{"id":37989,"date":"2019-11-01T03:20:54","date_gmt":"2019-11-01T00:20:54","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/?p=37989"},"modified":"2019-10-31T16:47:21","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T13:47:21","slug":"insanligin-dogum-yeri-kokeninizi-kuzey-botsvanada-arayabilirsiniz","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2019\/11\/01\/insanligin-dogum-yeri-kokeninizi-kuzey-botsvanada-arayabilirsiniz","title":{"rendered":"\u0130nsanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n do\u011fum yeri: K\u00f6keninizi Kuzey Botsvana\u2019da arayabilirsiniz"},"content":{"rendered":"

Modern insan\u0131n evrimsel olarak do\u011fum yeri neresi? Bu sorunun cevab\u0131 Do\u011fu Afrika\u2019daki B\u00fcy\u00fck Rift Vadisi\u2019ni(1) i\u015faret ediyordu, ta ki bug\u00fcne dek.<\/p>\n

Sydney \u00dcniversitesi\u2019nden profes\u00f6r Vanessa Hayes, heritagedaily.com\u2019da son \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131ndan ve bu soruya verdikleri yan\u0131ttan s\u00f6z etti:<\/p>\n

Yeni ara\u015ft\u0131rmam\u0131zda DNA\u2019y\u0131 kullanarak insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n ilk ayak izlerini B\u00fcy\u00fck Zambezi Nehri\u2019nin(2) Makgadikgadi-Okavango ad\u0131ndaki prehistorik sulak alan\u0131na kadar izledik. Nature\u2019da yay\u0131mlanan incelememiz, en erken modern insan pop\u00fclasyonunun (Homo sapiens sapiens\u2019in) 200 bin y\u0131l \u00f6nce, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde Botsvana, Namibya ve Zimbabve taraf\u0131ndan \u00e7evrelenen alanda ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ortaya koyuyor. Buras\u0131 g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde kurak, yer yer tuzlarla kaplanm\u0131\u015f cans\u0131z bir alan. Atalar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n Afrika\u2019n\u0131n kalan\u0131n\u0131 ve nihayetinde D\u00fcnya\u2019y\u0131 ke\u015ffetmeye ba\u015flamadan \u00f6nce 70 bin y\u0131l boyunca bu sulak alanda ya\u015fay\u0131p geli\u015ftiklerine inanmak olduk\u00e7a zor.<\/p>\n

\u201cMitogenome\u201d(3) olarak da bilinen mitokondriyal DNA \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131yla bu b\u00f6lgede net bir yer saptad\u0131k. Anne ve babadan ge\u00e7ebilen n\u00fckleer DNA\u2019n\u0131n aksine, mitokondriyal DNA yaln\u0131zca anne taraf\u0131ndan \u00e7ocu\u011fa aktar\u0131l\u0131r, haliyle nesiller ge\u00e7tik\u00e7e mitokondriyal DNA\u2019da herhangi bir kar\u0131\u015fma olmaz.<\/p>\n

\"\"
Ayn\u0131 pop\u00fclasyona ait atasal DNA\u2019n\u0131n da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

E\u011fer modern insanlar\u0131n devasa bir aile a\u011fac\u0131nda belirli bir yere sahip oldu\u011funu hayal edersek, mant\u0131ken a\u011fac\u0131n k\u00f6k\u00fcnde mitogenomu bulmal\u0131y\u0131z. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc k\u00f6kten yukar\u0131 do\u011fru ilerleyen t\u00fcm dallanmalar\u0131n kayna\u011f\u0131 buras\u0131. Her ne kadar fosil kay\u0131tlar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011fu Do\u011fu Afrika\u2019da bulunmu\u015f olsa da, genetik verilerin insan\u0131n be\u015fi\u011fi olarak Afrika\u2019n\u0131n g\u00fcney b\u00f6lgelerini i\u015faret etti\u011fini biliyorduk. Ama insanlar\u0131n evrimle\u015fti\u011fi ilk yeri net olarak belirlemek i\u00e7in ara\u015ft\u0131rmam\u0131z\u0131 daha da hassasla\u015ft\u0131rmak istedik. Bunu yapabilmek ad\u0131na y\u00f6n\u00fcm\u00fcz\u00fc KhoeSan olarak da bilinen bir grup insana \u00e7evirdik. KhoeSan d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en \u00e7e\u015fitli mitogenomlar\u0131na sahip halk\u0131. Haliyle DNA\u2019lar \u00fczerinden okudu\u011fumuzda, KhoeSan\u2019lar en eski ortak atam\u0131za en \u00e7ok benzeyen grup anlam\u0131na geliyor. Haliyle hepimiz insan soy a\u011fac\u0131na oturursak, bu a\u011fac\u0131n g\u00f6vdesi KhoeSan oluyor.<\/p>\n

K\u00fclt\u00fcrel anlamda avc\u0131 toplay\u0131c\u0131 olan KhoeSan\u2019larda, bir grup San h\u00e2l\u00e2 avc\u0131l\u0131k ve toplay\u0131c\u0131l\u0131k yaparak eski ya\u015fam bi\u00e7imlerini s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fcyorken, linguistik a\u00e7\u0131dan bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131ndaysa KhoeSan\u2019lar\u0131n \u015faklamal\u0131 bir dil konu\u015ftuklar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yleyebiliriz.<\/p>\n

Ara\u015ft\u0131rma ekibimiz, Namibya ve G\u00fcney Afrika\u2019daki KhoeSan topluluklar\u0131yla birlikte di\u011fer etnisiteleri ve dil gruplar\u0131n\u0131 on y\u0131l boyunca \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131. A\u015fa\u011f\u0131 yukar\u0131 200 nadir veya yeni bulunan KhoeSan soyunun alt dallar\u0131n\u0131 mitogenom verisi haline getirdik, bu verileri mevcut verilerle birle\u015ftirdik ve b\u00f6ylece evrim a\u011fac\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n temeline yak\u0131nla\u015fmay\u0131 ba\u015fard\u0131k. Art\u0131k atalar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n Zambezi Nehri\u2019nin g\u00fcney b\u00f6lgesinden yay\u0131lm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyor. Bu bilgi de bu b\u00f6lgenin verimli bir sulak alan oldu\u011fu g\u00f6steren co\u011frafi, arkeolojik ve iklim verileriyle \u00f6rt\u00fc\u015f\u00fcyor.<\/p>\n

Yemye\u015fil do\u011fa<\/strong>
\nJeolojik bulgular ayn\u0131 zamanda milyonlarca y\u0131l boyunca o topraklara hakim olan prehistorik Makgadikgadi G\u00f6l\u00fc\u2019n\u00fcn toprak kaymas\u0131 nedeniyle kaybolmaya ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6steriyor. Bu da insan ya\u015fam\u0131na m\u00fcsait b\u00fcy\u00fck bir sulak alan\u0131n olu\u015fmas\u0131na olanak sa\u011fl\u0131yor. Peki, buras\u0131 insan ya\u015fam\u0131na olduk\u00e7a m\u00fcsait bir alansa, atalar\u0131m\u0131z neden 130 bin ila 110 bin y\u0131l \u00f6nce, ilk olarak g\u00fcneydo\u011fuya sonra da kuzeybat\u0131ya do\u011fru di\u011fer b\u00f6lgeleri ke\u015ffetmeye ba\u015flad\u0131lar? \u0130klim verileri, bu d\u00f6nemlerde b\u00f6lgenin \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck bir kurakl\u0131k ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6steriyor.<\/p>\n

A\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyor ki, 130 bin y\u0131l \u00f6nce nem oran\u0131 b\u00f6lgenin kuzeydo\u011fusuna do\u011fru y\u00fckseldi ve 110 bin y\u0131l \u00f6nce ayn\u0131 durum g\u00fcneybat\u0131s\u0131 i\u00e7in de ya\u015fand\u0131. Bu durumun, atalar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck ihtimalle yeni b\u00f6lgelere do\u011fru ilerleyen av hayvanlar\u0131n\u0131 takip ederek, yurtlar\u0131ndan ayr\u0131lmalar\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayacak ye\u015fil bir bitki \u00f6rt\u00fcs\u00fc yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyoruz. Ayr\u0131ca genetik verilerimiz g\u00fcneye gidenlerin birden fazla pop\u00fclasyona ayr\u0131lmalar\u0131 ve y\u00fcksek n\u00fcfus art\u0131\u015f\u0131 ya\u015famalar\u0131 nedeniyle Afrika\u2019n\u0131n g\u00fcney k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131nda ya\u015famaya devam ettiklerini g\u00f6steriyor.<\/p>\n

G\u00fcney Afrika\u2019daki Blombos Ma\u011faras\u0131\u2019ndan \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan arkeolojik buluntular, bu b\u00f6lgenin bili\u015fsel\/kavramsal insan davran\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 kan\u0131tlayacak bulgulara ili\u015fkin (100 bin y\u0131l \u00f6ncesine kadar) zengin bir b\u00f6lge oldu\u011funu g\u00f6steriyor.<\/p>\n

Tarihsel olarak birlikte \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmasa da birbirini tamamlay\u0131c\u0131 disiplinleri a\u015farak zaman \u00e7izelgesi verilerini ne kadar iyi e\u015fle\u015ftirebilece\u011fimize \u015fa\u015f\u0131rd\u0131k. Bu bulgular, ayn\u0131 zamanda g\u00fcneye g\u00f6\u00e7enlerin ba\u015far\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n okyanuslardaki bollu\u011fa adapte olmalar\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131 oldu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesine ula\u015fmam\u0131za olanak tan\u0131yor.<\/p>\n

Bu erken k\u00e2\u015fifler daha kuru araziye adapte olmu\u015f, bug\u00fcn h\u00e2l\u00e2 atalar\u0131n\u0131n ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 co\u011frafyada ya\u015famlar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcren pop\u00fclasyonlar\u0131 arkalar\u0131nda b\u0131rakt\u0131lar.<\/p>\n

Geride b\u0131rakt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z on y\u0131lda, Namibya, Kalahari\u2019deki Ju\/’hoansi halk\u0131 da dahil olmak \u00fczere, insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n anavatan\u0131n\u0131n son soyundan gelen insanlarla etkile\u015fimde bulunmak bir onurdu. Geleneksel ya\u015fam tarz\u0131n\u0131 g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde de devam ettiren Ju\/\u2019hoansi insanlar\u0131 da bulgular\u0131m\u0131z i\u00e7in heyecanl\u0131. \u00c7al\u0131\u015fmam\u0131z\u0131n nesiller boyu yaln\u0131zca a\u011f\u0131zdan a\u011f\u0131za anlatt\u0131klar\u0131 \u00f6yk\u00fclerini yans\u0131tt\u0131\u011f\u0131na inan\u0131yorlar. Bu yaln\u0131zca onlar\u0131n hik\u00e2yesi de\u011fil, hepimizin hikayesi.<\/p>\n

\n

(1)<\/strong> Rift Vadisi insan evrimi konusunda akla gelen ilk b\u00f6lgelerden biri. \u0130nsan\u0131n birka\u00e7 a\u015famada Do\u011fu Afrika \u00fczerinden D\u00fcnya\u2019ya yay\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcl\u00fcyor.<\/p>\n

(2)<\/strong> Zambezi; Nile, Congo ve Niger’\u0131n ard\u0131ndan Afrika’n\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck d\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc nehri. Yerel Tonga dilinde “B\u00fcy\u00fck Nehir” anl\u0131ma geliyor. Ana metinde de Zambezi Nehri ile B\u00fcy\u00fck Nehir birle\u015ftirilmi\u015f ve B\u00fcy\u00fck Zambezi Nehri olarak kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f.<\/p>\n

(3)<\/strong> T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de Mitokondriyal Havva olarak biliniyor. Nesiller aras\u0131nda iz s\u00fcrmek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131yor ve sadece anne taraf\u0131ndan \u00e7ocu\u011fa aktar\u0131labiliyor.<\/p>\n

\n

Kaynak:<\/strong> https:\/\/www.heritagedaily.com\/2019\/10\/humanitys-birthplace-why-everyone-alive-today-can-call-northern-botswana-home\/124739<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Modern insan\u0131n evrimsel olarak do\u011fum yeri neresi? Bu sorunun cevab\u0131 Do\u011fu Afrika\u2019daki B\u00fcy\u00fck Rift Vadisi\u2019ni(1) i\u015faret ediyordu, ta ki bug\u00fcne dek. Sydney \u00dcniversitesi\u2019nden profes\u00f6r Vanessa Hayes, heritagedaily.com\u2019da son \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131ndan ve bu soruya verdikleri yan\u0131ttan s\u00f6z etti: Yeni ara\u015ft\u0131rmam\u0131zda DNA\u2019y\u0131 kullanarak insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n ilk ayak izlerini B\u00fcy\u00fck Zambezi Nehri\u2019nin(2) Makgadikgadi-Okavango ad\u0131ndaki prehistorik sulak alan\u0131na kadar izledik. Nature\u2019da […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1969,"featured_media":37995,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[19],"tags":[523,292,1689,4746,5512],"class_list":["post-37989","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-bilim-gundemi","tag-afrika","tag-genetik","tag-koken","tag-mitokondriyal-dna","tag-namibya"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t