{"id":37704,"date":"2019-10-27T03:19:54","date_gmt":"2019-10-27T00:19:54","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/?p=37704"},"modified":"2019-10-24T12:23:29","modified_gmt":"2019-10-24T09:23:29","slug":"bilimin-onculeri-ivan-pavlov-1849-1936","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2019\/10\/27\/bilimin-onculeri-ivan-pavlov-1849-1936","title":{"rendered":"Bilimin \u00d6nc\u00fcleri: \u0130van Pavlov (1849-1936)"},"content":{"rendered":"

Son derece sab\u0131rl\u0131, kendine g\u00fcvenen, co\u015fku dolu bir bilim adam\u0131 olan Pavlov, daha sonra \u201cko\u015fullanm\u0131\u015f refleks\u201d ad\u0131n\u0131 verece\u011fi, al\u0131\u015fkanl\u0131\u011fa ba\u011fl\u0131 davran\u0131\u015flar \u00fczerinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar yapt\u0131. Sindirim sistemi \u00fczerindeki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131nda oldu\u011fu gibi, bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131nda da denek (kobay) olarak k\u00f6pekleri kulland\u0131.<\/p>\n

Bir\u00e7o\u011fumuz apans\u0131z \u015fim\u015fek \u00e7akt\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, ya da beklenmedik bir \u00e7\u0131\u011fl\u0131k duydu\u011fumuzda yerimizden s\u0131\u00e7rar\u0131z. Bu davran\u0131\u015f bir tehlike kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda oldu\u011fumuz d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesinden do\u011fmamakta, do\u011frudan olu\u015fmaktad\u0131r. D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmek i\u00e7in zaman da yoktur zaten. Karanl\u0131ktan ayd\u0131nl\u0131\u011fa \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda g\u00f6zlerimiz elimizde olmadan kama\u015f\u0131r; sert bir hareketle y\u00fcz y\u00fcze geldi\u011fimizde irkiliriz. Nefes borumuza k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir yemek k\u0131r\u0131nt\u0131s\u0131 ka\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131nda \u00f6ks\u00fcrmeye, \u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u00add\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm\u00fczde titremeye ba\u015flar\u0131z.<\/p>\n

\u0130sten\u00e7 d\u0131\u015f\u0131 olu\u015fan bu t\u00fcr davran\u0131\u015flara refleks denir. Yeni do\u00ad\u011fan \u00e7ocu\u011fun a\u011flamas\u0131 tipik bir reflekstir; herhangi bir \u00f6\u011frenme ya da ko\u015fullanma gerektirmez. Refleks, insana \u00f6zg\u00fc bir davran\u0131\u015f de\u011fildir; daha \u00e7ok hayvanlar\u0131n sergiledi\u011fi do\u011fal bir tepkidir. Davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc kapsayan do\u011fal tepkile\u00adrimizi de\u011fi\u015ftiremeyiz. Oysa sosyal ili\u015fkiler i\u00e7inde kazand\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n genellikle basit bir \u201cetki-tepki\u201d tekd\u00fczeli\u011fi i\u00e7inde kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6ylenemez; bunlar aras\u0131nda refleks g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00adde olanlar bile de\u011fi\u015fime a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r. Bu, bir \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde hayvanlar i\u00e7in de do\u011frudur. Sirk hayvanlar\u0131n\u0131n bizi e\u011flendiren, \u00e7o\u011fu kez hayrete d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcren becerileri \u201crefleks\u201d dedi\u011fimiz do\u011fal tepkiler de\u011fil, \u00f6\u011fre\u00adnilmi\u015f davran\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Bir aslan ancak belli bir e\u011fitim s\u00fcrecinden sonra ate\u015f \u00e7emberinden atlayarak ge\u00e7er. Ay\u0131n\u0131n tef e\u015fli\u011finde dans etmesi, k\u00f6pe\u011fin iki aya\u011f\u0131 \u00fcst\u00fcnde durmas\u0131 ya da sahibinin f\u0131rlatt\u0131\u011f\u0131 topu kap\u0131p getirmesi do\u011fal tepki de\u011fil, kazan\u0131lan birer al\u0131\u015fkanl\u0131kt\u0131r. Bir beceri, yerle\u015fik bir al\u0131\u015fkanl\u0131\u011fa d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce, d\u00fc\u00ad\u015f\u00fcnme gerektirmeyen refleks t\u00fcr\u00fcnden bir davran\u0131\u015f haline gelir, belli bir uyar\u0131yla isten\u00e7 d\u0131\u015f\u0131 olarak a\u00e7\u0131\u011fa \u00e7\u0131kar. \u00d6rne\u011fin, sorul\u00addu\u011funda ad\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 hemen s\u00f6ylememiz; \u201c\u0130ki kere iki ka\u00e7 eder?\u201d sorusunu \u201cD\u00f6rt\u201d diye yan\u0131tlamam\u0131z; telefon \u00e7ald\u0131\u011f\u0131nda ahizeyi kald\u0131r\u0131r kald\u0131rmaz \u201cAlo\u201d dememiz; g\u00f6mle\u011fimizi iliklememiz, ayakkab\u0131 ba\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ba\u011flamam\u0131z, vb. davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131m\u0131z d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnme ge\u00adrektirmeyen refleks t\u00fcr\u00fcnden hareketlerdir.<\/p>\n

\u0130lk bak\u0131\u015fta, do\u011fu\u015ftan sahip oldu\u011fumuz reflekslerle, sonradan kazand\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z y\u00fczme, konu\u015fma, dans etme gibi becerilerimizi ay\u0131rmak kolay de\u011fildir. Bu t\u00fcr al\u0131\u015fkanl\u0131klar\u0131n olu\u015fumuyla ilk ilgilenen bilim adam\u0131, Rus fizyologu \u0130van Pavlov olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

\"\"
Pavlov, ayn\u0131 ko\u015fullanman\u0131n k\u00f6peklerde de olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ortaya koymak istedi. Yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 deney basitti: Odas\u0131nda tuttu\u011fu k\u00f6pe\u011fe bir zil sesinden sonra yiyece\u011fini verdi. Bu uygulama d\u00fc\u00aczenli olarak birka\u00e7 hafta s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fckten sonra k\u00f6pe\u011fin a\u011fz\u0131n\u0131n suland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6rd\u00fc. Hayvan do\u011frudan yiyece\u011fe g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi refleksi art\u0131k zil sesine de g\u00f6stermekteydi.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Bir k\u00f6y papaz\u0131n\u0131n o\u011flu olan \u0130van, daha k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck ya\u015fta okumaya, \u00f6\u011frenmeye ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc ilgi g\u00f6steriyordu. \u00c7ocu\u011fun bu ilgisini fark eden ailesi, onun iyi bir e\u011fitim almas\u0131 yolunda adeta se\u00adferber oldu. Orta\u00f6\u011fretim y\u0131llar\u0131nda, seminerine kat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir \u00f6\u011f\u00adretmeninin te\u015fvikiyle, \u0130van bilime y\u00f6neldi ve ara\u015ft\u0131rma merak\u0131 giderek onda ya\u015fam boyu s\u00fcrecek bir tutkuya d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. Gen\u00e7 ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131 liseyi bitirir bitirmez St. Petersburg \u00dcniversitesi Do\u011fa Bilimleri Fak\u00fcltesi\u2019ne ba\u015fvurdu. Fizyolojiye duydu\u011fu \u00f6zel ilgi nedeniyle y\u00fcksek\u00f6\u011frenimini t\u0131p alan\u0131nda tamamlad\u0131, ama hekim olarak \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmad\u0131. Tek amac\u0131 kendi eliyle kurdu\u011fu bir laboratuvarda ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmekti. Ancak parasal ola\u00adnaklar\u0131 k\u0131s\u0131tl\u0131yd\u0131. Sonunda \u00f6zel bir klinikle ortakla\u015fa k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir laboratuvar kurmay\u0131 ba\u015fard\u0131. Pavlov, donan\u0131m\u0131 yetersiz olan bu yerde tek ba\u015f\u0131na \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya koyuldu. Uzun s\u00fcre bir asistan bile tutamad\u0131. Ne var ki, gen\u00e7 bilim adam\u0131 kararl\u0131yd\u0131. \u00c7ok ge\u00e7meden deneyleriyle bilim \u00e7evrelerinin dikkatini \u00e7ekmeyi ba\u015fard\u0131 ve b\u00f6ylece T\u0131p Akademisi\u2019ne profes\u00f6r olarak atand\u0131. Bir s\u00fcre sonra da yeni kurulan Deneysel Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc\u2019n\u00fcn ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131na getirildi. \u00d6zellikle sindirim sistemi \u00fczerindeki ara\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131yla ad\u0131 uluslararas\u0131 bilim \u00e7evrelerinde duyulan Pavlov, 1904\u2019de Nobel \u00d6d\u00fcl\u00fc\u2019n\u00fc kazand\u0131, i\u015fledi\u011fi ana tez, sindirim dahil, bedensel t\u00fcm fonksiyonlar\u0131n sinir sisteminin denetiminde oldu\u011fuydu. (O zaman hormonlar\u0131n sindirim s\u00fcrecindeki rol\u00fc hen\u00fcz bilin\u00admiyordu.)<\/p>\n

Son derece sab\u0131rl\u0131, kendine g\u00fcvenen, co\u015fku dolu bir bilim adam\u0131 olan Pavlov, eskiden beri ilgilendi\u011fi bir konuya d\u00f6nmeye karar verdi. Bu konu, onun daha sonra \u201cko\u015fullanm\u0131\u015f refleks\u201d ad\u0131n\u0131 verece\u011fi, al\u0131\u015fkanl\u0131\u011fa ba\u011fl\u0131 davran\u0131\u015flard\u0131. Pavlov, sindirim sistemi \u00fczerindeki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131nda oldu\u011fu gibi, bu yeni \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma\u00ads\u0131nda da denek (kobay) olarak k\u00f6pekleri kulland\u0131.<\/p>\n

Bilindi\u011fi \u00fczere, yiyecek (\u00f6rne\u011fin bir kemik ya da et par\u00e7as\u0131) g\u00f6rd\u00fcklerinde k\u00f6peklerin a\u011f\u0131zlar\u0131 sulan\u0131r, kimi hallerde salya\u00ad lar\u0131 akar. Asl\u0131nda bu do\u011fal refleks, derece fark\u0131yla insanlarda da g\u00f6r\u00fclen bir olayd\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca insanlar\u0131n a\u011fz\u0131n\u0131n sulanmas\u0131 i\u00e7in, do\u011frudan yiyecek g\u00f6rmeleri de gerekmemektedir. Yat\u0131l\u0131 okul \u00f6\u011frencileri, \u00f6\u011fle yeme\u011fi \u00f6ncesi zilin \u00e7almas\u0131yla a\u011f\u0131zlar\u0131n\u0131n nas\u0131l suland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7ok iyi bilirler.<\/p>\n

Pavlov, ayn\u0131 ko\u015fullanman\u0131n k\u00f6peklerde de olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ortaya koymak istedi. Yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 deney basitti: Odas\u0131nda tuttu\u011fu k\u00f6pe\u011fe bir zil sesinden sonra yiyece\u011fini verdi. Bu uygulama d\u00fc\u00adzenli olarak birka\u00e7 hafta s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fckten sonra k\u00f6pe\u011fin a\u011fz\u0131n\u0131n suland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6rd\u00fc. Hayvan do\u011frudan yiyece\u011fe g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi refleksi art\u0131k zil sesine de g\u00f6stermekteydi.<\/p>\n

Ba\u015fka bir deneyinde Pavlov, zil sesi yerine uyar\u0131c\u0131 olarak biri \u00e7embersel, di\u011feri oval bi\u00e7imde iki \u0131\u015f\u0131k kulland\u0131. K\u00f6pe\u011fe, yiyece\u00ad\u011fini \u00e7embersel \u0131\u015f\u0131ktan sonra verip, oval \u0131\u015f\u0131ktan sonra vermemeye ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/p>\n

Bir s\u00fcre sonra k\u00f6pe\u011fin \u00e7embersel \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011fa refleks g\u00f6sterdi\u011fini, oval \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011fa ise g\u00f6stermedi\u011fini; ancak, oval \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00e7embersel \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011fa d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrme s\u00fcreci ba\u015flay\u0131nca, hayvan\u0131n ay\u0131rt etme s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131s\u0131na d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc ve \u00e7ok ge\u00e7meden h\u0131r\u00e7\u0131nla\u015farak sa\u011fa sola ko\u015fup hav\u00adlamaya ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 saptad\u0131. (Neyse ki Pavlov, ko\u015fullanmay\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6z\u00adme y\u00f6ntemiyle k\u00f6pe\u011fi i\u00e7ine d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fc bunal\u0131mdan kurtarm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r!)<\/p>\n

Bu sonu\u00e7 ku\u015fkusuz, hayvanlar\u0131n da insanlar gibi deneyimler yoluyla refleksler kazanabilecekleri anlam\u0131na gelmektedir.<\/p>\n

Pavlov bu kadarla yetinmemi\u015f ve yine deneysel olarak, hay\u00advanlar\u0131n da insanlar gibi ko\u015fullanmayla edinilmi\u015f reflekslerden kurtulabilece\u011fini g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir. A\u011f\u0131z sulanmas\u0131 refleksine d\u00f6ne\u00adlim: Yukarda belirtildi\u011fi \u00fczere, refleksin kurulmas\u0131na y\u00f6nelik ilk a\u015famada, yiyecek verilmeden \u00f6nce zil \u00e7al\u0131nmaktayd\u0131. Bu a\u015fa\u00admada k\u00f6pe\u011fin bir s\u00fcre sonra zil sesiyle yiyecek beklentisi i\u00e7ine d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc biliyoruz.<\/p>\n

Ko\u015fullanmay\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6zmeye y\u00f6nelik ikinci a\u015famada, zil \u00e7ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 halde yiyecek verilmez; beklenti giderek zay\u0131flamaya y\u00fcz tutar; sonunda zil sesi etkisini yitirir, ko\u015fullanma k\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r. Zil sesine kar\u00ad\u015f\u0131n hayvanda refleks g\u00f6r\u00fclmez olur. Bu, hayvanlarda da ko\u015ful\u00adlanm\u0131\u015f davran\u0131\u015f\u0131n do\u011fal reflekse d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmedi\u011fi anlam\u0131na gelmek\u00adtedir. Ba\u015fka bir deyi\u015fle, deneyimle kazan\u0131lan (ya da yitirilen) bir refleks, salt fizyolojik bir olay de\u011fil, kimi ruhsal yetileri de i\u00e7eren, psikolojik bir davran\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Pavlov\u2019un ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu sonucun, y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n ilk yar\u0131s\u0131nda b\u00fcy\u00fck bir at\u0131l\u0131m i\u00e7ine giren \u201cdavran\u0131\u015f psikolojisi\u201d dedi\u011fimiz Behaviorizm\u2019e yol a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6ylenebilir.<\/p>\n

Sindirim sistemi \u00fczerindeki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 Pavlov\u2019a Nobel \u00d6d\u00fc\u00adl\u00fc\u2019n\u00fc kazand\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131; ama onu d\u00fcnya \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcs\u00fcnde \u00fcnl\u00fc k\u0131lan, ko\u015fullanm\u0131\u015f refleks \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 oldu. Bol\u015fevik Devrimi\u2019nden sonra Sovyetler Birli\u011fi Pavlov\u2019a \u00fcst\u00fcn bir sayg\u0131nl\u0131k tan\u0131r. Bu belki de onun y\u00f6ntemiyle \u201chalklar\u0131n\u201d Marksist ideolojiye kolayca ko\u015ful\u00adland\u0131r\u0131labilece\u011fi beklentisinden ileri gelmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

\u0130van Pavlov k\u00f6pekler \u00fczerindeki deneyleriyle, insan davran\u0131\u015f\u00adlar\u0131n\u0131 inceleyen psikologlara ger\u00e7ekten \u00f6nemli bir \u0131\u015f\u0131k tutmu\u015ftu. Ne var ki, insan davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n salt ko\u015fullanm\u0131\u015f reflekslere indirgenemeyece\u011fi 70 y\u0131ll\u0131k Sovyet deneyiminin sonu\u00e7suz kal\u00admas\u0131yla a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131k kazanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Kaynak:<\/strong> Cemal Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m, Bilimin \u00d6nc\u00fcleri, Bilim ve Gelecek Kitapl\u0131\u011f\u0131, Kas\u0131m 2007, 24. Bask\u0131, s.158<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Son derece sab\u0131rl\u0131, kendine g\u00fcvenen, co\u015fku dolu bir bilim adam\u0131 olan Pavlov, daha sonra \u201cko\u015fullanm\u0131\u015f refleks\u201d ad\u0131n\u0131 verece\u011fi, al\u0131\u015fkanl\u0131\u011fa ba\u011fl\u0131 davran\u0131\u015flar \u00fczerinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar yapt\u0131. Sindirim sistemi \u00fczerindeki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131nda oldu\u011fu gibi, bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131nda da denek (kobay) olarak k\u00f6pekleri kulland\u0131. Bir\u00e7o\u011fumuz apans\u0131z \u015fim\u015fek \u00e7akt\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, ya da beklenmedik bir \u00e7\u0131\u011fl\u0131k duydu\u011fumuzda yerimizden s\u0131\u00e7rar\u0131z. Bu davran\u0131\u015f bir tehlike kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":429,"featured_media":37705,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[19],"tags":[482,606,5459,5457,5458,4427],"class_list":["post-37704","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-bilim-gundemi","tag-bilim","tag-deney","tag-etki-tepki","tag-pavlov","tag-refleks","tag-sovyetler"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t