{"id":38045,"date":"2019-11-02T03:10:56","date_gmt":"2019-11-02T00:10:56","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/?p=38045"},"modified":"2019-11-01T17:18:00","modified_gmt":"2019-11-01T14:18:00","slug":"bilimin-onculeri-marie-curie-1867-1934","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2019\/11\/02\/bilimin-onculeri-marie-curie-1867-1934","title":{"rendered":"Bilimin \u00d6nc\u00fcleri: Marie Curie (1867-1934)"},"content":{"rendered":"

“Art\u0131k dayanamad\u0131\u011f\u0131m bu a\u015fa\u011f\u0131l\u0131k d\u00fcnyaya veda etmek istiyorum. Neyse ki yoklu\u011fum b\u00fcy\u00fck bir kay\u0131p olmayacak!” Bu s\u00f6zler gen\u00e7 ya\u015f\u0131nda sevgilisine kavu\u015famayan g\u00fczel bir k\u0131z\u0131n mutsuzluk \u00e7\u0131\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131. Bu k\u0131z 17 ya\u015f\u0131nda iken ilerde iki kez Nobel \u00d6d\u00fcl\u00fc kazanan t\u00fcm zamanlar\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck bilim kad\u0131n\u0131 olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 nas\u0131l bilebilirdi ki. Hem de do\u011fup b\u00fcy\u00fcd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc \u00fclkesinde de\u011fil, \u00f6\u011frenim i\u00e7in gitti\u011fi yabanc\u0131 bir \u00fclkede!<\/p>\n

Manya Sklodowska, Polonya\u2019n\u0131n ba\u015fkenti Var\u015fova\u2019da d\u00fcnyaya geldi. K\u00f6y k\u00f6kenli ana-babas\u0131 salt e\u011fitim tutkusuyla gen\u00e7 ya\u015flar\u0131nda ba\u015fkente g\u00f6\u00e7m\u00fc\u015flerdi. Babas\u0131 lisede fizik ve matematik \u00f6\u011fretmeni, annesi usta bir piyanist olmu\u015ftu. Manya 10 ya\u015f\u0131na geldi\u011finde, annesinin \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcyle ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131n ilk derin ac\u0131s\u0131na g\u00f6m\u00fcld\u00fc. O d\u00f6nemde Polonya, \u00c7arl\u0131k Rusya\u2019n\u0131n egemenli\u011fi alt\u0131ndayd\u0131. \u00d6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck aray\u0131\u015flar\u0131na olanak tan\u0131nmamakta, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir k\u0131p\u0131rdama \u201cisyan\u201d diye ac\u0131mazs\u0131zca bast\u0131r\u0131lmaktayd\u0131. Yabanc\u0131 boyunduru\u011funda olmay\u0131 i\u00e7ine sindiremeyen toplumun ayd\u0131n kesiminde yer alan Manya\u2019n\u0131n babas\u0131 \u00e7ok ge\u00e7meden okuldaki g\u00f6revinden uzakla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131. D\u00f6rt \u00e7ocuklu aile i\u00e7in s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 g\u00fcnler ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131 ama, baba kararl\u0131yd\u0131. \u00c7ocuklar\u0131n\u0131n e\u011fitimi i\u00e7in hi\u00e7bir \u00f6zveriden geri kalmayacakt\u0131. Manya, liseyi birincilikle bitirdi ve alt\u0131n madalyayla \u00f6d\u00fcllendirildi. Kendisinden \u00f6nce iki karde\u015fi de ayn\u0131 \u00f6d\u00fcl\u00fc alm\u0131\u015flard\u0131. Y\u00fcksek\u00f6\u011frenim olana\u011f\u0131 bulamayan Manya baba oca\u011f\u0131 k\u00f6ye g\u00f6nderildi; ilerde \u00f6zlemini hep duydu\u011fu, bir y\u0131l s\u00fcren g\u00fczel bir tatil ya\u015fad\u0131. En \u00e7ok ho\u015fland\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u015fey de, gece yar\u0131lar\u0131na uzanan dansl\u0131 e\u011flencelere kat\u0131lmakt\u0131.<\/p>\n

Manya Var\u015fova\u2019ya d\u00f6nd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde yeniden \u00fcniversiteye gitme olana\u011f\u0131 aramaya koyuldu. Amac\u0131 ablas\u0131 gibi Paris\u2019e gidip Sorbonne\u2019da okumakt\u0131. Ama buna elverecek mali deste\u011fi nas\u0131l bulacakt\u0131? T\u00fcm ba\u015fvurular\u0131 sonu\u00e7suz kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Sonunda ablas\u0131 ile ortak bir \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm yolu buldular: \u00d6nce Manya bir i\u015fe girip ablas\u0131na \u00f6\u011frenim deste\u011fi sa\u011flayacak, sonra \u00fcniversiteyi bitirdi\u011finde ablas\u0131 Manya\u2019y\u0131 destekleyecekti.<\/p>\n

Manya i\u015fe soylu ge\u00e7inen bir Rus ailesinde m\u00fcrebbiye olarak ba\u015flad\u0131. Sonra entelekt\u00fcel d\u00fczeyi daha y\u00fcksek bir ailenin yan\u0131na ge\u00e7ti. Y\u0131llarca para g\u00f6nderdi\u011fi ablas\u0131 mezun olunca, okuma s\u0131ras\u0131 Manya\u2019n\u0131nd\u0131 art\u0131k. 23 ya\u015f\u0131nda Sorbonne \u00dcniversitesi Fen Fak\u00fcltesi\u2019ne kaydolunca d\u00fc\u015fledi\u011fi d\u00fcnyas\u0131na kavu\u015ftu. \u201cManya\u201d ad\u0131 Frans\u0131zca\u2019daki s\u00f6yleni\u015fiyle \u201cMarie\u201dye d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fen gen\u00e7 k\u0131z isten\u00e7le ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6rt y\u0131ll\u0131k \u00f6\u011frenimini, sobas\u0131 bile olmayan bir \u00e7at\u0131 kat\u0131nda \u00e7o\u011fu g\u00fcnler peynir, ekmek ve \u00e7ayla yetinerek s\u00fcrd\u00fcrd\u00fc. Ne var ki, yoksunluk Marie\u2019nin direncini k\u0131rmay\u0131p, tam tersine art\u0131rd\u0131: Co\u015fkulu \u00f6\u011frenci matematik, fizik, kimya ve astronominin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra m\u00fczik ve \u015fiir derslerine de kat\u0131ld\u0131. Mezun olur olmaz Fizik\u2019te master derecesi i\u00e7in girdi\u011fi s\u0131navda birinci oldu. Bir y\u0131l sonra da Matematik\u2019te master \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131na ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/p>\n

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1898\u2019de Marie \u00fclkesinin ad\u0131yla and\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u201cpolonyum\u201d elementini bulduklar\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klad\u0131.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Marie 27 ya\u015f\u0131na gelmi\u015fti. \u00c7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 laboratuvarda ara\u015ft\u0131rma yapan gen\u00e7 bilim adam\u0131 Pierre Curie (1859 – 1906) ile tan\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Pierre de ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc bir yetenekti: Daha 16 ya\u015f\u0131nda iken \u00fcniversiteyi bitirmi\u015f, 18 ya\u015f\u0131nda fizikte master derecesi alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Elektrik ve manyetizma alan\u0131ndaki ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131yla daha gen\u00e7 ya\u015fta dikkatleri \u00e7ekmeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131 bilime adam\u0131\u015f Pierre kar\u015f\u0131 cinse \u00f6nyarg\u0131yla bakmaktayd\u0131. Ona g\u00f6re, \u201cd\u00e2hi\u201d diyebilece\u011fimiz kad\u0131n yok denecek kadar azd\u0131. \u201cS\u0131radan kad\u0131n ise ciddi kafal\u0131 bilim adam\u0131 i\u00e7in bir ayak ba\u011f\u0131 olmaktan ileri ge\u00e7mez\u201d diyordu. Gen\u00e7 bilim adam\u0131 35 ya\u015f\u0131ndayd\u0131. Marie ile kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131ncaya dek deneyimleri hi\u00e7 de olumlu olmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. \u015eimdi \u201cyok denecek kadar az\u201d dedi\u011fi kad\u0131n\u0131 bulmu\u015ftu. Ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131n\u0131 yan yana ayn\u0131 alanda s\u00fcrd\u00fcren Marie ile Pierre, yaln\u0131z ya\u015famlar\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fil, bilimsel u\u011fra\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 da birle\u015ftirmekte gecikmediler.<\/p>\n

Bu bilimsel bulu\u015flar\u0131n birbirini izledi\u011fi bir d\u00f6nemdi. Almanya\u2019da R\u00f6ntgen \u201cX-\u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131\u201d dedi\u011fi kat\u0131 cisimlerden bile ge\u00e7en \u00e7ok g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir \u0131\u015f\u0131n ke\u015ffetmi\u015fti. Fransa\u2019da ise yo\u011fun \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131yla \u00fcnl\u00fc fizik\u00e7i Becquerel (1852 – 1908) g\u00fcndemdeydi. Becquerel, deneylerine dayanarak uranyum maden filizinde uranyum d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda ba\u015fka bir elementin daha bulundu\u011fu kan\u0131s\u0131ndayd\u0131; d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesini deney becerisine hayranl\u0131k duydu\u011fu Marie Curie\u2019ye iletti. Sorunu enikonu irdeleyen kar\u0131koca Curie\u2019ler s\u00f6z konusu elementin bilinen bir element de\u011fil, yeni bir element oldu\u011fu sonucuna ula\u015ft\u0131lar ve ellerindeki ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131n\u0131 bir yana iterek \u00e7ok ilgin\u00e7 bulduklar\u0131 bu soruna a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131k getirmeye koyuldular.<\/p>\n

Uranyum maden filizi pahal\u0131 bir meta idi; o zaman yaln\u0131zca bir \u00fclkeden (Avusturya\u2019dan) sa\u011flanabilirdi. Curie\u2019ler k\u0131s\u0131tl\u0131 mali olanaklar\u0131yla filizi oldu\u011fu gibi de\u011fil, uranyumu al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f kal\u0131nt\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 sat\u0131n alabilirlerdi ancak. Becquerel gibi onlar da yeni elementin kal\u0131nt\u0131da oldu\u011funa emindiler. Avusturya H\u00fck\u00fcmeti istenen kal\u0131nt\u0131y\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131ma \u00fccreti pahas\u0131na g\u00f6ndermeyi kabul etti. Curie\u2019ler tonlarca uranyum filiz kal\u0131nt\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 laboratuvar diye haz\u0131rlad\u0131klar\u0131 derme \u00e7atma ah\u015fap barakalara y\u0131\u011fd\u0131lar. Bundan sonras\u0131, bilim tarihinin bildi\u011fimiz en yorucu ve y\u0131prat\u0131c\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131rma u\u011fra\u015f\u0131yd\u0131, i\u015fe kal\u0131nt\u0131y\u0131 ocak \u00fczerinde kocaman kazanlarda kaynat\u0131p ar\u0131nd\u0131rma i\u015flemiyle ba\u015fland\u0131. Eriyik, s\u00fcrekli kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131larak filtreden ge\u00e7irildi.<\/p>\n

Kapal\u0131 yerde \u00e7\u0131kan gaz \u00e7o\u011fu kez dayan\u0131lamayacak yo\u011funlukta oldu\u011fundan kazanlar, hava ko\u015fullar\u0131 elverdi\u011finde, \u00fcst\u00fc a\u00e7\u0131k avluya ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131yordu. 1896 y\u0131l\u0131 boyunca kaynatma, s\u00fczme i\u015fi aral\u0131ks\u0131z s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc. Yorgun d\u00fc\u015fen Marie k\u0131\u015f\u0131n gelmesiyle zat\u00fcrreye yakalan\u0131p yata\u011fa d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc; \u00fc\u00e7 ay i\u015f t\u00fcm\u00fcyle Pierre\u2019in omuzlar\u0131nda kald\u0131, iki y\u0131l s\u00fcren s\u00fczme ve ar\u0131nd\u0131rma sonunda az miktarda bizmut bile\u015fi\u011fi elde edildi. Bu bile\u015fimin uranyumdan 300 kat daha aktif oldu\u011fu g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcne al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, bu bile k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcmsenecek bir ba\u015far\u0131 de\u011fildir. \u00dcstelik, bu, bizmut bile\u015fiminde bilinen elementlerden ba\u015fka bir \u015feyin daha oldu\u011fu demekti. Marie var g\u00fcc\u00fcyle bu bilinmeyen \u015feyi ortaya \u00e7\u0131karmaya koyulabilirdi art\u0131k. 1898\u2019de Marie \u00fclkesinin ad\u0131yla and\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u201cpolonyum\u201d elementini bulduklar\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klad\u0131. Ne var ki, sorun hen\u00fcz tam \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f de\u011fildi; \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc, polonyum \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131ld\u0131ktan sonra geri kalan posan\u0131n \u00e7ok daha g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc oldu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc. S\u00fczme ve ar\u0131nd\u0131rma i\u015fi bitmemi\u015fti. Curie\u2019ler\u2019in y\u0131lmadan, usanmadan s\u00fcrd\u00fcrd\u00fckleri \u00e7etin u\u011fra\u015f, sonunda hedefine ula\u015ft\u0131: I\u015f\u0131n etkinli\u011fi y\u00fcksek \u201cradyum\u201d elementi bulundu.<\/p>\n

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D\u00fcnyas\u0131 bir anda kararan Marie, kurtulu\u015fu tekrar laboratuvara d\u00f6nmekte buldu.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Radyum ger\u00e7ekten bulunmas\u0131 yolunda verilen t\u00fcm emek ve zamana de\u011fen ilgin\u00e7 bir elementtir. Radyoaktifli\u011fi uranyumdan yakla\u015f\u0131k bir milyon kat daha fazlad\u0131r. Foto\u011fraf filmi \u00fczerinde \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011fa duyarl\u0131 maddeyi, film \u0131\u015f\u0131k ge\u00e7irmez k\u00e2\u011f\u0131da sar\u0131l\u0131 olsa bile, kolayca etkiler. Havadaki gazlar\u0131n molek\u00fcllerini iyonize ederek gazlar\u0131n elektrik ta\u015f\u0131mas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flar; ayr\u0131ca, di\u011fer bile\u015fimlerle kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda floresans \u00fcretme g\u00fcc\u00fcne sahiptir. Radyum \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131 tohumlar\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fcmesini \u00f6nleyebilir; bakterileri, dahas\u0131 k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck hayvanlar\u0131 \u00f6ld\u00fcrebilir. Bu \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131n bug\u00fcn kanserin ve baz\u0131 deri hastal\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n tedavisinde kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 biliyoruz. Radyumun bir \u00f6zelli\u011fi de, enerji sald\u0131k\u00e7a kendini t\u00fcketmesi, basit atomlara d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmesidir.<\/p>\n

Sanayi \u00e7evrelerinden gelen \u0131srarl\u0131 taleplere kar\u015f\u0131n, bulu\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 satma yoluna gitmeyen Curie\u2019ler, 1903\u2019de fizikte Nobel \u00d6d\u00fcl\u00fc\u2019n\u00fc Becquerel ile payla\u015ft\u0131lar. B\u00f6ylece uzun y\u0131llar biriken ara\u015ft\u0131rma masraf bor\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6deme olana\u011f\u0131na kavu\u015ftular. Pierre Curie Sorbonne\u2019a profes\u00f6r olarak \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131ld\u0131, iki \u00e7ocuklu aile art\u0131k daha rahat ve mutlu bir ya\u015fam i\u00e7indedir. Ne yaz\u0131k ki, aileyi, mutsuzlu\u011fa g\u00f6men bir trafik kazas\u0131 bekliyordu: 1906\u2019da Pierre Curie bilimsel bir seminerden \u00e7\u0131k\u0131p evine y\u00fcr\u00fcrken atl\u0131 bir araban\u0131n alt\u0131nda kald\u0131, kaza yerinde ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131 yitirdi. D\u00fcnyas\u0131 bir anda kararan Marie kurtulu\u015fu tekrar laboratuvara d\u00f6nmekte buldu. Her gece uykuya yatmadan o g\u00fcnk\u00fc \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131, yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir mektupla art\u0131k birlikte olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 kocas\u0131yla payla\u015fmak istiyordu. Kimi \u00e7evrelerin kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n, Fransa yerle\u015fik normlar\u0131 bir yana iterek Marie Curie\u2019ye kocas\u0131ndan bo\u015falan k\u00fcrs\u00fcy\u00fc \u00f6nerdi. \u00d6\u011fretim g\u00f6reviyle birlikte ara\u015ft\u0131rma etkinli\u011fini de s\u00fcrd\u00fcren bayan profes\u00f6r, radyumu yal\u0131n bi\u00e7imiyle elde etmeyi ba\u015fard\u0131, 1911\u2019de ikinci kez Nobel \u00d6d\u00fcl\u00fc\u2019n\u00fc ald\u0131. 1934\u2019de \u00f6ld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde, \u00fcnl\u00fc bilim kad\u0131n\u0131n\u0131n y\u0131llarca radyum \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131n etkisinde kalan i\u00e7 organlar\u0131n\u0131n nerdeyse t\u00fcm\u00fcyle y\u0131k\u0131m i\u00e7inde oldu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc. Ke\u015ffetti\u011fi radyum bir bak\u0131ma ondan \u00f6c\u00fcn\u00fc alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n

Kaynak:<\/strong> Cemal Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m, Bilimin \u00d6nc\u00fcleri, Bilim ve Gelecek Kitapl\u0131\u011f\u0131, Kas\u0131m 2007, 24. Bask\u0131, s.162<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

“Art\u0131k dayanamad\u0131\u011f\u0131m bu a\u015fa\u011f\u0131l\u0131k d\u00fcnyaya veda etmek istiyorum. Neyse ki yoklu\u011fum b\u00fcy\u00fck bir kay\u0131p olmayacak!” Bu s\u00f6zler gen\u00e7 ya\u015f\u0131nda sevgilisine kavu\u015famayan g\u00fczel bir k\u0131z\u0131n mutsuzluk \u00e7\u0131\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131. Bu k\u0131z 17 ya\u015f\u0131nda iken ilerde iki kez Nobel \u00d6d\u00fcl\u00fc kazanan t\u00fcm zamanlar\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck bilim kad\u0131n\u0131 olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 nas\u0131l bilebilirdi ki. Hem de do\u011fup b\u00fcy\u00fcd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc \u00fclkesinde de\u011fil, \u00f6\u011frenim i\u00e7in […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":429,"featured_media":38059,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[19],"tags":[288,2375,208,2376,5462],"class_list":["post-38045","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-bilim-gundemi","tag-fizik","tag-marie-curie","tag-matematik","tag-pierre-curie","tag-x-isinlari"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t