{"id":38405,"date":"2019-11-19T11:36:25","date_gmt":"2019-11-19T08:36:25","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/?p=38405"},"modified":"2019-11-19T11:36:25","modified_gmt":"2019-11-19T08:36:25","slug":"siyasi-erkin-gomu-uygulamalarina-yansimasi-anadoluda-kral-mezarlari-mo-3000-547","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2019\/11\/19\/siyasi-erkin-gomu-uygulamalarina-yansimasi-anadoluda-kral-mezarlari-mo-3000-547","title":{"rendered":"Siyasi erkin g\u00f6m\u00fc uygulamalar\u0131na yans\u0131mas\u0131; Anadolu\u2019da kral mezarlar\u0131 (M\u00d6.3000-547)"},"content":{"rendered":"

M\u00d6 5. ve 4. biny\u0131llarda Mezopotamya, \u0130ran, Kuzey Suriye ile Do\u011fu ve G\u00fcneydo\u011fu Anadolu B\u00f6lgeleri \u201cB\u00fcy\u00fck Mezopotamya\u201dy\u0131 olu\u015fturmakta ve bu b\u00f6lgelerde k\u00fclt\u00fcrel bir homojenlik bulunmaktayd\u0131. Ancak M\u00d6 3. biny\u0131l ba\u015flar\u0131na tarihlenen \u0130lk Tun\u00e7 \u00c7a\u011f\u0131 I D\u00f6nemi\u2019yle birlikte, bu k\u00fclt\u00fcrel birlik bozulmu\u015f ve \u201cB\u00fcy\u00fck Mezopotamya\u201dn\u0131n par\u00e7as\u0131 olmaktan \u00e7\u0131kan bu b\u00f6lgelerin her birinde, farkl\u0131 politik, ekonomik ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel geli\u015fmeler ya\u015fanmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu d\u00f6nemde Do\u011fu ve G\u00fcneydo\u011fu Anadolu, Suriye ve Filistin ile Kuzeybat\u0131 \u0130ran, Transkafkasya k\u00f6kenli g\u00f6\u00e7ebe topluluklar\u0131n yo\u011fun g\u00f6\u00e7 dalgas\u0131 alt\u0131ndad\u0131r. B\u00f6ylelikle M\u00d6 5-4. biny\u0131llarda Mezopotamya ile k\u00fclt\u00fcrel b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fck i\u00e7inde olan bu b\u00f6lgeler bu kez Azerbaycan, Ermenistan, G\u00fcrcistan, Da\u011f\u0131stan ve Kuzeybat\u0131 \u0130ran ile birlikte G\u00fcney Kafkasya\u2019n\u0131n par\u00e7as\u0131 haline gelir.<\/p>\n

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Anadolu\u2019nun Arslantepe\u2019de ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan ilk kral\u0131n\u0131n bak\u0131r-g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f kar\u0131\u015f\u0131m\u0131ndan yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f diademi-tac\u0131 (M. Frangipane, \u201cThe Transition Between Two Opposing Forms of Power at Arslantepe (Malatya) at the Beginning of the 3rd Millennium B.C.\u201d, T\u00dcBA-AR 4, 2001).<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Transkafkasya k\u00f6kenli topluluklar -Kura-Aras topluluklar\u0131- ekonomileri tar\u0131m ve hayvanc\u0131l\u0131\u011fa dayanan g\u00f6\u00e7ebe ve yar\u0131-g\u00f6\u00e7ebe k\u0131rsal toplumlard\u0131r. Farkl\u0131la\u015fmam\u0131\u015f, temelde e\u015fitlik\u00e7i tar\u0131m topluluklar\u0131 olan bu k\u0131rsal g\u00f6\u00e7ebe \u00e7oban toplumlar\u0131 \u201cbeylik\u201d (a\u015firet) t\u00fcr\u00fc bir toplumsal yap\u0131ya sahip olup, beylerin rol\u00fc, kavimlerini tehlikelere kar\u015f\u0131 korumak, g\u00fcvenliklerini sa\u011flamak ve gerekti\u011finde sava\u015flar d\u00fczenlemektir. Yani bu topluluklar\u0131n beylerinin rol\u00fc sava\u015f\u00e7\u0131 karakterdedir. Bu sava\u015f\u00e7\u0131 g\u00f6\u00e7er kabile -a\u015firet- bey veya beylerinin toplumdaki \u00f6neminin vurguland\u0131\u011f\u0131 tek yer ise zengin g\u00f6m\u00fc hediyeleri i\u00e7eren ve \u201ckral mezarlar\u0131\u201d veya \u201csoylu mezarlar\u0131\u201d olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lan mezar yap\u0131lar\u0131d\u0131r. Bu topluluklar\u0131n mezar gelene\u011fi ise ta\u015f-sanduka mezar, \u00e7ukur mezar ve az say\u0131da ta\u015f veya tahta ile \u00f6rt\u00fcl\u00fc kurgan (t\u00fcm\u00fcl\u00fcs) t\u00fcr\u00fc mezarlardan olu\u015fur.<\/p>\n

Baz\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar taraf\u0131ndan Hurriler\u2019in atas\u0131 olduklar\u0131 ileri s\u00fcr\u00fclen bu k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn karakteristi\u011fi olan kral\/bey mezarlar\u0131, k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn yay\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 t\u00fcm b\u00f6lgelerde g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. Bu farkl\u0131 sosyopolitik ve toplumsal yap\u0131 M\u00d6 3. biny\u0131l\u0131n ilk yar\u0131s\u0131nda Do\u011fu ve G\u00fcneydo\u011fu Anadolu b\u00f6lgelerinde de kendini g\u00f6sterir. G\u00fcneydo\u011fu Anadolu\u2019da Hassek H\u00f6y\u00fck, Hac\u0131nebi, Birecik Mezarl\u0131\u011f\u0131, Nevali \u00c7ori, Titri\u015f H\u00f6y\u00fck, Lidar H\u00f6y\u00fck, A\u015fa\u011f\u0131 Salat, \u015earaga H\u00f6y\u00fck ve Karkam\u0131\u015f gibi \u00e7ok say\u0131da yerle\u015fmede, bu farkl\u0131 toplumsal yap\u0131n\u0131n g\u00f6stergesi olarak \u00e7ok say\u0131da metal ve seramik nesneden olu\u015fan zengin g\u00f6m\u00fc hediyesi i\u00e7eren sand\u0131k mezarlardan olu\u015fan nekropoller bulunur. Ancak sosyopolitik yap\u0131 ve mezar tipleri g\u00f6\u00e7er Kura-Aras (Karaz) gruplar\u0131n\u0131n ya\u015fam modelini yans\u0131tmaktaysa da, bu mezarlarda bulunan g\u00f6m\u00fc hediyeleri tamamen yerel k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn \u00f6zelliklerini ta\u015f\u0131r. Bunlardan maden buluntular aras\u0131nda bulunan m\u0131zrak u\u00e7lar\u0131, baltalar, hayvan ba\u015fl\u0131 ve yay bi\u00e7imli i\u011fneler, hayvan fig\u00fcrinli makara bi\u00e7imli nesneler, metal silindir bi\u00e7imli amuletler ile seramik buluntular aras\u0131ndaki y\u00fcksek ayakl\u0131 meyvelikler (\u015fampanya kadehi), S profilli kaseler ve d\u00f6rt kulplu ayakl\u0131 kaplar b\u00f6lgeye -orta ve yukar\u0131 F\u0131rat- \u00f6zg\u00fc yerel k\u00fclt\u00fcr \u00f6\u011feleridir (1). Toplulu\u011fun \u00fcst d\u00fczey elitlerinin g\u00f6m\u00fcl\u00fc oldu\u011fu bu mezarlar\u0131n baz\u0131lar\u0131nda say\u0131 ve \u00e7e\u015fitlilik olarak daha geni\u015f yelpazeden olu\u015fan g\u00f6m\u00fc hediyesi bulunmas\u0131 ki\u015finin sahip oldu\u011fu sosyal r\u00fctbenin y\u00fcksekli\u011fi, yani soylular aras\u0131nda var olan stat\u00fc derecesi farkl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131yla a\u00e7\u0131klan\u0131r.<\/p>\n

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Arslantepe VIB1 tabakas\u0131nda bulunan Anadolu\u2019da \u015fu ana kadar ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan en eski \u201ckral mezar\u0131\u201d olma h\u00fcviyetine sahip sand\u0131k mezar. G\u00f6m\u00fcyle birlikte kral\u0131n r\u00fctbesinin g\u00f6stergesi olarak zengin metal ve seramik nesnelerden olu\u015fan g\u00f6m\u00fc hediyeleri bulunur. (M. Frangipane, \u201cDo\u011fu Anadolu. \u0130lk Tun\u00e7 \u00c7a\u011f\u0131 I D\u00f6nemi\u201d, Arkeo Atlas, Say\u0131 2, 2003).<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Anadolu\u2019nun <\/strong>ilk kral mezar\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n

Do\u011fu Anadolu b\u00f6lgesinde ise bu yeni toplumsal yap\u0131 Arslantepe (Malatya) yerle\u015fmesinin Tun\u00e7 \u00c7a\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131na tarihlenen VIB1 yap\u0131 kat\u0131nda kendini g\u00f6sterir. Burada bulunan bir ta\u015f-sand\u0131k mezar Anadolu\u2019da \u015fu ana kadar ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan en eski \u201ckral mezar\u0131\u201dd\u0131r (2). B\u00fcy\u00fck bir \u00e7ukurun i\u00e7ine yass\u0131 ta\u015f levhalar\u0131n dikine konulmas\u0131 ile haz\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015f olan mezar\u0131n \u00fczeri b\u00fcy\u00fck yekpare bir ta\u015fla kapat\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu ta\u015f\u0131n \u00fczerinde mezardaki ki\u015fiye kurban edilmi\u015f 3 kad\u0131n bir erkekten olu\u015fan 4 iskelet bulunur. Mezar\u0131n i\u00e7inde ise olduk\u00e7a uzun boylu, ba\u015f\u0131nda bak\u0131r-g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f kar\u0131\u015f\u0131m\u0131ndan yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f diademle birlikte g\u00f6m\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f olan bir erkek (kral) bulunur. G\u00f6m\u00fcn\u00fcn yan\u0131na kral\u0131n g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn g\u00f6stergesi olarak ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc i\u015f\u00e7ili\u011fe i\u015faret eden alt\u0131n, g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f, bak\u0131r ve arsenikli bak\u0131rdan olu\u015fan zengin metal ve seramik nesnelerden g\u00f6m\u00fc hediyeleri b\u0131rak\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu nesneler aras\u0131ndaki \u00e7ok say\u0131da bak\u0131r m\u0131zrak ucu, k\u0131l\u0131\u00e7, balta ve han\u00e7erlerden olu\u015fan silahlar ile bilezik, kemer, u\u00e7lar\u0131nda ikili ve d\u00f6rtl\u00fc spiraller bulunan kraliyet simgesi s\u00fcs i\u011fneleri, boncuk ve kolyelerden olu\u015fan tak\u0131lar y\u00fcksek stat\u00fc kan\u0131tlar\u0131d\u0131r (3).<\/p>\n

Do\u011fu Anadolu\u2019nun bug\u00fcn Kars, Ardahan, I\u011fd\u0131r, A\u011fr\u0131, Van ve Bitlis illerinin bulundu\u011fu do\u011fu ve kuzeydo\u011fusu M\u00d6 3. biny\u0131l\u0131n ikinci yar\u0131s\u0131nda -Orta-Son Tun\u00e7 \u00c7a\u011flar\u0131- Transkafkasya g\u00f6\u00e7lerinden en \u00e7ok etkilenen b\u00f6lge olmu\u015ftur. Yerle\u015fik d\u00fczenden k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fckba\u015f hayvan besicili\u011fi ve pastoralist, yar\u0131-pastoralist ekonomik sisteme ge\u00e7ilen bu d\u00f6nemde hayat ot a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan zengin y\u00fcksek yaylalara ta\u015f\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ya\u015fam tarz\u0131n\u0131n bir d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcme u\u011frayarak g\u00f6\u00e7ebe-a\u015firet d\u00fczenine ge\u00e7ti\u011fi yayla ve k\u0131\u015flaklarda ge\u00e7en ve konut olarak k\u0131l \u00e7ad\u0131rlar\u0131n kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu topluluklarda de\u011fi\u015fen toplumsal yap\u0131n\u0131n yans\u0131mas\u0131 olarak b\u00f6lgede, anavatan\u0131 Avrasya bozk\u0131rlar\u0131 olan ve toplumun \u00f6nde gelen elit tabakas\u0131n\u0131n (y\u00f6neticiler, bey\/kral) g\u00f6m\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc kurgan (t\u00fcm\u00fcl\u00fcs) tarz\u0131 mezar an\u0131tlar\u0131 yeni bir k\u00fclt\u00fcrel \u00f6\u011fe olarak ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar. \u00c7aplar\u0131 350 m ile 100 m y\u00fckseklikleri ise 40 cm ile 13 m aras\u0131nda de\u011fi\u015fen ebatlardaki bu mezar tepelerinde, tepenin ortas\u0131na yap\u0131lan ta\u015f veya ah\u015fap mezar odalar\u0131n\u0131n tabanlar\u0131 ke\u00e7e ve hayvan postu ile kaplan\u0131rd\u0131. \u00d6l\u00fclerin bu odalara bazen t\u00fcm v\u00fccutlar\u0131 konulurken bazen de yak\u0131l\u0131p sadece k\u00fclleri g\u00f6m\u00fclmekteydi. Genelde tek ki\u015finin kondu\u011fu mezarlara bazen birden fazla ki\u015fi de konulmakla birlikte, bunlar soylu ki\u015fiye \u00f6teki d\u00fcnyada hizmet etmek i\u00e7in g\u00f6m\u00fclen hizmet\u00e7ilerdi. Mezarlara g\u00f6m\u00fc arma\u011fan\u0131 olarak i\u00e7lerine yiyecek-i\u00e7ecek konmu\u015f kaplar ile silah ve tak\u0131lar b\u0131rak\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. S\u00fcphan Da\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n g\u00fcney eteklerinde bulunan S\u00fctey Yaylalar\u0131 ile Do\u011fubeyaz\u0131t-Sulu\u00e7em Yaylalar\u0131 b\u00f6lgenin en b\u00fcy\u00fck ve geni\u015f kurganlar\u0131n\u0131n bulundu\u011fu b\u00f6l\u00fcmlerdir (4). \u00c7o\u011fu ya\u011fmalanm\u0131\u015f olan ve toplumun siyasal \u00f6rg\u00fctlenme bi\u00e7imi hakk\u0131nda bilgi veren bu an\u0131tsal mezarlar, bir y\u00f6netici s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6sterir.<\/p>\n

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Alacah\u00f6y\u00fck kral mezarlar\u0131nda alt\u0131n ve elektrondan yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f g\u00f6m\u00fc arma\u011fanlar\u0131ndan i\u00e7ki kab\u0131, testi, asa ba\u015f\u0131, tak\u0131 ve ikiz idoller (http:\/\/avgg.sitemynet.com\/anadoluuygarliklari\/id1.htm).<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Egemen beylerin\/krallar\u0131n g\u00fc\u00e7lerinin g\u00f6m\u00fc pratiklerine yans\u0131mas\u0131n\u0131n bir di\u011fer \u00f6rne\u011fi son y\u0131llarda Hakkari\u2019de ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 1998 y\u0131l\u0131nda Hakkari kent merkezindeki Hakkari Kalesi\u2019nin kuzey eteklerinde bulunan ve \u201cHakkari Stelleri\u201d olarak an\u0131lan 13 adet stelin \u00f6n y\u00fczlerinde kabartma ve kaz\u0131ma-\u00e7izgi tekni\u011finde 11 erkek 2 kad\u0131n tasviri i\u015flenmi\u015ftir. Y\u00f6resel ta\u015flardan yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olan ve y\u00fckseklikleri 0,70 ile 3,10 m aras\u0131nda de\u011fi\u015fen bu stellerin \u00fczerinde resmedilen ki\u015filer cepheden g\u00f6sterilmi\u015ftir. Silahlar\u0131yla betimlenen erkeklerin bellerindeki kemerlere han\u00e7erleri as\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olup \u00e7\u0131plak olan erkeklik organlar\u0131n\u0131 koruyan bir suspansuar d\u00fczeni bulunmaktad\u0131r (5). Steller (dikilita\u015flar) \u00fczerinde betimlenen insanlar, b\u00fcy\u00fck ihtimalle kuzeydeki y\u00fcksek yaylalardan Mezopotamya\u2019ya do\u011fru ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen ve olas\u0131l\u0131kla arsenik ya da kalaydan olu\u015fan maden ticaretini denetimleri alt\u0131nda bulunduran g\u00f6\u00e7ebe veya yar\u0131-g\u00f6\u00e7ebe bir vars\u0131l a\u015firet aristokrasisinin beyleri\/krallar\u0131d\u0131r (6). G\u00f6\u00e7ebe, sava\u015f\u00e7\u0131 bir kavmin beylerinin (krallar\u0131) toplumsal r\u00fctbelerine i\u015faret eden ve M\u00d6 2. biny\u0131l\u0131n ortalar\u0131na -Orta Tun\u00e7 \u00c7a\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n sonlar\u0131- tarihlenen Hakkari stellerinin ait olduklar\u0131 etnik z\u00fcmre ise bilinmiyor.<\/p>\n

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Zengin g\u00f6m\u00fc arma\u011fanlar\u0131 i\u00e7eren Alacah\u00f6y\u00fck kral mezarlar\u0131ndan in-situ haldeki buluntular\u0131yla A mezar\u0131. (A. \u00d6zyar, \u201cReconsidering the \u2018Royal\u2019 Tombs of Alacah\u00f6y\u00fck: Problems of Stratigraphy According to the Topographical Location of the Tombs\u201d, T\u00dcBA AR 2, 1999).<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Alacah\u00f6y\u00fck krallar\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n

Anadolu\u2019da kral mezarlar\u0131n\u0131n g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc bir di\u011fer b\u00f6lge Orta Anadolu olup \u00c7orum\u2019un Alaca \u0130l\u00e7esi\u2019nde bulunan Alacah\u00f6y\u00fck bunlar\u0131n en \u00fcnl\u00fcs\u00fcd\u00fcr. Kentin g\u00fcneyindeki bir alanda bulunan zengin g\u00f6m\u00fc hediyesi ve farkl\u0131 g\u00f6m\u00fc tarz\u0131na sahip 13 mezar \u201ckral mezarlar\u0131\u201d olarak yorumlanmaktad\u0131r. En b\u00fcy\u00fckleri 30 m2<\/sup> ve 1 m derinlikte olan bu oda mezarlarda erkeklerin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra kad\u0131nlar da bulunur. Do\u011fu-bat\u0131 do\u011frultusunda yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bu mezarlar 2,8×1,7 m ile 8×5 m aras\u0131nda de\u011fi\u015fen ebatlarda, dikd\u00f6rtgen planl\u0131 ve tek b\u00f6l\u00fcml\u00fc ta\u015f duvarlarla \u00e7evrili mezar odalar\u0131ndan olu\u015fur. Mezarlar\u0131n \u00fczerleri a\u011fa\u00e7, \u00e7amur ve toprakla \u00f6rt\u00fcl\u00fcp g\u00f6m\u00fc i\u015flemi bittikten sonra bir hayvan kurban edilip mezar \u00fczerinde \u00f6l\u00fc yeme\u011fi olarak yenmi\u015f ve defin t\u00f6reninin bir par\u00e7as\u0131 olan bu yemekten sonra da hayvan\u0131n kafatas\u0131 ve bacak kemikleri mezar \u00fczerinde b\u0131rak\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Deri ya da ke\u00e7eye sar\u0131lan t\u00fcm g\u00f6m\u00fcler hocker durumunda, ba\u015flar bat\u0131ya bakar pozisyonda yat\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Kral ve krali\u00e7e gibi y\u00f6netici s\u0131n\u0131fa ait olan bu mezarlarda, \u00fcst d\u00fczey hiyerar\u015fik s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n g\u00f6stergesi olarak \u00e7ok say\u0131da zengin g\u00f6m\u00fc hediyesi -prestij\/stat\u00fc nesneleri- bulunur. Orta Anadolu Tun\u00e7 \u00c7a\u011f\u0131 maden teknolojisi ve i\u015f\u00e7ili\u011finin vard\u0131\u011f\u0131 noktaya da i\u015faret eden bu hediyeler alt\u0131n, g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f, elektron, tun\u00e7 ve demir gibi \u00e7e\u015fitli madenlerden yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Maden buluntular aras\u0131nda, Tanr\u0131lar\u0131 temsil eden bo\u011fa ve geyik heykelcikleri, \u201cg\u00fcne\u015f kursu\u201d olarak bilinen i\u015flevleri net olmayan (belki dinsel i\u015flevli?) bo\u011fa ve geyik fig\u00fcrleriyle s\u00fcslenmi\u015f diskler (alemler), Tanr\u0131-Tanr\u0131\u00e7a idolleri, ikiz idoller, kad\u0131n-erkek ayr\u0131m\u0131 yap\u0131lmadan b\u0131rak\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olan balta, k\u0131l\u0131\u00e7, topuz ve han\u00e7erden olu\u015fan silahlar, d\u00fcz ya da kafes delikli ta\u00e7, ka\u015fbast\u0131, bilezik, alt\u0131n ve g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f ba\u015fl\u0131 i\u011fne, fibula, k\u00fcpe, gerdanl\u0131k, toka, kemer, sa\u00e7 halkas\u0131, ayna ve tarak ile alt\u0131n, g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f ve bak\u0131r\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra kehribar, akik, k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 kalseduan, frit ve necefta\u015f\u0131ndan yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f boncuklardan olu\u015fan ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc \u00e7e\u015fitte tak\u0131lar (7), kraliyet sembolleri olan diadem ve asa ba\u015flar\u0131, kadehler, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck testiler, emzikli s\u00fczge\u00e7li kaplar, y\u00fcksek kaideli taslar, sistrum ve \u00e7alparalar (kastanyet), alt\u0131n sapl\u0131 g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f ka\u015f\u0131klar ve kirmenler (a\u011f\u0131r\u015fak) gibi geni\u015f envantere sahip nesneler say\u0131labilir (8).<\/p>\n

B\u00f6lgedeki bir di\u011fer kral mezar\u0131 da Tokat\u2019\u0131n Erbaa \u0130l\u00e7esi\u2019nde bulunan Horoztepe\u2019de ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Burada bulunan oda mezar tarz\u0131ndaki 2 mezar, g\u00f6m\u00fc \u015fekli itibar\u0131yla Alacah\u00f6y\u00fck mezarlar\u0131yla farkl\u0131l\u0131k g\u00f6sterse de, g\u00f6m\u00fc arma\u011fanlar\u0131 olduk\u00e7a benzerdir. Burada da alt\u0131n, g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f, bronz ve elektrondan yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f han\u00e7er, kama ve baltadan olu\u015fan silah, kap-kacak, ayna, g\u00fcne\u015f kursu, sistrum, \u00e7alpara, kirmen ve Tanr\u0131-Tanr\u0131\u00e7a heykelcikleri bulunur (9). Benzer buluntu toplulu\u011funa sahip kral mezarlar\u0131n\u0131n di\u011fer \u00f6rnekleri ise Amasya yak\u0131nlar\u0131ndaki Mahmatlar\u2019da ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

M\u00d6 3. bin y\u0131l\u0131n sonuna -\u0130lk Tun\u00e7 \u00c7a\u011f\u0131 III evresi- tarihlenen y\u00fcksek nitelikli maden sanat\u0131na i\u015faret eden Alacah\u00f6y\u00fck, Horoztepe ve Mahmatlar kral mezarlar\u0131n\u0131n ait oldu\u011fu etnik k\u00f6kene ili\u015fkin farkl\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fler vard\u0131r. Baz\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar bu insanlar\u0131 geli\u015fkin madencilik d\u00fczeyleri ile M\u00d6 3. biny\u0131lda Anadolu\u2019ya g\u00f6\u00e7 etmeye ba\u015flayan Transkafkasya topluluklar\u0131 ile ili\u015fkilendirirken, bir di\u011fer grup onlar\u0131n yerli Anadolu halk\u0131 olan Hattiler oldu\u011funu ileri s\u00fcrer (10).<\/p>\n

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Egemen beylerin\/krallar\u0131n g\u00fc\u00e7lerinin g\u00f6m\u00fc pratiklerine yans\u0131mas\u0131n\u0131n bir di\u011fer \u00f6rne\u011fi Hakkari Stelleri. Y\u00f6resel ta\u015flardan yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, y\u00fckseklikleri 0,70 ile 3,10 m. aras\u0131nda de\u011fi\u015fen bu stellerin \u00fczerinde g\u00f6\u00e7ebe-yar\u0131-g\u00f6\u00e7ebe bir vars\u0131l a\u015firet aristokrasisinin beyleri\/krallar\u0131 resmedilmi\u015f (V. Sevin, \u201cDo\u011fu Anadolu. Orta ve Son Tun\u00e7 \u00c7a\u011f\u0131\u201d, Arkeo Atlas, Say\u0131 3, 2004).<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Demir \u00c7a\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n krallar\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n

Demir \u00c7a\u011f\u0131 ile birlikte kral mezar\u0131 gelene\u011finde patlama ya\u015fan\u0131r. Bu d\u00f6nem uygarl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n en \u00f6nemlilerinden biri olan ve M\u00d6 9-7 y\u00fczy\u0131llar (M\u00d6 850-609) aras\u0131nda Do\u011fu Anadolu b\u00f6lgesinde ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f Urartu Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n ba\u015fkenti Tu\u015fpa\u2019n\u0131n (Van Kalesi) sitadelinde bulunan kayalara oyulmu\u015f kral mezarlar\u0131 olduk\u00e7a etkileyicidir. Urartular\u2019\u0131n b\u00f6lgeye kazand\u0131rd\u0131klar\u0131 yeniliklerden biri olan kaya mezarlar\u0131, kayal\u0131\u011f\u0131n g\u00fcney yama\u00e7lar\u0131 \u00fczerine in\u015fa edilmi\u015f olup \u00e7ok odal\u0131 ve tek odal\u0131 olmak \u00fczere iki tipte yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Kayalara oyulu \u00e7ok basamakl\u0131 merdiven veya patikalarla ula\u015f\u0131lan ve alt\u0131-yedi odadan olu\u015fan \u00e7ok odal\u0131 mezarlar geni\u015f ve y\u00fcksek bir ana oda ile \u00e7evresindeki yan odalardan olu\u015fur. Ana odaya a\u00e7\u0131lan ve tap\u0131nak kap\u0131lar\u0131na benzeyen giri\u015f kap\u0131lar\u0131yla g\u00f6rkemli bir cepheye sahip olan bu an\u0131tlar\u0131n mezar odalar\u0131na \u00f6l\u00fcler bazen y\u00fcksek sekiler \u00fczerinde, tekneler i\u00e7inde veya kayadan oyularak yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ta\u015f, tun\u00e7 ya da toprak lahitler i\u00e7erisinde bazen de yak\u0131ld\u0131ktan sonra k\u00fclleri bir vazoya (urne) konmu\u015f \u015fekilde b\u0131rak\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (11). Mezar\u0131n \u00e7at\u0131s\u0131 tap\u0131nak ve ev \u00e7at\u0131lar\u0131 gibi d\u00fcz, semerdam ve kubbe bi\u00e7imindedir.<\/p>\n

\u00c7ok zengin g\u00f6m\u00fc arma\u011fanlar\u0131n\u0131n bulundu\u011fu bu mezarlardan biri kayal\u0131\u011f\u0131n g\u00fcneybat\u0131 ucunda bulunan kral I. Argi\u015fti\u2019ye ait olan\u0131d\u0131r. Giri\u015finde kral\u0131n seferlerinin anlat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir yaz\u0131t bulunan ve Horhor Ma\u011faras\u0131 ad\u0131yla da bilinen mezar, \u00f6ndeki ana odan\u0131n etraf\u0131nda, her birinde mezar hediyeleri i\u00e7in yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ni\u015flerin bulundu\u011fu 5 odadan olu\u015fur (12). Bir di\u011fer kaya mezar\u0131 Neftkuyusu ya da Minua Mezar\u0131 olarak da bilinen Kral I. Sarduri\u2019ye ait olup 90 m\u2019yi a\u015fan tavan\u0131 tonoz \u015feklindeki ana odas\u0131 ve b\u00fcy\u00fck ni\u015fli d\u00f6rt yan oda ile an\u0131tsal bir g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcme sahiptir. Do\u011fu Mezar\u0131 olarak da bilinen ve etkileyici cephe mimarisi, cepheye yaslanan oturma sekisi, giri\u015fe y\u00fckselen basamaklar ve platforma inen merdivenlerle monumental g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcmdeki bu mezarlardan bir di\u011feri ise Kral II. Sarduri\u2019ye aittir (13).<\/p>\n

An\u0131tsal kral mezar gelene\u011finin g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc bir di\u011fer M\u00d6 1. biny\u0131l uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 Frigler\u2019dir. Frig soylular\u0131 kaya mezarlar\u0131 veya t\u00fcm\u00fcl\u00fcslere g\u00f6m\u00fcl\u00fcrken kral ve prensler ise sadece t\u00fcm\u00fcl\u00fcslere g\u00f6m\u00fcl\u00fcrd\u00fc. B\u00fcy\u00fck b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc ba\u015fkent Gordion\u2019daki Frig mezarl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda bulunan ah\u015faptan yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f mezar odas\u0131na sahip ve keramiktan metale \u00e7ok say\u0131da \u00fcst\u00fcn nitelikli sanat \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcnden olu\u015fan g\u00f6m\u00fc hediyelerinin bulundu\u011fu bu t\u00fcm\u00fcl\u00fcsler asillere ve kral ailesinin \u00fcyelerine aittir. Bu 100 kadar t\u00fcm\u00fcl\u00fcsten en b\u00fcy\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn, tart\u0131\u015fmal\u0131 olmakla birlikte -bir grup ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131 mezar\u0131n Midas\u2019tan ziyade babas\u0131 Kral Gordios\u2019a ait oldu\u011funu ileri s\u00fcrer- (14), M\u00d6 690 y\u0131l\u0131nda Kimmer sald\u0131r\u0131s\u0131na yenik d\u00fc\u015fmesinden sonra \u00f6k\u00fcz kan\u0131 i\u00e7erek intihar eden Kral Midas\u2019a ait oldu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcl\u00fcr. M\u00d6 740\u2019l\u0131 y\u0131llara tarihlenen ve B\u00fcy\u00fck T\u00fcm\u00fcl\u00fcs veya Midas Mezar\u0131 olarak an\u0131lan bu t\u00fcm\u00fcl\u00fcs 300 m \u00e7ap\u0131nda ve 53 m y\u00fcksekli\u011findedir. Zemin d\u00fczeyine yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ah\u015fap mezar odas\u0131 kire\u00e7ta\u015f\u0131ndan bir duvarla \u00e7evrilmi\u015f olup odan\u0131n ah\u015fap i\u015f\u00e7ili\u011fi m\u00fckemmeldir. Kakma ve oymal\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7 ayakl\u0131 ah\u015fap masa, sehpa, tabure ve servis tezg\u00e2h\u0131 gibi mobilyalar, demir altl\u0131klar \u00fczerinde duran tun\u00e7 kazanlar, 175 tane tun\u00e7 fibula (\u00e7engelli i\u011fne), kemerler, masalar \u00fczerinde y\u0131\u011f\u0131nlar halinde 170 adet tun\u00e7 kaseler ve seramik kaplardan olu\u015fan\u00a0 kral\u0131n egemen yetkesinin sembolleri olan arma\u011fanlar\u0131n bulundu\u011fu mezar odas\u0131nda ah\u015fap sedir \u00fczerinde 60 ya\u015flar\u0131ndaki kral yatmaktad\u0131r (15).<\/p>\n

M\u00d6 680-547 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda Bat\u0131 Anadolu\u2019da bug\u00fcnk\u00fc Gediz ve K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Menderes Vadileri\u2019ni kapsayan b\u00f6lgede ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f olan Lidyal\u0131lar bir di\u011fer Demir \u00c7a\u011f\u0131 uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131d\u0131r. Lidyal\u0131lar\u2019\u0131n kral, krali\u00e7e, prens, prenses ve di\u011fer kral yak\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131n g\u00f6m\u00fcl\u00fc oldu\u011fu krali nekropolleri\u00a0 olan Marmara G\u00f6l\u00fc g\u00fcney k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131ndaki Bintepeler Mezarl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019nda bulunan irili-ufakl\u0131 150 t\u00fcm\u00fcl\u00fcsten sadece \u00fc\u00e7\u00fc Mermnad s\u00fclalesi krallar\u0131ndan Alyattes, Gyges ve Ardys\u2019e aittir (16). \u0130\u00e7erdikleri ba\u015fta alt\u0131n olmak \u00fczere farkl\u0131 metallerden yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve yeni t\u00fcr ve tasar\u0131mlara sahip kuyumculu\u011fun vard\u0131\u011f\u0131 noktay\u0131 g\u00f6steren tak\u0131lar, vazo, s\u00fcrahi, kep\u00e7e, ka\u015f\u0131k, t\u00fcts\u00fc kaplar\u0131, phialeler (sunu kab\u0131), kantharoslar (kulplu i\u00e7ki kab\u0131), buhurdanl\u0131klar, parf\u00fcm \u015fi\u015feleri, alt\u0131n, g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f ve su mermerinden yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f alabastronlar ile b\u00f6lgenin \u00fcnl\u00fc krem ve bakkaris adl\u0131 parf\u00fcmlerini d\u00fcnyaya yaymak amac\u0131yla \u00fcrettikleri lydion adl\u0131 vazocuklardan olu\u015fan ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc \u00e7e\u015fitlilikteki zengin mezar arma\u011fanlar\u0131 i\u00e7eren bu t\u00fcm\u00fcl\u00fcsler Lidya\u2019n\u0131n zenginli\u011finin canl\u0131 tan\u0131klar\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

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Kral II. Sarduri\u2019nin kaya mezar\u0131. Do\u011fu Mezar\u0131 olarak da bilinen mezar etkileyici cephe mimarisi, cepheye yaslanan oturma sekisi, giri\u015fe y\u00fckselen basamaklar ve platforma inen merdivenlerle an\u0131tsal g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcme sahip (T. Tarhan, \u201cTu\u015fpa-Van Kalesi. Demir\u00e7a\u011f\u2019\u0131n Gizemli Ba\u015fkenti\u201d, Arkeo Atlas, Say\u0131 4, 2005).<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Mezar odalar\u0131n\u0131n duvarlar\u0131 insan tasvirleri ve geometrik desenlerin betimlendi\u011fi duvar resimleriyle s\u00fcslenmi\u015ftir. Mezar odas\u0131na b\u0131rak\u0131lan g\u00f6m\u00fc bir \u00f6rt\u00fcye sar\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve \u00f6l\u00fcn\u00fcn yan\u0131nda \u00f6l\u00fc yeme\u011fi yendikten sonra yemekte kullan\u0131lan e\u015fyalar mezarda b\u0131rak\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Lidya t\u00fcm\u00fcl\u00fcs gelene\u011fi Frigler\u2019den gelmekle birlikte mezar odalar\u0131n\u0131n mermer veya ta\u015ftan olu\u015fu, dromoslu (giri\u015f ge\u00e7iti) ve kap\u0131l\u0131 olmalar\u0131 ve y\u0131\u011f\u0131lan topra\u011f\u0131n yanlara do\u011fru kaymamas\u0131 i\u00e7in tepenin \u00e7evresine krepis denilen ta\u015ftan bir duvar\u0131n \u00f6r\u00fclmesiyle Frig t\u00fcm\u00fcl\u00fcslerinden ayr\u0131l\u0131r (17). \u00d6len ki\u015finin \u00f6ld\u00fckten sonra ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131 devam ettirdi\u011fine inan\u0131lan konutlar olan bu mezarlarda g\u00f6m\u00fclen ki\u015finin \u00f6nemine g\u00f6re odan\u0131n \u00fczerine y\u0131\u011f\u0131lan toprak art\u0131p-azalmaktad\u0131r. Merkezi yetke olan kral\u0131n \u00fcst d\u00fczey pozisyonunun kan\u0131t\u0131 olarak zengin g\u00f6m\u00fc hediyelerinin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra \u00fcst\u00fcn nitelikli bir ta\u015f i\u015f\u00e7ili\u011finin g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc mezar odalar\u0131na sahip bu kral mezarlar\u0131ndan en b\u00fcy\u00fc\u011f\u00fc 360 m \u00e7ap\u0131nda 70 m y\u00fcksekli\u011findeki \u00f6n avludan ge\u00e7ilerek girilen an\u0131tsal bir kap\u0131ya sahip olan ve tepesinde bir phallos an\u0131t\u0131 bulunan Kral Alyattes\u2019in t\u00fcm\u00fcl\u00fcs\u00fcd\u00fcr (Kocamutaf Tepe). 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ortalar\u0131nda ke\u015ffedilen mezar defineciler taraf\u0131ndan ya\u011fmalanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bintepe\u2019deki Strabon taraf\u0131ndan \u00f6nerilen di\u011fer kral mezarlar\u0131 ise 50 m y\u00fcksekli\u011finde, 239 m geni\u015fli\u011findeki Karn\u0131yar\u0131k Tepe ile 45 m y\u00fcksekli\u011finde ve 350 m geni\u015fli\u011findeki K\u0131rmutaf Tepe t\u00fcm\u00fcl\u00fcsleri olup g\u00f6m\u00fc arma\u011fan\u0131 portf\u00f6y\u00fc \u00e7ok zengin oldu\u011fu \u015f\u00fcphesiz olan bu mezar yap\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n arkeolojik kaz\u0131lar\u0131 hen\u00fcz ba\u015flamam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (18).<\/p>\n

Bu d\u00f6nemde Anadolu\u2019daki bir di\u011fer kral mezar\u0131 da Heredot\u2019un Hintliler\u2019den sonra d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck halk\u0131 olarak tan\u0131mlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 Traklar\u2019dan gelir. 1997-98 y\u0131llar\u0131nda Tekirda\u011f yak\u0131nlar\u0131nda bulunan 22 m y\u00fcksekli\u011findeki Harekattepe t\u00fcm\u00fcl\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn ortas\u0131nda bulunan mezar odas\u0131ndaki mermer lahtin i\u00e7inde M\u00d6 341 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u00f6len Trakya Odyris Kral\u0131 Kerseplestes iki tac\u0131, y\u00fcz\u00fckleri ve elbisesi ile g\u00f6m\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

G\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc gibi uyruklar\u0131 olan populasyonlar \u00fczerinde politik, ekonomik ve dinsel denetime sahip erk oda\u011f\u0131 olan merkezi iktidar\u0131n -kral- saltanatlar\u0131n\u0131n yans\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir alan olan g\u00f6m\u00fc uygulamalar\u0131 Anadolu\u2019da M\u00d6 3. biny\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131ndan itibaren g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. Bu ihti\u015faml\u0131 mezarlar toplumdaki ana otorite ve politik fig\u00fcr -y\u00f6netim organ\u0131- olan krallar\u0131n egemenliklerinin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra ait olduklar\u0131 k\u00fclt\u00fcrlerin toplumsal yap\u0131, inan\u00e7 sistemleri ve sahip olduklar\u0131 ekonomik d\u00fczeyi sergilemeleri a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan da \u00f6nemlidir.<\/p>\n

D\u0130PNOTLAR VE KAYNAKLAR<\/strong><\/p>\n

1) Kemal Sertok, \u201cBirecik Mezarl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u201d, Arkeo Atlas 2, 2003, s. 53-55; Gil J. Stein ve di\u011f., \u201cExcavations at Hac\u0131nebi, Turkey-1996: Preliminary Report\u201d, Anatolica XXIII, 1997, s. 131; Kemak Sertok, R\u0131fat Erge\u00e7, \u201cA New Early Bronze Age Cemetery:Excavations Near the Birecik Dam, Southestern Turkey, Preliminary Report (1997-98)\u201d, Anatolica XXV, 1999, s. 87-107; Kemal Sertok, Fikri Kulako\u011flu, \u201c\u015earaga H\u00f6y\u00fck 1999-2000 Kaz\u0131lar\u0131 Sonu\u00e7lar\u0131\u201d, Kaz\u0131 Sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 Toplant\u0131s\u0131 23\/I, 2001, s. 110; Jak Yakar, \u201cEast Anatolian Metallurgy in the Fourth and Third Millennia B.C.: Some Remarks\u201d, (ed). U. Yal\u00e7\u0131n, Anatolian Metals II, 2002, s. 20; Marcella Frangipane, \u201cDo\u011fu Anadolu. \u0130lk Tun\u00e7 \u00c7a\u011f\u0131 I D\u00f6nemi\u201d, Arkeo Atlas, Say\u0131 2, 2003, s. 54.<\/p>\n

2) Marcella Frangipane, \u201cDo\u011fu Anadolu. \u0130lk Tun\u00e7 \u00c7a\u011f\u0131 I D\u00f6nemi\u201d, Arkeo Atlas, Say\u0131 2, 2003, s. 52.<\/p>\n

3) Marcella Frangipane, \u201cThe Transition Between Two Opposing Forms of Power at Arslantepe (Malatya) at the Beginning of the 3rd\u201d, T\u00dcBA-AR 4, 2001, s. 6-7; Marcella Frangipane, \u201cThe Finding of A \u201cRoyal\u201d Tomb From 3000 B.C. As a Marker of Radical Changes in the Political Structures at Arslantepe. Introduction\u201d, Paleorient 27\/2, 2001b, s. 106-120; Marcella Frangipane, \u201cDo\u011fu Anadolu. \u0130lk Tun\u00e7 \u00c7a\u011f\u0131 I D\u00f6nemi\u201d, Arkeo Atlas, Say\u0131 2, 2003, s. 52.<\/p>\n

4) Veli Sevin, \u201cDo\u011fu Anadolu. Orta ve Son Tun\u00e7 \u00c7a\u011f\u0131\u201d, Arkeo Atlas, Say\u0131 3, 2004, s.105, 110, 111.<\/p>\n

5) Veli Sevin, \u201cHakkari\u201d, Arkeo Atlas, Say\u0131 3, 2004, s.123.<\/p>\n

6) Veli Sevin, \u201cHakkari\u201d, Arkeo Atlas, Say\u0131 3, 2004, s. 123-125; Veli Sevin, \u201cDo\u011fu Anadolu. Orta ve Son Tun\u00e7 \u00c7a\u011f\u0131\u201d, Arkeo Atlas, Say\u0131 3, 2004, s.105; Veli Sevin, \u201cHakkari Stelleri: Zap Irma\u011f\u0131 K\u0131y\u0131s\u0131nda Bozk\u0131r G\u00f6\u00e7ebeleri\u201d, T\u00dcBA AR IV, 2001, s. 78.<\/p>\n

7) Dervi\u015f G\u00fcnay, \u201cAlacah\u00f6y\u00fck\u201d, Eczac\u0131ba\u015f\u0131 Sanat Ansiklopedisi I, 1997, s. 51.<\/p>\n

8) Asl\u0131 \u00d6zyar, \u201cAlacah\u00f6y\u00fck ve Horoztepe\u201d, Arkeo Atlas, Say\u0131 2, 2003, s. 124; Veli Sevin, Anadolu Arkeolojisi, \u0130stanbul, 1999, s. 107; Dervi\u015f G\u00fcnay, \u201cAlacah\u00f6y\u00fck\u201d, Eczac\u0131ba\u015f\u0131 Sanat Ansiklopedisi I, s. 51; Ekrem Akurgal, Anadolu Uygarl\u0131klar\u0131, Istanbul, 1987, s. 32.<\/p>\n

9) Sava\u015f Harmankaya, Bur\u00e7in Erdo\u011fu, T\u00fcrkiye Arkeolojik Yerle\u015fmeleri 4a, \u0130lk Tun\u00e7 \u00c7a\u011f\u0131, \u0130stanbul, 2002; Ekrem Akurgal, Anadolu Uygarl\u0131klar\u0131, 1987, \u0130stanbul, s. 33; Dervi\u015f G\u00fcnay, \u201cAlacah\u00f6y\u00fck\u201d, Eczac\u0131ba\u015f\u0131 Sanat Ansiklopedisi I, 1997, s. 52; Veli Sevin, Anadolu Arkeolojisi, \u0130stanbul, 1999, s. 107.<\/p>\n

10) Ali Din\u00e7ol, \u201cHititler\u201d, Anadolu Uygarl\u0131klar\u0131 1, 1982, s.110; Ali Din\u00e7ol, \u201cHatti\/Proto-Hatti\u201d, Eczac\u0131ba\u015f\u0131 Sanat Ansiklopedisi I, 1997, s. 769-770; Ekrem Akurgal, Anadolu Uygarl\u0131klar\u0131, 1987, \u0130stanbul, s. 30-39; Dervi\u015f G\u00fcnay, \u201cAlacah\u00f6y\u00fck\u201d, Eczac\u0131ba\u015f\u0131 Sanat Ansiklopedisi I, 1997, s. 51.<\/p>\n

11)\u00a0 Veli Sevin, Anadolu Arkeolojisi, \u0130stanbul, 1999, s. 168; Oktay Belli, \u201cUrartular\u201d, Anadolu Uygarl\u0131klar\u0131 1, 1987, s. 196.<\/p>\n

12) Veli Sevin, Anadolu Arkeolojisi, \u0130stanbul, 1999, s. 168; Kemalettin K\u00f6ro\u011flu, \u201cDo\u011fu Anadolu Kaya Mezar Gelenekleri\u201d, Arkeo Atlas, Say\u0131 4, 2005, s. 120-121; Taner Tarhan, \u201cTu\u015fpa-Van Kalesi. Demir\u00e7a\u011f\u2019\u0131n Gizemli Ba\u015fkenti, Arkeo Atlas, Say\u0131 4, 2005, s. 130.<\/p>\n

13) Taner Tarhan, \u201cTu\u015fpa-Van Kalesi. Demir\u00e7a\u011f\u2019\u0131n Gizemli Ba\u015fkenti, Arkeo Atlas, Say\u0131 4, 2005, s. 129.<\/p>\n

14) Veli Sevin, \u201cFrygler\u201d, Anadolu Uygarl\u0131klar\u0131 2, 1987, s. 239; Mary M. Voigt, \u201cYass\u0131h\u00f6y\u00fck. Ba\u015fkent Gordion\u201d, Arkeo Atlas, Say\u0131 5, 2006, s. 27, 29, 34; Keith Devries, \u201cPhryg Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131. Midas\u2019\u0131n \u00dclkesi\u201d, Arkeo Atlas, Say\u0131 5, 2006, s. 48.<\/p>\n

15) Veli Sevin, \u201cFrygler\u201d, Anadolu Uygarl\u0131klar\u0131 2, 1987, s. 238.<\/p>\n

16) Veli Sevin, Anadolu Arkeolojisi, \u0130stanbul, 1999, s. 215; Veli Sevin, \u201cLydial\u0131lar\u201d, Anadolu Uygarl\u0131klar\u0131 2, 1987, s. 260.<\/p>\n

17) Veli Sevin, Anadolu Arkeolojisi, \u0130stanbul, 1999, s. 216; Christopher H. Roosevelt, \u201cAn\u0131tsal Mezarl\u0131k. Bintepeler\u201d, Arkeo Atlas, Say\u0131 5, 2006, s. 120.<\/p>\n

18) Christopher H. Roosevelt, \u201cAn\u0131tsal Mezarl\u0131k. Bintepeler\u201d, Arkeo Atlas, Say\u0131 5, 2006, s. 121.<\/p>\n

Kaynak:<\/strong> Bilim ve Gelecek, Say\u0131:47, Eyl\u00fcl 2007, s. 72<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

M\u00d6 5. ve 4. biny\u0131llarda Mezopotamya, \u0130ran, Kuzey Suriye ile Do\u011fu ve G\u00fcneydo\u011fu Anadolu B\u00f6lgeleri \u201cB\u00fcy\u00fck Mezopotamya\u201dy\u0131 olu\u015fturmakta ve bu b\u00f6lgelerde k\u00fclt\u00fcrel bir homojenlik bulunmaktayd\u0131. Ancak M\u00d6 3. biny\u0131l ba\u015flar\u0131na tarihlenen \u0130lk Tun\u00e7 \u00c7a\u011f\u0131 I D\u00f6nemi\u2019yle birlikte, bu k\u00fclt\u00fcrel birlik bozulmu\u015f ve \u201cB\u00fcy\u00fck Mezopotamya\u201dn\u0131n par\u00e7as\u0131 olmaktan \u00e7\u0131kan bu b\u00f6lgelerin her birinde, farkl\u0131 politik, ekonomik ve […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":238,"featured_media":38407,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[19],"tags":[571,244,5563,5565,5564,5562,536,4460],"class_list":["post-38405","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-bilim-gundemi","tag-anadolu","tag-arkeoloji","tag-arslantepe","tag-erk","tag-gomu","tag-kral-mezarlari","tag-siyaset","tag-tunc-cagi"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/38405","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/238"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=38405"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/38405\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/38407"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=38405"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=38405"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=38405"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}