{"id":37757,"date":"2019-10-29T03:08:18","date_gmt":"2019-10-29T00:08:18","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/?p=37757"},"modified":"2019-10-28T13:15:23","modified_gmt":"2019-10-28T10:15:23","slug":"neandertaller-konusabiliyor-muydu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2019\/10\/29\/neandertaller-konusabiliyor-muydu","title":{"rendered":"Neandertal\u2019ler konu\u015fabiliyor muydu?"},"content":{"rendered":"

Hat\u0131rlanaca\u011f\u0131 gibi Leipzig Max Planck Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc\u2019nde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan Alman ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131c\u0131lar, soyu t\u00fckenmi\u015f hominidlerin genomunu ortaya \u00e7\u0131karmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rken, modern insanda bulunan, konu\u015fma ve dil ile ili\u015fkili bir genin varyant\u0131n\u0131 Neandertaller\u2019de buldular. Ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar\u0131n\u00a0Current Biology\u2019<\/em>nin Kas\u0131m say\u0131s\u0131ndaki yay\u0131nlar\u0131na g\u00f6re Neandertaller\u2019in konu\u015fmalar\u0131 olas\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyor \u015feklinde a\u00e7\u0131klamalarda bulundular.<\/p>\n

Peki Neandertaller konu\u015fabiliyor muydu?<\/p>\n

Konuyu Metin \u00d6zbek’in Bilim ve Gelecek Kitapl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019ndan \u00e7\u0131kan 50 Soruda \u0130nsan\u0131n Tarih \u00d6ncesi Evrimi \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131ndan al\u0131nan kaynak ile yan\u0131tlamaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131k.<\/p>\n

Organize avc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 bilen, ate\u015fi \u00e7ok iyi denetim alt\u0131na alan, \u00f6l\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fc g\u00f6men, standart tipte \u00e7e\u015fitli aletler yap\u0131p bunlar\u0131n tekni\u011fini ku\u015faktan ku\u015fa\u011fa aktarabilen Neandertal<\/em>\u2019in, konu\u015fma dilinden yoksun oldu\u011funu s\u00f6ylemek ona biraz haks\u0131zl\u0131k olur.(1) Ancak, bir tarih\u00f6ncesi atam\u0131z\u0131n konu\u015fup konu\u015fmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 konusunda elimizde kesin bir kan\u0131t yoktur. Zaten, konu\u015fman\u0131n ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmesine olanak veren anatomik sistem olduk\u00e7a karma\u015f\u0131kt\u0131r. Konu\u015fma denildi\u011finde sinir sistemi, beyin kabu\u011funun temporal ve parietal b\u00f6lgeleri, g\u0131rtlak ve yutak morfolojisi, g\u00f6\u011f\u00fcs kafesi, solunum sisteminde rol oynayan kaslar, diyafram bo\u015flu\u011fu, kafa kaidesi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131, a\u011f\u0131z bo\u015flu\u011fu, burun delikleri, dil kemi\u011finin anatomisi ve konumu ve dil k\u00f6k\u00fcndeki kaslar hep birlikte g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcnde bulundurulmal\u0131d\u0131r. Ne yaz\u0131k ki bu sayd\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z \u00f6zelliklerin b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu yumu\u015fak dokular\u0131 ilgilendirmekte olup, fosil insanlarda zamanla \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fcp yok olmu\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u00d6nceleri, Neandertal<\/em>\u2019lerin konu\u015fma yetene\u011finden yoksun oldu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcl\u00fcyordu. 1980\u2019lerin ortalar\u0131nda, J. L. Heim adl\u0131 Frans\u0131z paleontolog, La Chapelle-aux-Saints Neandertal<\/em>\u2019inin kafa kaidesindeki onar\u0131m\u0131n hatal\u0131 oldu\u011funu, yeni ve ger\u00e7ek\u00e7i bi\u00e7imde yap\u0131lan onar\u0131mda kafa kaidesinde t\u0131pk\u0131 modern insandaki gibi belirgin bir b\u00fck\u00fclme bulundu\u011funu a\u00e7\u0131klay\u0131nca; bilim d\u00fcnyas\u0131 Neandertal<\/em>\u2019in konu\u015fma yetene\u011finden ku\u015fku duymamaya ba\u015flad\u0131. Amerikal\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 David Frayer de s\u00f6z konusu Neandertal<\/em>\u2019in yeniden onar\u0131lm\u0131\u015f kafatas\u0131 \u00fczerinde kaide b\u00fck\u00fclme a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7t\u00fc ve elde etti\u011fi de\u011ferin bir orta\u00e7a\u011f iskelet serisinde buldu\u011fu ortalama de\u011fere benzer oldu\u011funu g\u00f6sterdi.<\/p>\n

1989\u2019da \u0130srail\u2019in Kebara adl\u0131 b\u00f6lgesindeki kaz\u0131lar s\u0131ras\u0131nda bulunan bir Neandertal <\/em>eri\u015fkini ile beraber in situ durumda \u00e7ok iyi korunmu\u015f bir dil kemi\u011fi (os hyoid) ele ge\u00e7ti. Bilindi\u011fi gibi, dil kemi\u011fi dil kaslar\u0131n\u0131n i\u00e7ine g\u00f6m\u00fcl\u00fc olan bir kemiktir. Bo\u011fazdaki i\u015fgal etti\u011fi pozisyon larinks ile \u00e7ok s\u0131k\u0131 ili\u015fki i\u00e7indedir. Kebara Neandertal <\/em>insan\u0131n\u0131n dil kemi\u011fi gerek bi\u00e7imi, gerekse boyutlar\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan modern insan\u0131n dil kemi\u011fiye b\u00fcy\u00fck benzerlik g\u00f6sterir. Bu g\u00f6zlemden hareketle, fosili bulmu\u015f olan \u0130srailli ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 Baruch Arensburg Neandertal<\/em>\u2019lerin anatomik olarak modern insan gibi konu\u015fma kapasitesine sahip oldu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc ortaya att\u0131. Fosil hominid<\/em>\u2019lerde insan konu\u015fma yetene\u011fi hakk\u0131nda \u00f6nemli bir ipucu say\u0131lan iyi korunmu\u015f bir kafa kaidesi ile dil kemi\u011finin kaz\u0131larda bulunmas\u0131 \u00e7ok d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck bir olas\u0131l\u0131k say\u0131lsa da, yak\u0131n bir d\u00f6nemde \u0130spanya\u2019da g\u00fcn \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131na \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olan baz\u0131 fosiller belki bu konuda \u00f6nemli bilgileri bize kazand\u0131rabilir; ger\u00e7ekten de Atapuerka b\u00f6lgesindeki La Sima de los Huesos depozitlerinde (orta pleistosen, a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 yukar\u0131 300 bin y\u0131l \u00f6ncesiyle ya\u015fland\u0131r\u0131lmaktad\u0131r) ele ge\u00e7en 5 no\u2019lu kafatas\u0131nda(2) kaide k\u0131sm\u0131 \u00e7ok iyi korunmu\u015f durumdad\u0131r. \u00dcstelik burada hemen hemen tam olan iki dil kemi\u011fi de bulundu. Bu ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc buluntular \u00fczerindeki ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar bitti\u011finde insan\u0131n konu\u015fma yetene\u011finin k\u00f6keni hakk\u0131nda belki daha fazla bilgi elde edebilece\u011fiz.<\/p>\n

Kaynaklar:<\/strong><\/p>\n

1.<\/strong>Lieberman, P., 1975; \u201cOn the origins of language\u201d, An \u0130ntroduction to the Evolution of Human Speech<\/em>, Macmillan Publishing Co.
\n2.<\/strong>Arsuaga ve Martinez, 2006.<\/p>\n

Kaynak: <\/strong>Metin \u00d6zbek, 50 Soruda \u0130nsan\u0131n Tarih \u00d6ncesi Evrimi, Bilim ve Gelecek Kitapl\u0131\u011f\u0131, Ocak 2010, 1. Bask\u0131, s. 121-123<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Hat\u0131rlanaca\u011f\u0131 gibi Leipzig Max Planck Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc\u2019nde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan Alman ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131c\u0131lar, soyu t\u00fckenmi\u015f hominidlerin genomunu ortaya \u00e7\u0131karmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rken, modern insanda bulunan, konu\u015fma ve dil ile ili\u015fkili bir genin varyant\u0131n\u0131 Neandertaller\u2019de buldular. Ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar\u0131n\u00a0Current Biology\u2019nin Kas\u0131m say\u0131s\u0131ndaki yay\u0131nlar\u0131na g\u00f6re Neandertaller\u2019in konu\u015fmalar\u0131 olas\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyor \u015feklinde a\u00e7\u0131klamalarda bulundular. Peki Neandertaller konu\u015fabiliyor muydu? Konuyu Metin \u00d6zbek’in Bilim ve Gelecek Kitapl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019ndan \u00e7\u0131kan 50 […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":185,"featured_media":37760,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[19],"tags":[694,200,816,5469,1192,5468],"class_list":["post-37757","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-bilim-gundemi","tag-dil","tag-evrim","tag-fosil","tag-hominid","tag-konusma","tag-neanderteal"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t