{"id":37717,"date":"2019-10-28T03:50:06","date_gmt":"2019-10-28T00:50:06","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/?p=37717"},"modified":"2019-10-25T10:54:42","modified_gmt":"2019-10-25T07:54:42","slug":"isinim-radyasyon-nedir-maddeden-farkli-midir","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2019\/10\/28\/isinim-radyasyon-nedir-maddeden-farkli-midir","title":{"rendered":"I\u015f\u0131n\u0131m (radyasyon) nedir? Maddeden farkl\u0131 m\u0131d\u0131r?"},"content":{"rendered":"

Her t\u00fcrl\u00fc par\u00e7ac\u0131k sa\u011fana\u011f\u0131na \u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131m (radyasyon) denir. Bildi\u011fimiz \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131 olu\u015fturan foton par\u00e7ac\u0131klar\u0131ndan, m\u00fcon, neutrino, proton vb. i\u00e7eren kozmik \u0131\u015f\u0131nlara kadar pek \u00e7ok farkl\u0131 t\u00fcrden \u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131m vard\u0131r. Bildi\u011fimiz \u0131\u015f\u0131k da bir t\u00fcr \u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131md\u0131r (elektromanyetik \u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131m). G\u00fcne\u015ften her dalga boyunda elektromanyetik \u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131m gelir. Elektromanyetik \u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131m dalga gibi yay\u0131l\u0131r, ama su ya da ses dalgalar\u0131ndan farkl\u0131d\u0131r. Dalga kavram\u0131 asl\u0131nda bize klasik fizikten miras kalm\u0131\u015f bir kavramd\u0131r. Dalga bir ortamda yay\u0131l\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin ses dalgalar\u0131 ortam\u0131n titre\u015fmesiyle olu\u015fur. \u0130ki insan konu\u015furken birisinin a\u011fz\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131kan \u201cses\u201d di\u011ferinin kula\u011f\u0131na bilardo topu gibi gitmez. Konu\u015fan ki\u015fi ortam\u0131n bas\u0131nc\u0131nda farkl\u0131l\u0131k yarat\u0131r ve b\u00f6ylece kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131ndakinin kula\u011f\u0131n\u0131n bu titre\u015fimleri alg\u0131lamas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flar. Ses dalgas\u0131, b\u00fct\u00fcn dalgalar gibi ortamda yay\u0131l\u0131r. Ancak foton i\u00e7in bir ortam s\u00f6z konusu de\u011fildir, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc foton bildi\u011fimiz anlamda bir dalga de\u011fildir; hem par\u00e7ac\u0131k hem dalgad\u0131r. Yine de dalga \u00f6zelliklerine sahiptir, \u00f6rne\u011fin bir dalga boyu vard\u0131r ki, bu yukar\u0131-ve-a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 sal\u0131n\u0131m s\u0131ras\u0131nda kat etti\u011fi mesafe ya da ard\u0131 ard\u0131na gelen dalga tepeleri aras\u0131ndaki mesafedir.<\/p>\n

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Bildi\u011fimiz \u0131\u015f\u0131k da bir t\u00fcr \u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131md\u0131r (elektromanyetik \u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131m). G\u00fcne\u015ften her dalga boyunda elektromanyetik \u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131m gelir.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Radyoaktif maddenin yayd\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131msa \u00fc\u00e7e ayr\u0131l\u0131r: Alfa (\u03b1), beta (\u03b2) ve gama (\u03b3) \u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131mlar\u0131. 1) Alfa \u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131m\u0131, daha b\u00fcy\u00fck karars\u0131z bir \u00e7ekirdekten yay\u0131nlanan, art\u0131 y\u00fckl\u00fc bir helyum \u00e7ekirde\u011fidir. G\u00f6receli olarak a\u011f\u0131r bir par\u00e7ac\u0131k olmakla beraber, havada birka\u00e7 cm\u2019lik k\u0131sa bir menzile sahiptir ve k\u00e2\u011f\u0131t veya deri taraf\u0131ndan t\u00fcm\u00fcyle so\u011furulabilir. Buna kar\u015f\u0131n, alfa \u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131m\u0131 v\u00fccuda solunum veya sindirim yoluyla girerse, akci\u011fer veya midenin i\u00e7 cidar\u0131 gibi yak\u0131n dokularda b\u00fcy\u00fck \u0131\u015f\u0131nlamalara yol a\u00e7abilece\u011finden, tehlikeli olabilir. 2) Beta \u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131m\u0131, karars\u0131z bir \u00e7ekirdek taraf\u0131ndan yay\u0131nlanan elektrondur. Beta par\u00e7ac\u0131klar\u0131 alfalardan \u00e7ok daha k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fckt\u00fcr ve maddelerde veya dokuda daha derinlere n\u00fcfuz edebilirler. Beta \u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131m\u0131, plastik, cam veya metal tabakalarca t\u00fcm\u00fcyle so\u011furulabilir. Normalde derinin en \u00fcst katman\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6tesine n\u00fcfuz etmez. Bununla birlikte, y\u00fcksek enerjili beta \u0131\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131na \u00e7ok\u00e7a maruz kalma deri yan\u0131klar\u0131na yol a\u00e7abilir. Bu t\u00fcr \u0131\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131lar, solunum veya sindirim yoluyla v\u00fccuda al\u0131nd\u0131klar\u0131nda da tehlikeli olabilirler. 3) Gama \u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131m\u0131 ayn\u0131 zamanda \u00e7o\u011fu kere beta \u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131m\u0131 da yay\u0131nlayan karars\u0131z bir \u00e7ekirdekten yay\u0131nlanan \u00e7ok y\u00fcksek enerjili bir fotondur (elektromanyetik radyasyon). Gama \u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131m\u0131, madde i\u00e7inden ge\u00e7ti\u011finde, esas itibariyle elektronlarla yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 etkile\u015fimler dolay\u0131s\u0131yla, atomlarda iyonizasyona yol a\u00e7ar. Fazlas\u0131yla n\u00fcfuz edici olabilece\u011finden, ancak \u00e7elik veya kur\u015fun gibi, kayda de\u011fer kal\u0131nl\u0131ktaki yo\u011fun malzemeler iyi bir z\u0131rhlama sa\u011flayabilir.<\/p>\n

X-\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131: X-\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 da gama \u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131m\u0131 gibi y\u00fcksek enerjili fotonlard\u0131r (elektromanyetik \u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131m) ve bir elektron demetinin h\u0131zl\u0131 bir \u015fekilde yava\u015flat\u0131lmas\u0131yla yapay olarak \u00fcretilirler. Metal atomlar\u0131n\u0131n i\u00e7indeki elektronlar, \u00fczerilerine \u00e7arpan elektron demetinden enerji so\u011fururlar ve b\u00f6ylece metal atomlar\u0131 \u201cuyar\u0131lm\u0131\u015f\u201d hale gelirler. Daha sonra bu enerjiyi X-\u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131 \u015feklinde b\u0131rak\u0131rlar. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla, \u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131m metal atomlar\u0131ndan gelir; fakat, radyoaktivitenin aksine, kayna\u011f\u0131 \u00e7ekirdek de\u011fildir. \u00dcretilme \u015fekli nedeniyle, bir X-\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 i\u00e7in yar\u0131-\u00f6m\u00fcr s\u00f6z konusu de\u011fildir. An\u0131lan demet g\u00f6nderilmedi\u011fi s\u00fcrece, X-\u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131 yok olur. X-\u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131 gama \u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131mlar\u0131 gibi n\u00fcfuz edici oldu\u011fundan i\u00e7 organlara \u00f6nemli dozlar verebilirler.<\/p>\n

N\u00f6tron \u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131m\u0131: \u00d6zellikle atomik b\u00f6l\u00fcnme (fisyon) ve birle\u015fme (f\u00fczyon) esnas\u0131nda, karars\u0131z bir \u00e7ekirdek taraf\u0131ndan yay\u0131nlanan bir n\u00f6trondur. Uzaydan gelen \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131 bir kenara b\u0131rak\u0131rsak, n\u00f6tronlar genellikle yapay olarak \u00fcretilirler. Elektriksel olarak y\u00fcks\u00fcz par\u00e7ac\u0131klar olduklar\u0131ndan \u00e7ok n\u00fcfuz edici olabilirler ve madde veya dokuyla etkile\u015ftiklerinde beta ve gama \u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131n yay\u0131nlanmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7arlar. Bu y\u00fczden, \u0131\u015f\u0131nlanmalar\u0131n azalt\u0131labilmesi i\u00e7in, n\u00f6tron \u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131m\u0131 kuvvetli z\u0131rhlama gerektirir. Uzaydan gelen (kozmik) \u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131m: Bu \u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131m uzay\u0131n derinliklerinden gelir. Protonlar, alfa par\u00e7ac\u0131klar\u0131, elektronlar, m\u00fconlar, n\u00f6trinolar ve di\u011fer \u00e7e\u015fitli y\u00fcksek enerjili par\u00e7ac\u0131klardan olu\u015fur. T\u00fcm bu y\u00fcksek enerjili par\u00e7ac\u0131klar\u0131n atmosferle g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir \u015fekilde etkile\u015fmesinin sonucu olarak, kozmik \u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131m yer seviyesinde esas itibariyle m\u00fconlar, n\u00f6tronlar, elektronlar ve fotonlar olarak g\u00f6z\u00fck\u00fcrler.<\/p>\n

Kaynak: <\/strong>Kerem Canko\u00e7ak, 50 Soruda Maddenin Evrimi, Haziran 2019, s. 25-27<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Her t\u00fcrl\u00fc par\u00e7ac\u0131k sa\u011fana\u011f\u0131na \u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131m (radyasyon) denir. Bildi\u011fimiz \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131 olu\u015fturan foton par\u00e7ac\u0131klar\u0131ndan, m\u00fcon, neutrino, proton vb. i\u00e7eren kozmik \u0131\u015f\u0131nlara kadar pek \u00e7ok farkl\u0131 t\u00fcrden \u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131m vard\u0131r. Bildi\u011fimiz \u0131\u015f\u0131k da bir t\u00fcr \u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131md\u0131r (elektromanyetik \u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131m). G\u00fcne\u015ften her dalga boyunda elektromanyetik \u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131m gelir. Elektromanyetik \u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131m dalga gibi yay\u0131l\u0131r, ama su ya da ses dalgalar\u0131ndan farkl\u0131d\u0131r. Dalga kavram\u0131 […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":429,"featured_media":37718,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[19],"tags":[1676,288,795,1162,3196,1600,5462],"class_list":["post-37717","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-bilim-gundemi","tag-elektron","tag-fizik","tag-gunes","tag-notron","tag-proton","tag-radyasyon","tag-x-isinlari"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t