar\u0131r. Azg\u0131n bir k\u00f6pe\u011fin 14 yerinden \u0131s\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00e7ocu\u011fa k\u0131zg\u0131n demir uygulamas\u0131 yap\u0131lamazd\u0131. Umutsuz annenin \u00e7\u0131rp\u0131n\u0131\u015f\u0131na dayanamayan Pasteur a\u015f\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 ilk kez bu \u00e7ocukta denemekten kendini alamaz. Sonu\u00e7 \u00e7ocuk i\u00e7in kurtulu\u015f, gelecek ku\u015faklar i\u00e7in bir m\u00fcjde olur. B\u00fcy\u00fck bilim ada\u00adm\u0131 \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden \u00f6nce ya\u015fam felsefesini \u015f\u00f6yle \u00f6zetlemi\u015fti:<\/p>\n

\u201cHi\u00e7 ku\u015fkum yok ki, Bilim ve bar\u0131\u015f cehalet ve sava\u015f\u0131 yok edecektir. Uluslar\u0131n y\u0131kmak, yok etmek i\u00e7in de\u011fil, ya\u015fam\u0131 y\u00fcceltmek i\u00e7in birle\u015fece\u011fine, gelece\u011fimizi bu yolda, u\u011fra\u015f verenlere bor\u00e7lu olaca\u011f\u0131m\u0131za inan\u0131yorum.\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n

Pasteur\u2019\u00fcn \u00f6yk\u00fcs\u00fcnde, anlaml\u0131 bir ya\u015fam aray\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki her gen\u00e7 i\u00e7in, \u00e7arp\u0131c\u0131 ve g\u00fczel bir \u00f6rnek vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Kaynak:<\/strong> Cemal Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m, Bilimin \u00d6nc\u00fcleri, Bilim ve Gelecek Kitapl\u0131\u011f\u0131, Kas\u0131m 2007, 24. Bask\u0131, s.148<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Bilim tarihinde pek az bilim adam\u0131 Louis Pasteur \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00adde insan ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131 do\u011frudan etkileyen bulu\u015flar ortaya koymu\u015ftur. G\u00fcnl\u00fck dilimize bile ge\u00e7en \u201cpast\u00f6rizasyon\u201d terimi onun bulu\u015flar\u0131ndan yaln\u0131zca birini dile getirmektedir. Kristaller \u00fczerindeki kuramsal \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra kimi hastal\u0131klara ba\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131k sa\u011flama yolundaki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131, bu arada \u00f6zellikle \u201c\u015farbon\u201d (ya da antraks) denilen koyun ve s\u0131\u011f\u0131rlarda g\u00f6r\u00fclen bula\u015f\u0131c\u0131 hastal\u0131kla kuduza […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":429,"featured_media":37503,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[19],"tags":[5413,482,5414,5415,5411,5412],"class_list":["post-37502","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-bilim-gundemi","tag-antraks","tag-bilim","tag-fermantasyon","tag-kuduz-asisi","tag-pasteur","tag-sarbon"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t