{"id":37600,"date":"2019-10-20T03:17:44","date_gmt":"2019-10-20T00:17:44","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/?p=37600"},"modified":"2019-10-17T17:23:06","modified_gmt":"2019-10-17T14:23:06","slug":"bilimin-onculeri-james-clerk-maxwell-1831-1879","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2019\/10\/20\/bilimin-onculeri-james-clerk-maxwell-1831-1879","title":{"rendered":"Bilimin \u00d6nc\u00fcleri: James Clerk Maxwell (1831 -1879)"},"content":{"rendered":"

D\u00fcnya tarihi bir bak\u0131ma b\u00fcy\u00fck insanlar\u0131n tarihidir. Bilim tarihine de \u00f6yle bakabiliriz. Galileo, Newton, Darwin, Einstein … \u201cbilim\u201d dedi\u011fimiz g\u00f6rkemli yap\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck mimarlar\u0131! Ad\u0131 bilim \u00e7evreleri d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda pek duyulmayan J. C. Maxwell\u2019in de onlar aras\u0131nda yer ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6ylenebilir.<\/p>\n

Maxwell i\u00e7in 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck fizik\u00e7isi denmektedir. Asl\u0131nda onu t\u00fcm \u00e7a\u011flar\u0131n say\u0131l\u0131 bilim insanlar\u0131ndan biri saymak daha yerinde olur. Maxwell k\u0131sa s\u00fcren ya\u015fam\u0131nda her biri onu unutulmaz yapan \u00f6nemli bulu\u015flar ortaya koydu. Radyo, radar, televizyon vb. icatlara yol a\u00e7an elektromanyetik ve \u0131\u015f\u0131k alan\u00adlar\u0131ndaki devrimsel at\u0131l\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, renk bile\u015fimleri ile Sat\u00fcrn gezegeninin halkalar\u0131 \u00fczerindeki a\u00e7\u0131klamalar\u0131, gazlar\u0131n kinetik teorisi ile enerji korunum ili\u015fkisi konular\u0131ndaki katk\u0131lar\u0131 … \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 aras\u0131nda ba\u015fl\u0131calar\u0131d\u0131r. Daha 14 ya\u015f\u0131nda iken, yet\u00adkin elips \u00e7izme y\u00f6ntemine ili\u015fkin matematiksel bulu\u015fu Edinburg Kraliyet Akademisi\u2019nde g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fclerek \u00f6d\u00fcllendirilmi\u015fti.<\/p>\n

Maxwell, Faraday\u2019\u0131n \u201celektromanyetik ind\u00fcksiyonu\u201d diye bilinen bulu\u015funu ortaya koydu\u011fu y\u0131l d\u00fcnyaya gelir. Bu ilgin\u00e7 rastlant\u0131n\u0131n sonraki geli\u015fmelerle nas\u0131l bir anlam kazand\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6rece\u011fiz. Se\u00e7kin bir ailenin olanaklar\u0131 i\u00e7inde b\u00fcy\u00fcyen \u00e7ocuk, ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131n ilk y\u0131llar\u0131nda bile kendine \u00f6zg\u00fc ilgileri ve ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnebilme yetene\u011fiyle dikkat \u00e7ekmekteydi. Annesi k\u0131z kar\u00adde\u015fine yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir mektupta iki ya\u015f\u0131ndaki o\u011flundan \u00f6vg\u00fcyle s\u00f6z eder: \u201c\u00c7ok canl\u0131, mutlu bir \u00e7ocuk. … En \u00e7ok kap\u0131, kilit, anahtar, zil gibi \u015feyler merak\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7ekmekte. A\u011fz\u0131ndan hi\u00e7 eksik olmayan sorusu, \u2018Anne, nas\u0131l bir \u015feydir bu, g\u00f6ster bana.\u2019 Bir ba\u015fka merak\u0131 da, k\u0131rlarda dola\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda sular\u0131n ak\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131, derelerin \u00e7izdi\u011fi yol\u00adlar\u0131 izlemek!\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cMutlu \u00e7ocuk\u201d yedi ya\u015f\u0131nda iken annesini yitirmenin mutsuz\u00adlu\u011funu ya\u015far; ama \u00f6\u011frenme, ara\u015ft\u0131rma tutkusuyla yeni ufuklara a\u00e7\u0131lmaktan hi\u00e7bir zaman geri kalmaz. Son derece duyarl\u0131 ve ayd\u0131n bir ki\u015fili\u011fi olan babas\u0131, giydi\u011fi elbiseden oturdu\u011fu evine dek kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 hemen her \u015feyi kendi elleriyle yapan \u201cgarip\u201d bir insand\u0131. \u00d6yle ki, o\u011flu sekiz ya\u015f\u0131nda okula ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, babas\u0131\u00adn\u0131n \u00f6zenle haz\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6steri\u015fli giysi i\u00e7inde bir s\u00fcre okul arka\u00adda\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n alay konusu olmu\u015ftu. Maxwell\u2019in ya\u015fam boyu s\u00fcren\u00e7ekingenlik ve dil tutuklu\u011funda, belki de k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck ya\u015f\u0131nda ba\u015f\u0131n\u00addan ge\u00e7en bu olay\u0131n etkisi olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

Maxwell\u2019in ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 \u00fcst\u00fcn yetenek ve sezgi g\u00fcc\u00fcne bor\u00e7lu oldu\u011fu yads\u0131namaz; ama, bilimsel ilgilerinin geli\u015fmesinde baba\u00ads\u0131n\u0131n pay\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fckt\u00fcr. Baba \u00fcyesi oldu\u011fu Edinburg Kraliyet Aka\u00addemisi\u2019nin toplant\u0131lar\u0131na o\u011fluyla birlikte kat\u0131l\u0131yordu. Bu arada \u00e7ocuk gene babas\u0131n\u0131n sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 olanakla her f\u0131rsatta Edinburg G\u00f6zlemevi\u2019ne u\u011frayarak gezegen ve y\u0131ld\u0131zlar\u0131n devinimlerini izlemekteydi. Bu g\u00f6zlemlerin ilerde Sat\u00fcrn gezegeninin halka\u00adlar\u0131 \u00fczerindeki \u00f6d\u00fcllendirilen matematiksel \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131na zemin haz\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6ylenebilir.<\/p>\n

\"\"
Maxwell\u2019in1873\u2019de yay\u0131mlanan Elektrik ve Manyetizma \u00dczerine \u0130nceleme adl\u0131 kitab\u0131nda ortaya koydu\u011fu denklemlerden, elektrik ve manyetik etkilerin uzayda \u0131\u015f\u0131k h\u0131z\u0131yla yol ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 sonucu da \u00e7\u0131kmaktayd\u0131.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Bilim tarihinde 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ilk yar\u0131s\u0131 \u00f6zellikle elektrik, manyetizma ve \u0131\u015f\u0131k konular\u0131ndaki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n \u00f6n plana \u00e7\u0131k\u00adt\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir d\u00f6nemdir. I\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131n dalgalar bi\u00e7iminde ilerledi\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc yayg\u0131nl\u0131k kazanm\u0131\u015f; ayr\u0131ca, kristal arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla istenen y\u00f6nde kutupla\u015ft\u0131rabilece\u011fi deneysel olarak g\u00f6sterilmi\u015fti. Ne var ki, elektrik, manyetizma ve \u0131\u015f\u0131k aras\u0131ndaki ba\u011f\u0131nt\u0131 hen\u00fcz yeterince bilinmedi\u011finden bu olaylar ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z ara\u015ft\u0131rma konular\u0131 olarak ele al\u0131nmaktayd\u0131. Maxwell\u2019in 1850\u2019de bu olaylar\u0131n ili\u015fkilerini belirlemesiyle fizikte bir bak\u0131ma Newton\u2019unki \u00e7ap\u0131nda yeni bir devrimin temeli at\u0131lm\u0131\u015f oldu.<\/p>\n

Newton\u2019un gravitasyon kuram\u0131, evreni mekanik bir modele indirgeyerek a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131yordu. Bu modelde, de\u011fi\u015fik b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fckteki k\u00fctlesel nesnelerin, elektrik y\u00fckleri gibi, birbirini etkiledi\u011fi temel varsay\u0131md\u0131. Faraday bir ad\u0131m ileri giderek elektrik y\u00fck\u00adlerinin yaln\u0131z birbirini de\u011fil \u00e7evrelerini de etkiledi\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcne ula\u015f\u0131r, \u201celektromanyetik g\u00fc\u00e7 alan\u0131\u201d dedi\u011fi yeni bir kavram olu\u015fturur. Ona g\u00f6re bu alan uzayda di\u011fer fiziksel nesnelerden ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z, kendine \u00f6zg\u00fc bir ger\u00e7eklikti. De\u011fi\u015fen manyetik ala\u00adn\u0131n bir iletkende elektrik \u00fcretti\u011fini saptayan Faraday, bu olay\u0131 \u201celektromanyetik ind\u00fcskiyon\u201d diye nitelemi\u015fti. Faraday\u2019\u0131n de\u00adneysel bulu\u015flar\u0131yla bir t\u00fcr b\u00fcy\u00fclenmi\u015f olan Maxwell, daha ileri giderek, s\u00f6z konusu etkinin yaln\u0131z iletkende de\u011fil, uzayda da olu\u015ftu\u011funu; \u00fcstelik, de\u011fi\u015fen elektrik alan\u0131n da manyetizma \u00fcretti\u011fini g\u00f6sterir. 1873\u2019de yay\u0131mlanan Elektrik ve Manyetizma \u00dczerine \u0130nceleme adl\u0131 kitab\u0131nda ortaya koydu\u011fu denklemlerden, elektrik ve manyetik etkilerin uzayda \u0131\u015f\u0131k h\u0131z\u0131yla yol ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 so\u00adnucu da \u00e7\u0131kmaktayd\u0131.<\/p>\n

I\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131n yap\u0131 ve niteli\u011fi bilim adamlar\u0131 i\u00e7in s\u00fcrgit bir \u201cbilmece\u201d konusu olmu\u015ftu. I\u015f\u0131k kimine g\u00f6re dalgasal nitelikteydi, kimine g\u00f6re par\u00e7ac\u0131klardan olu\u015fmu\u015ftu. Maxwell ise \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131 uzayda dalga\u00adsal ilerleyen h\u0131zl\u0131 titre\u015fimli bir elektromanyetik alan diye nite\u00adliyordu. Her biri de\u011fi\u015fik titre\u015fim frekans\u0131yla ilerleyen de\u011fi\u015fik renklerin olu\u015fturdu\u011fu \u0131\u015f\u0131k, ona g\u00f6re, elektromanyetik titre\u015fim\u00adler skalas\u0131nda yer alan olaylardan yaln\u0131zca biri olmal\u0131yd\u0131. I\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra ba\u015fka elektromanyetik radyasyon formlar\u0131n\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 da ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmal\u0131yd\u0131. Maxwell\u2019in kuramsal olarak varsayd\u0131\u011f\u0131 olaylar \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden az sonra deneysel olarak belirlenir. Hertz\u2019in (1857 – 1894) d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck frekansl\u0131 radyo dalgalar\u0131 ile R\u00f6ntgen\u2019in y\u00fcksek frekansl\u0131 X-\u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131 Maxwell\u2019in \u00f6ndeyisini do\u011frulayan bulgu\u00adlard\u0131r. \u015eimdi bildi\u011fimiz gibi, radyasyon spektrumundaki dalga s\u0131ralamas\u0131, bir u\u00e7ta, radyo dalgalar\u0131ndan; \u00f6b\u00fcr u\u00e7ta, gama \u0131\u015f\u0131nla\u00adr\u0131na uzanan mikrodalga, k\u0131z\u0131lalt\u0131, \u0131\u015f\u0131k, ultraviyole, X-\u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131 gibi titre\u015fim frekans\u0131 giderek y\u00fckselen formlar\u0131 i\u00e7ermektedir.<\/p>\n

Maxwell de Faraday gibi evreni dolduran son derece ince ve esnek bir ortam\u0131 varsay\u0131yordu. Daha sonra vazge\u00e7ilen yerle\u015fik g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fe g\u00f6re elektromanyetik etkilerin dalgasal yay\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 ancak \u201cesir\u201d denen \u00f6yle bir ortamla olas\u0131yd\u0131. Elektromanyetik dalgalar\u0131 ilk sezinleyen Faraday olmu\u015ftur. Ancak \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131n t\u00fcm \u00f6zelliklerini bu dalgalarla a\u00e7\u0131klayan matematiksel kuram\u0131 Maxwell\u2019e bor\u00e7lu\u00adyuz. Maxwell\u2019in bu ama\u00e7la form\u00fcle etti\u011fi \u201cvekt\u00f6r analizi\u201d diye bilinen matematiksel teknik ile \u00e7ok say\u0131da olay\u0131 kapsayan ve \u015fimdi \u201cMaxwell denklemleri\u201d diye ge\u00e7en d\u00f6rt denklem modern elektromanyetik kuram\u0131n \u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc olu\u015fturur. Bu denklemler, ku\u00advantum ve relativite teorileriyle dalga mekani\u011fini gerektirmeyen olgular i\u00e7in bug\u00fcn de ge\u00e7erli\u011fini s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmektedir.<\/p>\n

Ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta, Maxwell\u2019in getirdi\u011fi kuramsal a\u00e7\u0131klamalara kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131k\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 biliyoruz. Bir kez, denklemlerine dayal\u0131 \u00f6ndeyileri olgusal olarak hen\u00fcz yoklan\u0131p do\u011frulanmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Sonra kuram\u0131, \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011fa \u00f6zg\u00fc yans\u0131ma ve k\u0131r\u0131lma olaylar\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klamada yetersiz g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyordu. Ne var ki, bu yetersizlikler \u00e7ok ge\u00e7meden a\u015f\u0131l\u0131r, elektromanyetik kuram a\u00e7\u0131klama g\u00fcc\u00fc ve do\u011frulanan \u00f6ndeyile\u00adriyle yerle\u015fik bir teori, bir \u201cparadigma\u201d konumu kazan\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Maxwell\u2019in ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131 ne denli vurgulansa yeridir. Temelde ku\u00adramsal olan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 daha sonra yol a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131 uygulamal\u0131 geli\u015fme\u00adlerle g\u00f6z kama\u015ft\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 bir \u00f6nem kazan\u0131r. Maxwell bilim tarihinde say\u0131l\u0131 devler aras\u0131nda yer alm\u0131\u015fsa, bunu \u00e7\u0131kar g\u00f6zetmeyen kat\u0131k\u00ads\u0131z entelekt\u00fcel \u00e7abas\u0131yla ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Faraday i\u00e7ine do\u011fdu\u011fu olumsuzluklar\u0131, \u00f6\u011frenme merak\u0131n\u0131n sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 diren\u00e7 ve u\u011fra\u015fla a\u015farak bilimin \u00f6nc\u00fcleri aras\u0131na kat\u0131l\u00adm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Maxwell ise i\u00e7ine do\u011fdu\u011fu varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n \u00e7ekici rehavetine d\u00fc\u015f\u00admeksizin, bilimin uzun ve yo\u011fun u\u011fra\u015f gerektiren \u00e7etin yolunda kendini y\u00fcceltti.<\/p>\n

Kaynak:<\/strong> Cemal Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m, Bilimin \u00d6nc\u00fcleri, Bilim ve Gelecek Kitapl\u0131\u011f\u0131, Kas\u0131m 2007, 24. Bask\u0131, s.153<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

D\u00fcnya tarihi bir bak\u0131ma b\u00fcy\u00fck insanlar\u0131n tarihidir. Bilim tarihine de \u00f6yle bakabiliriz. Galileo, Newton, Darwin, Einstein … \u201cbilim\u201d dedi\u011fimiz g\u00f6rkemli yap\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck mimarlar\u0131! Ad\u0131 bilim \u00e7evreleri d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda pek duyulmayan J. C. Maxwell\u2019in de onlar aras\u0131nda yer ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6ylenebilir. Maxwell i\u00e7in 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck fizik\u00e7isi denmektedir. Asl\u0131nda onu t\u00fcm \u00e7a\u011flar\u0131n say\u0131l\u0131 bilim insanlar\u0131ndan biri saymak […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":429,"featured_media":37601,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[19],"tags":[482,206,288,335,5437,2119,5438],"class_list":["post-37600","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-bilim-gundemi","tag-bilim","tag-bilim-tarihi","tag-fizik","tag-maxwell","tag-radyo","tag-saturn","tag-vektor-analizi"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t