{"id":38186,"date":"2019-11-10T03:45:46","date_gmt":"2019-11-10T00:45:46","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/?p=38186"},"modified":"2019-11-07T13:51:37","modified_gmt":"2019-11-07T10:51:37","slug":"bilimin-onculeri-max-planck-1858-1947","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2019\/11\/10\/bilimin-onculeri-max-planck-1858-1947","title":{"rendered":"Bilimin \u00d6nc\u00fcleri: Max Planck (1858-1947)"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u00dcnl\u00fc deneysel fizik bilgini Rutherford, 1923\u2019te \u0130ngiliz Bilimler Akademisi\u2019nde ortal\u0131\u011f\u0131 bast\u0131ran g\u00fcr sesiyle, \u201cFizi\u011fin \u015fahland\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir \u00e7a\u011fda ya\u015f\u0131yoruz!\u201d diyordu. Bu \u015fahlan\u0131\u015f\u0131n \u00f6nc\u00fclerinden biri Einstein, biri de Planck\u2019t\u0131 ku\u015fku\u00adsuz. Einstein, g\u00f6recelik kuramlar\u0131yla klasik mekani\u011fin temel ilkelerini a\u015fm\u0131\u015f; uzay, zaman ve gravitasyon kavramlar\u0131na yeni boyutlar kazand\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Planck ise enerji ve radyasyon \u00fczerin\u00addeki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131yla kuvantum teorisinin temellerini atm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n

Max Planck, Almanya\u2019da entelekt\u00fcel bir aile \u00e7evresinde b\u00fc\u00ady\u00fcr. Babas\u0131 hukuk dal\u0131nda, se\u00e7kin bir profes\u00f6rd\u00fc. Orta\u00f6\u011freni\u00admini M\u00fcnih\u2019te Max Millian Jimnazyumu\u2019nda tamamlayan Max, bilime g\u00f6n\u00fcl vermi\u015f bir \u00f6\u011fretmenin etkisinde fizi\u011fe \u00f6zel bir il\u00adgiyle ba\u011flan\u0131r; bir yandan da ailesinin sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 olanakla piyano dersleri al\u0131r. Fizik \u00f6\u011frenimi i\u00e7in \u00fcniversiteye ba\u015fvurdu\u011funda, d\u00f6nemin b\u00fcy\u00fck fizik\u00e7isi Hermann Helmholtz (1821 – 1894), \u201cFizikte art\u0131k yap\u0131lacak fazla bir \u015fey kalmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r; ilerlemeye a\u00e7\u0131k ba\u015fka bir bilim dal\u0131n\u0131 se\u00e7sen daha iyi olur\u201d demi\u015fti. Ama Max, \u00e7ocukluk hayalinden kopmamaya kararl\u0131yd\u0131. \u00dcstelik, \u00fcniversite \u00f6\u011freniminde, Helmholtz ve Kirchof gibi ger\u00e7ekten se\u00e7kin profe\u00ads\u00f6rlerin \u00f6\u011frencisi olman\u0131n kendisi i\u00e7in ka\u00e7\u0131r\u0131lmaz bir f\u0131rsat oldu\u00ad\u011funu biliyordu. M\u00fcnih ve Berlin \u00dcniversiteleri\u2019nde \u00f6\u011frenimini s\u00fcrd\u00fcren gen\u00e7 fizik\u00e7inin hidrojen \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcl\u00fcm\u00fcne ili\u015fkin doktora tezi, t\u00fcm meslek ya\u015fam\u0131ndaki tek deneysel \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 olarak ka\u00adlacakt\u0131. As\u0131l ilgi alan\u0131 matematiksel fizik olan Planck, ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc yetene\u011fiyle k\u0131sa s\u00fcrede meslek \u00e7evresinin dikkatini \u00e7eker; daha 30 ya\u015f\u0131nda iken Berlin \u00dcniversitesi fizik k\u00fcrs\u00fcs\u00fcne atan\u0131r.<\/p>\n

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\u00dcnl\u00fc deneysel fizik bilgini Rutherford, 1923\u2019te \u0130ngiliz Bilimler Akademisi\u2019nde ortal\u0131\u011f\u0131 bast\u0131ran g\u00fcr sesiyle, \u201cFizi\u011fin \u015fahland\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir \u00e7a\u011fda ya\u015f\u0131yoruz!\u201d diyordu. Bu \u015fahlan\u0131\u015f\u0131n \u00f6nc\u00fclerinden biri Einstein, biri de Planck\u2019t\u0131.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Planck\u2019\u0131n uzmanl\u0131k alan\u0131, \u201ctermodinamik teori\u201d diye bilinen \u0131s\u0131 bilimiydi. Yanan bir ampule dokunuldu\u011funda hemen alg\u0131la\u00adnaca\u011f\u0131 gibi \u0131s\u0131 ile \u0131\u015f\u0131k birbirine ili\u015fik olaylard\u0131r. I\u015f\u0131k radyasyonu \u00fczerinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rken Planck bir sorunla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131r. Klasik fizi\u011fin, \u201cenerjinin e\u015fit-b\u00f6l\u00fcnme teoremi\u201dne g\u00f6re kor halindeki bir ci\u00adsimden sal\u0131nan radyasyonun, hemen t\u00fcm\u00fcyle, dalga uzunlu\u011fu olas\u0131 en k\u0131sa dalgalardan ibaret olmas\u0131 gerekiyordu. Bu, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir \u0131s\u0131n\u0131n bile son derece parlak bir \u0131\u015f\u0131k vermesi demekti. \u00d6yle ki, v\u00fccut \u0131s\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n bizi bir ampul gibi \u0131s\u0131tmas\u0131 beklenirdi. Radyas\u00adyon enerjisi s\u00fcrekli bir ak\u0131\u015f olarak varsay\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan, spektrumun k\u0131sa dalga (y\u00fcksek frekans) kesiminin alabildi\u011fine geni\u015f olmas\u0131, hatta s\u0131n\u0131rs\u0131z uzamas\u0131 gerekirdi. Ba\u015fka bir deyi\u015fle dalga uzunlu\u00ad\u011funun giderek k\u0131salmas\u0131yla enerjinin sonsuza do\u011fru artmas\u0131 s\u00f6z konusuydu. Fizik\u00e7iler bu beklentiyi \u201cmor \u00f6tesi katastrof\u201d diye niteliyorlard\u0131. Oysa deney sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 spektrumda \u00e7ok de\u011fi\u015fik bir enerji da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 ortaya koymaktayd\u0131. Bir kez deney, hi\u00e7bir mad\u00addenin, ne denli akkor haline getirilirse getirilsin, sonsuz enerji salaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kan\u0131tlam\u0131yordu. Sonra \u00e7\u0131kan enerjinin b\u00fcy\u00fck bir b\u00f6\u00adl\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn orta dalga uzunluktaki kesimde oldu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyordu. Yerle\u015fik kuram ile deney sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki tutars\u0131zl\u0131k g\u00f6zden ka\u00e7mayacak kadar a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Sorun deneysel verilere dayal\u0131 hesap\u00adlamalarda bir hatadan kaynaklanm\u0131yor idiyse, yerle\u015fik kuram\u0131n yetersizli\u011fi s\u00f6z konusu olmal\u0131yd\u0131.<\/p>\n

Planck\u2019\u0131n yetkin \u00f6rnek olarak ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 kara-cisim \u00fczerinde y\u00fcr\u00fctt\u00fc\u011f\u00fc kuramsal \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 1900\u2019de yay\u0131mlan\u0131r. \u00c7al\u0131\u015fman\u0131n dayand\u0131\u011f\u0131 temel d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce \u015fuydu: Madde her biri kendine \u00f6z\u00adg\u00fc titre\u015fim frekans\u0131na sahip ve bu frekansla radyasyon salan vibrat\u00f6rlerden (titre\u015fim aratan ara\u00e7lardan) ibarettir. Ger\u00e7i bu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncenin y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fckteki kurama ters d\u00fc\u015fen yan\u0131 yoktu: Ne var ki, Planck ayn\u0131 zamanda vibrat\u00f6rlerin enerjiyi s\u00fcrekli bir ak\u0131nt\u0131 olarak de\u011fil, bir dizi kesik f\u0131\u015fk\u0131rmalarla sald\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc de ileri s\u00fcrmekteydi. Bu demekti ki, belli bir frekanstaki bir osilat\u00f6r\u00fcn (kendi kendine sinyal \u00fcreten devre) sald\u0131\u011f\u0131 veya ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 enerji an\u00adcak tam birimler bi\u00e7imde olabilir; birim kesirleriyle olamazd\u0131. Planck\u2019\u0131n \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm aray\u0131\u015f\u0131nda ba\u015fvurdu\u011fu istatistiksel y\u00f6ntemin de, inceleme konusu ili\u015fkilerin say\u0131labilir olmas\u0131n\u0131 gerektirmesi, radyasyon enerjisinin birimsel b\u00f6l\u00fcmlerden olu\u015ftu\u011fu varsay\u0131m\u0131\u00adn\u0131 ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmaz k\u0131l\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n

\u00d6nerilen \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm basitti: G\u00f6zlem sonu\u00e7lar\u0131yla ba\u011fda\u015fmayan s\u00fcrekli ak\u0131\u015f varsay\u0131m\u0131ndan vazge\u00e7mek! Ne var ki, \u015fimdi olduk\u00e7a a\u00e7\u0131k ve mant\u0131ksal g\u00f6r\u00fcnen bu \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fcn o d\u00f6nemde hemen be\u00adnimsenmesi bir yana, akla yak\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131 bile kolayca d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclemezdi. Do\u011fan\u0131n s\u00fcreklili\u011fi bir hipotez ya da s\u0131radan bir varsay\u0131m olma\u00adn\u0131n \u00f6tesinde do\u011frulu\u011fu sorgulanmaz bir inan\u00e7t\u0131 adeta! Newton mekani\u011fi gibi Maxwell\u2019in elektromanyetik teorisi de do\u011fan\u0131n s\u00fcreklili\u011fini i\u00e7eriyordu.<\/p>\n

Nitekim elektromanyetik teoriyi deneysel olarak do\u011frulayan Hertz, \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131n dalga teorisine de\u011finerek bu teoriyle fizi\u011fin de\u011fi\u015fik kollar\u0131n\u0131n sa\u011flam, tutarl\u0131 bir b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fck kazand\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirtmekten geri kalmaz.<\/p>\n

Yerle\u015fik bir kuram\u0131 sorgulamak kolay de\u011fildir ger\u00e7ekten. He\u00adle yeni bir kuram olu\u015fturmak, \u00fcst\u00fcn zek\u00e2 ve hayal g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn de \u00f6tesinde y\u00fcreklilik ister. Do\u011frusu, Planck\u2019\u0131n, getirdi\u011fi \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmle devrimsel bir geli\u015fmeyi ba\u015flatt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n fark\u0131nda oldu\u011fu; dahas\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn, ba\u011fl\u0131 oldu\u011fu klasik fizi\u011fi sarsabilece\u011fini \u00f6ng\u00f6rd\u00fc\u00ad\u011f\u00fc s\u00f6ylenemez. Ama onun yads\u0131namaz yan\u0131, kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 soruna g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc duyarl\u0131l\u0131kt\u0131. Bir \u00f6zelli\u011fi de \u00f6zentisiz olma\u00ads\u0131yd\u0131: \u00c7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fcne deneysel verileri matematiksel olarak dile ge\u00adtiren masum bir form\u00fcl g\u00f6z\u00fcyle bak\u0131yordu. Oysa, \u201ckuvantum\u201d dedi\u011fi bir enerji paketi ile bir dalga frekans\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fkiyi belirleyen denklemi (E = h.f), bilimde yeni bir devrimin temel ta\u015f\u0131yd\u0131. [Denklemde E enerjiyi, f radyasyon frekans\u0131n\u0131, h ise \u201cPlanck de\u011fi\u015fmezi\u201d denen say\u0131y\u0131 (6,62.10-34 Joule-saniye) g\u00f6s\u00adtermektedir]. Buna g\u00f6re, bir enerji kuvantumu, dalga frekans\u0131y\u00adla Planck de\u011fi\u015fmezinin \u00e7arp\u0131m\u0131na e\u015fittir (\u0131\u015f\u0131k h\u0131z\u0131 gibi do\u011fan\u0131n temel de\u011fi\u015fmezlerinden say\u0131lan h, herhangi bir radyasyon enerji miktar\u0131n\u0131n dalga frekans\u0131na orant\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 simgelemektedir.)<\/p>\n

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Yedi \u00e7ocu\u011fundan ya\u015famda kalan tek o\u011flu 1944\u2019te Hitler\u2019e suikast su\u00e7lamas\u0131yla yakalananlar aras\u0131ndayd\u0131. Nazi y\u00f6neticilerinin ya\u015fl\u0131 Planck\u2019a \u00f6nerileri \u201cbasit\u201d oldu\u011fu kadar korkun\u00e7tu: \u201cNazizme inan\u00e7 ve ba\u011fl\u0131l\u0131k duyurusunu imzala, o\u011flun idamdan kurtulsun!\u201dPlanck, tek umudu olan o\u011flunun \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc pahas\u0131na, ya\u015fam anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131na ters d\u00fc\u015fen duyuruyu imzalamaz!<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Planck\u2019\u0131n \u00f6nerdi\u011fi hipotez ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta hi\u00e7 de\u011filse \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131n dalga teorisine do\u011frudan bir tehlike olu\u015fturmuyordu, belki. Ama kla\u00adsik fizi\u011fin \u00f6nemli bir ilkesi olan do\u011fan\u0131n s\u00fcreklili\u011fi varsay\u0131m\u0131 sars\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. \u201cDo\u011fa asla s\u0131\u00e7ramaz\u201d anlam\u0131na gelen eski Latince \u00f6zdeyi\u015f, \u201cNatura non facit saltus\u201d ge\u00e7erlili\u011fini s\u00fcrd\u00fcremezdi art\u0131k! Kald\u0131 ki, \u00e7ok ge\u00e7meden Einstein\u2019in 1905\u2019te ortaya koya\u00adca\u011f\u0131 \u201cfotoelektrik etki\u201d diye bilinen teorisiyle, \u0131\u015f\u0131k da kuvantum teorisinin kapsam\u0131na girer. B\u00f6ylece \u0131s\u0131, \u0131\u015f\u0131k, elektromanyetizma vb. radyasyon t\u00fcrlerinin t\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn kuvanta bi\u00e7iminde verilip al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131 hipotezi do\u011frulanm\u0131\u015f olur. Bu hipotez daha sonra Bohr (1885 – 1962), Schr\u00f6dinger (1887 – 1961), Heisenberg (1901 -1976) vb. bilim adamlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nemli katk\u0131lar\u0131yla \u00e7a\u011f\u0131m\u0131z fizi\u011fine egemen kuvantum mekani\u011fine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr. Planck, istemeyerek de olsa bu b\u00fcy\u00fck devrimin \u00f6nc\u00fcs\u00fcyd\u00fc.<\/p>\n

\u00c7a\u011f\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n \u00fcnl\u00fc fizik\u00e7isi Max Born (1882 – 1970), Planck\u2019\u0131n bilimsel ki\u015fili\u011fini k\u0131saca \u015f\u00f6yle belirtmi\u015fti: \u201cYarat\u0131l\u0131\u015ftan tutucu bir kafa yap\u0131s\u0131na sahipti; \u2018devrimsel\u2019 diyebilece\u011fimiz hi\u00e7bir e\u011fi\u00adlim ve \u00f6zentisi yoktu. Olgular\u0131 a\u015fan spek\u00fclasyonlardan da ho\u015f\u00adlanmazd\u0131. Ne var ki, salt deney verilerine olan sayg\u0131s\u0131 nedeniyle, fizi\u011fi temelinden sarsan en devrimci d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceyi ileri s\u00fcrmekten de kendini alamad\u0131.\u201d<\/p>\n

Bu erdemli ki\u015fi, ne yaz\u0131k ki, uzun ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131 trajik bir kararla noktalamak zorunda b\u0131rak\u0131l\u0131r. Yedi \u00e7ocu\u011fundan ya\u015famda kalan tek o\u011flu 1944\u2019te Hitler\u2019e suikast su\u00e7lamas\u0131yla yakalananlar ara\u00ads\u0131ndayd\u0131. Nazi y\u00f6neticilerinin ya\u015fl\u0131 Planck\u2019a \u00f6nerileri \u201cbasit\u201d ol\u00addu\u011fu kadar korkun\u00e7tu: \u201cNazizme inan\u00e7 ve ba\u011fl\u0131l\u0131k duyurusunu imzala, o\u011flun idamdan kurtulsun!\u201d Planck, tek umudu olan o\u011flunun \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc pahas\u0131na, ya\u015fam an\u00adlay\u0131\u015f\u0131na ters d\u00fc\u015fen duyuruyu imzalamaz!<\/p>\n

Kaynak:<\/strong> Cemal Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m, Bilimin \u00d6nc\u00fcleri, Bilim ve Gelecek Kitapl\u0131\u011f\u0131, Kas\u0131m 2007, 24. Bask\u0131, s.168<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u00dcnl\u00fc deneysel fizik bilgini Rutherford, 1923\u2019te \u0130ngiliz Bilimler Akademisi\u2019nde ortal\u0131\u011f\u0131 bast\u0131ran g\u00fcr sesiyle, \u201cFizi\u011fin \u015fahland\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir \u00e7a\u011fda ya\u015f\u0131yoruz!\u201d diyordu. Bu \u015fahlan\u0131\u015f\u0131n \u00f6nc\u00fclerinden biri Einstein, biri de Planck\u2019t\u0131 ku\u015fku\u00adsuz. Einstein, g\u00f6recelik kuramlar\u0131yla klasik mekani\u011fin temel ilkelerini a\u015fm\u0131\u015f; uzay, zaman ve gravitasyon kavramlar\u0131na yeni boyutlar kazand\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Planck ise enerji ve radyasyon \u00fczerin\u00addeki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131yla kuvantum teorisinin temellerini atm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":429,"featured_media":38187,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[19],"tags":[482,277,5534,288,1533,2661,5535],"class_list":["post-38186","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-bilim-gundemi","tag-bilim","tag-einstein","tag-elektromanyetik","tag-fizik","tag-kuantum","tag-max-planck","tag-plank-sabiti"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t