{"id":38173,"date":"2019-11-11T03:42:55","date_gmt":"2019-11-11T00:42:55","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/?p=38173"},"modified":"2019-11-07T13:02:09","modified_gmt":"2019-11-07T10:02:09","slug":"avci-toplayici-toplumlar-gecimlerini-nasil-saglar-ve-nasil-yasarlardi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2019\/11\/11\/avci-toplayici-toplumlar-gecimlerini-nasil-saglar-ve-nasil-yasarlardi","title":{"rendered":"Avc\u0131-toplay\u0131c\u0131 toplumlar ge\u00e7imlerini nas\u0131l sa\u011flar ve nas\u0131l ya\u015farlard\u0131?"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u0130nsanlar yery\u00fcz\u00fcndeki d\u00f6rt milyon y\u0131l\u0131 a\u015fk\u0131n tarihlerinin \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde, yani Yak\u0131ndo\u011fu\u2019da bitki ve hayvanlar\u0131 evcille\u015ftirmeye ba\u015flad\u0131klar\u0131 10.000 y\u0131l \u00f6ncesine dek, \u00e7evrelerinde bulduklar\u0131 yaban\u0131l bitkileri toplay\u0131p yaban hayvanlar\u0131 avlayarak, yani avc\u0131-toplay\u0131c\u0131lar olarak ya\u015fam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczdeyse bu ge\u00e7im \u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fc s\u00fcrd\u00fcren insan topluluklar\u0131n\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131 son derece azalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r; yery\u00fcz\u00fcn\u00fcn co\u011frafi a\u00e7\u0131dan marjinal b\u00f6lgelerinde birka\u00e7 topluluk halen temel ge\u00e7im faaliyeti olarak avc\u0131toplay\u0131c\u0131l\u0131k yapmaktad\u0131r. Hi\u00e7 ku\u015fku yok ki, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz avc\u0131-toplay\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n ya\u015fam ko\u015fullar\u0131, insanl\u0131k tarihinin en uzun d\u00f6nemini olu\u015fturan paleolitik boyunca ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f avc\u0131-toplay\u0131c\u0131lardan \u00e7ok farkl\u0131d\u0131r: Avc\u0131-toplay\u0131c\u0131 atalar\u0131m\u0131z d\u00fcnya n\u00fcfusunun birka\u00e7 milyondan ibaret oldu\u011fu bir d\u00f6nemde, kendilerine bereketli bir sofra sunan yery\u00fcz\u00fcnde -kritik iklim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi momentleri d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda- besin s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131s\u0131 \u00e7ekmeden ya\u015farken; g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz avc\u0131-toplay\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131, sanayi toplumlar\u0131n\u0131n k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131nda, onlar\u0131n tehdidi alt\u0131nda, kutup b\u00f6lgeleri, balta girmemi\u015f orman i\u00e7leri ya da \u00e7\u00f6l arazileri gibi verimsiz topraklarda s\u00fcrg\u00fcn bir ya\u015fam s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmektedirler. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla yoksunluk ko\u015fullar\u0131nda ya\u015fayan g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz avc\u0131-toplay\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131ndan hareketle paleolitik atalar\u0131m\u0131z konusunda \u00e7\u0131karsamalar yapmak, hatal\u0131 olacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\"\"
Avc\u0131-toplay\u0131c\u0131 atalar\u0131m\u0131z d\u00fcnya n\u00fcfusunun birka\u00e7 milyondan ibaret oldu\u011fu bir d\u00f6nemde, kendilerine bereketli bir sofra sunan yery\u00fcz\u00fcnde -kritik iklim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi momentleri d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda- besin s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131s\u0131 \u00e7ekmeden ya\u015farken; g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz avc\u0131-toplay\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131, sanayi toplumlar\u0131n\u0131n k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131nda, onlar\u0131n tehdidi alt\u0131nda, kutup b\u00f6lgeleri, balta girmemi\u015f orman i\u00e7leri ya da \u00e7\u00f6l arazileri gibi verimsiz topraklarda s\u00fcrg\u00fcn bir ya\u015fam s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmektedirler.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Ne ki, Kalahari !Kung Sanlar\u0131 aras\u0131nda uzun s\u00fcreli ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar yapan Richard Lee\u2019ye g\u00f6re avc\u0131-toplay\u0131c\u0131 toplumlar\u0131n ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131lamak i\u00e7in gereksindikleri \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma s\u00fcresi, k\u00f6yl\u00fc ya da sanayi toplumlar\u0131na g\u00f6re \u00e7ok daha k\u0131sad\u0131r; \u00f6rne\u011fin bir !Kung kamp\u0131nda toplulu\u011fun y\u00fczde 65\u2019i \u201c\u00e7al\u0131\u015farak\u201d, yani avc\u0131l\u0131k-toplay\u0131c\u0131l\u0131k faaliyetlerine kat\u0131larak toplulu\u011fun ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131 y\u00fczde 35\u2019lik kesimini de destekleyebilmektedir. \u00dcstelik bu \u201c\u00e7al\u0131\u015fan\u201d kesim, zamanlar\u0131n\u0131n sadece y\u00fczde 35\u2019ini ge\u00e7im faaliyetlerinde ge\u00e7irir. Yani yeti\u015fkin ve engelsiz bir !Kung erke\u011fi ya da kad\u0131n\u0131, haftan\u0131n 2,5 g\u00fcn\u00fc avc\u0131l\u0131k ya da toplay\u0131c\u0131l\u0131k yaparak, kendisinin ve ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n (\u00e7ocuklar, ya\u015fl\u0131lar, engelliler\u2026) gereksinimlerini kar\u015f\u0131layabilmektedir. (Lee, 1969); bu nedenle Marshall Sahlins (2010) bu toplumlar\u0131 \u201cilkel refah toplumlar\u0131\u201d olarak tan\u0131mlar.<\/p>\n

G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz avc\u0131-toplay\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131, Robert Hitchcock\u2019un verilerine g\u00f6re Afrika\u2019da Kalahari \u00c7\u00f6l\u00fc \u00e7eperlerinde ya\u015fayan Sanlar; Orta Afrika Pigemeleri; Kenya ve Tanzanya\u2019da ya\u015fayan Okiekler ve Tanzanya Hadzalar\u0131; Kuzey Sibirya\u2019daki Yukaghir ve Gilyak gibi halklar; Japonya Ainular\u0131; kimi Avusturalya Aborijin gruplar\u0131; G\u00fcney Amerika\u2019da Amazon ormanlar\u0131 ve Tierra del Fuego\u2019da ya\u015fayan baz\u0131 yerli topluluklar; Kuzey Amerika Inuitleri ve baz\u0131 yerli gruplar; kuzeybat\u0131 k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131nda ya\u015fayan Tlingit, Tsimshian, Kwakiutl vb. bal\u0131k\u00e7\u0131 topluluklar\u2026 Hitchcock yery\u00fcz\u00fcndeki toplam avc\u0131-toplay\u0131c\u0131 n\u00fcfusunu 146.500 olarak hesaplam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. (Akt. Bates, 2009: 119)<\/p>\n

G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz avc\u0131-toplay\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n birka\u00e7 tipini ay\u0131rt etmek m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr: 1) Yaya avc\u0131-toplay\u0131c\u0131lar; 2) Atl\u0131 avc\u0131toplay\u0131c\u0131lar; 3) Bal\u0131k\u00e7\u0131lar. Bunlar aras\u0131nda en yayg\u0131n ve tipik olan\u0131, yaya avc\u0131-toplay\u0131c\u0131lard\u0131r. Yaya avc\u0131-toplay\u0131c\u0131lar, \u00fcyelerini akrabal\u0131k temelinde dev\u015firen tak\u0131mlar <\/strong>halinde ya\u015famaktad\u0131r. Tak\u0131mlar\u0131n n\u00fcfusu \u00e7evrenin optimal ta\u015f\u0131ma kapasitesi<\/strong>ne(17) uygun olarak onlu say\u0131lardan y\u00fczl\u00fc haneli rakamlara dek de\u011fi\u015febilmektedir.<\/p>\n

Avc\u0131-toplay\u0131c\u0131 tak\u0131mlar\u0131n \u00fcyelerinin dev\u015firilmesinin bir ba\u015fka kanal\u0131 da sanal akrabal\u0131k<\/strong>t\u0131r: !Kung Sanlar aras\u0131nda ada\u015flar akraba say\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi, Inuitler aras\u0131ndaysa birbiriyle m\u00fcbadeleye giren ortaklar tak\u0131mlar olu\u015fturabilmektedir. Avc\u0131-toplay\u0131c\u0131 topluluklarda n\u00fcfus yo\u011funlu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fckt\u00fcr; \u00f6rne\u011fin Avrupal\u0131lar Avustralya K\u0131tas\u0131\u2019na ayak bast\u0131klar\u0131nda, k\u0131tan\u0131n neredeyse t\u00fcm\u00fc avc\u0131-toplay\u0131c\u0131l\u0131kla ge\u00e7inen n\u00fcfusu 300 bin ki\u015fiyi ancak bulmaktayd\u0131.\"\"<\/p>\n

Avc\u0131-toplay\u0131c\u0131lar, uygun \u00e7evre ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131 bulduklar\u0131nda yerle\u015fikli\u011fe e\u011filim g\u00f6stermekle birlikte, genelde g\u00f6\u00e7er<\/strong> ya da yar\u0131-g\u00f6\u00e7er <\/strong>bir ya\u015fam s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fcr. Olduk\u00e7a yal\u0131n bir teknolojiye sahiptirler, alet \u00e7antalar\u0131 <\/strong>genellikle ta\u015ftan yontulma el baltalar\u0131, m\u0131zrak, ok ve yay, f\u0131rlat\u0131c\u0131 silahlar ve yaban\u0131l bitkileri dev\u015firmede kulland\u0131klar\u0131 ilkel oraklardan ibarettir. Yine de, \u00e7evrelerindeki geni\u015f \u00f6l\u00e7ekli toplumlarla ili\u015fkileri \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcs\u00fcnde, onlardan \u00e7elik aletler, ate\u015fli silahlar vb. edinebilmektedirler.<\/p>\n

Yaya avc\u0131-toplay\u0131c\u0131larda i\u015fb\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc, esas itibariyle ya\u015fa ve cinsiyete dayanmaktad\u0131r. Bu toplumlarda kad\u0131nlar\u0131n a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131kl\u0131 olarak toplay\u0131c\u0131l\u0131kta, erkeklerin ise avc\u0131l\u0131kta uzmanla\u015fm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu g\u00f6zlemlenmektedir. Esas besin kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131 (bitkilerin yeti\u015fmedi\u011fi kutup ve tundra b\u00f6lgeleri d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda), bitkiler olu\u015fturdu\u011fundan, ge\u00e7im faaliyetleri daha \u00e7ok kad\u0131nlar taraf\u0131ndan s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclmekte, topluluklar\u0131n gereksinimlerinin kar\u015f\u0131lanmas\u0131nda istikrar\u0131 kad\u0131nlar sa\u011flamaktad\u0131r. Ne ki, bu durum kad\u0131nlara fazladan bir itibar sa\u011flamamakta, hatta \u00e7o\u011funlukla tersine, ender ve g\u00f6zde bir besin olan av etinin sa\u011flay\u0131c\u0131s\u0131 erkekler, avc\u0131l\u0131ktaki ustal\u0131klar\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcs\u00fcnde daha fazla itibar g\u00f6rebilmektedir.<\/p>\n

Yine de avc\u0131-toplay\u0131c\u0131 toplumlar aras\u0131nda e\u015fitlik\u00e7i <\/strong>ve payla\u015f\u0131mc\u0131 <\/strong>bir de\u011fer sistemi h\u00e2kimdir. Birikim potansiyelleri d\u00fc\u015f\u00fckt\u00fcr; dev\u015firilen \u00fcr\u00fcnlerin uzun s\u00fcreli saklanmas\u0131 -kutup b\u00f6lgeleri d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda- olanaks\u0131z oldu\u011fundan, k\u0131sa s\u00fcre i\u00e7erisinde t\u00fcketilmeleri gerekmektedir. Toplanan yumru, k\u00f6k ve yemi\u015fler, av etleri grup \u00fcyeleri aras\u0131nda payla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi, aletler, tak\u0131lar ve di\u011fer gere\u00e7ler de arma\u011fan al\u0131\u015fveri\u015fi s\u00fcre\u00e7lerinde ki\u015filer ve gruplar aras\u0131nda elden ele dola\u015f\u0131ma girer. Bir ba\u015fka deyi\u015fle, tak\u0131m \u00fcyeleri aras\u0131nda servet farkl\u0131la\u015fmas\u0131 asgari d\u00fczeydedir.<\/p>\n

Belirli bir ekolojik alan\u0131 ve ortak k\u00fclt\u00fcrel \u00f6zellikleri payla\u015fan avc\u0131-toplay\u0131c\u0131 tak\u0131mlar, y\u0131l\u0131n belirli zamanlar\u0131nda \u00fcr\u00fcn, arma\u011fan ve kad\u0131n de\u011fi\u015ftoku\u015fu yapmak ve ayinleri ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmek \u00fczere bir araya gelebilmektedir.\"\"<\/p>\n

Atl\u0131 avc\u0131-toplay\u0131c\u0131l\u0131k, at\u0131n Avrupal\u0131lar taraf\u0131ndan Amerika K\u0131tas\u0131\u2019na getirilmesini izleyen y\u0131llarda, k\u0131tayerlileri aras\u0131nda h\u0131zla benimsenerek yay\u0131lmas\u0131 sonucu, 17.-19. y\u00fczy\u0131l aras\u0131nda Kuzey Amerika d\u00fczl\u00fckleri ve G\u00fcney Amerika pampalar\u0131nda bi\u00e7imlenmi\u015f bir ge\u00e7im \u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcs\u00fcd\u00fcr. Avrupa k\u00f6kenli uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n k\u0131tan\u0131n hemen b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcne n\u00fcfuz edi\u015fi sonucu bug\u00fcn ortadan kalkm\u0131\u015f olan bu ge\u00e7im \u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcs\u00fc, at\u0131n daha geni\u015f bir avla\u011fa h\u00e2kim olma ve bizon s\u00fcr\u00fcleri gibi \u00e7ok say\u0131da av hayvan\u0131n\u0131 avlama olana\u011f\u0131 sa\u011flamas\u0131 gibi avantajlar sayesinde yaya avc\u0131-toplay\u0131c\u0131lara g\u00f6re daha az e\u015fitlik\u00e7i, daha hiyerar\u015fik toplumlar\u0131n bi\u00e7imlenmesine yol a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Varl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrd\u00fckleri s\u00fcrece, \u00e7evrelerindeki beyaz topluluklarla ticari ili\u015fkilere girebilen bu toplumlar, bu nedenle daha fazla servet biriktirme olana\u011f\u0131na sahip olmu\u015flard\u0131r. Ne ki bizatihi bu temaslar onlar\u0131 daha k\u0131r\u0131lgan k\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve 200 y\u0131l gibi k\u0131sa bir s\u00fcre i\u00e7erisinde yok olmalar\u0131na yol a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bal\u0131k\u00e7\u0131lar ise, su kaynaklar\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan zengin b\u00f6lgelerde yerle\u015fik bir ya\u015fam s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fcr. Kuzey Amerika\u2019n\u0131n kuzeybat\u0131 k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131nda ya\u015fayan Tlingit, Tsimshian, Kwakiutl, Salish gibi topluluklar\u0131n tipik \u00f6rne\u011fini olu\u015fturdu\u011fu bal\u0131k\u00e7\u0131lar, \u00e7evrelerindeki Avrupa-k\u00f6kenli toplumlarla yo\u011fun ticari ili\u015fkiler s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmektedir; g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde bu toplumlar\u0131n ge\u00e7imlik<\/strong>ten \u00e7ok, beyazlar\u0131n gereksinimlerini kar\u015f\u0131layacak tarzda, pazara-y\u00f6nelik avland\u0131klar\u0131 s\u00f6ylenebilir. Bu durum ise onlar\u0131, her iki avc\u0131-toplay\u0131c\u0131 gruba g\u00f6re daha maddi k\u00fclt\u00fcr a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan daha zengin ve daha az e\u015fitlik\u00e7i k\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Yararlan\u0131lan kaynaklar ve okuma \u00f6nerileri
\n<\/strong>– Ayd\u0131n, S. ve Y. S. Erdal, 2007; Antropoloji<\/em>,Eski\u015fehir: Anadolu \u00dcniversitesi, A\u00e7\u0131k \u00d6\u011fretim Fak\u00fcltesi Yay\u0131nlar\u0131.
\n– Bates, D. G., 2009; 21. Y\u00fczy\u0131lda K\u00fclt\u00fcrel Antropoloji,- \u0130nsan\u0131n Do\u011fadaki Yeri<\/em>-, \u0130stanbul: Bilgi \u00dcniversitesi Yay\u0131nlar\u0131.
\n– Lee, R., 1969; \u201c!Kung Bushman Subsistance: An Inpu- Output Analysis,\u201d A. Vayda (Der.), Environment and<\/em> Cultural Behavior<\/em>, N.Y.: Natural History Press.
\n– Sahlins, M., 2010; Ta\u015f Devri Ekonomisi<\/em>, BGST Yay\u0131nlar\u0131.<\/p>\n

Kaynak:<\/strong> Sibel \u00d6zbudun,-G\u00fclfem Uysal, 50 Soruda Antropoloji, Bilim ve Gelecek Kitapl\u0131\u011f\u0131, Ocak 2019, 5.Bask\u0131, s.100-104<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u0130nsanlar yery\u00fcz\u00fcndeki d\u00f6rt milyon y\u0131l\u0131 a\u015fk\u0131n tarihlerinin \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde, yani Yak\u0131ndo\u011fu\u2019da bitki ve hayvanlar\u0131 evcille\u015ftirmeye ba\u015flad\u0131klar\u0131 10.000 y\u0131l \u00f6ncesine dek, \u00e7evrelerinde bulduklar\u0131 yaban\u0131l bitkileri toplay\u0131p yaban hayvanlar\u0131 avlayarak, yani avc\u0131-toplay\u0131c\u0131lar olarak ya\u015fam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczdeyse bu ge\u00e7im \u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fc s\u00fcrd\u00fcren insan topluluklar\u0131n\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131 son derece azalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r; yery\u00fcz\u00fcn\u00fcn co\u011frafi a\u00e7\u0131dan marjinal b\u00f6lgelerinde birka\u00e7 topluluk halen temel ge\u00e7im faaliyeti […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":429,"featured_media":38174,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[19],"tags":[459,200,555,1599,5532],"class_list":["post-38173","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-bilim-gundemi","tag-avci-toplayici","tag-evrim","tag-insan","tag-kulturel-evrim","tag-topluluk"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t