\u0130nsans\u0131lar\u0131n en eski t\u00fcrlerine ait fosillerle birlikte alet bulunamam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu erken hominid\u2019ler hayvan\u0131 yak\u0131n mesafeden \u00f6ld\u00fcrebilecek etkinlikte el baltas\u0131 yapamam\u0131\u015flard\u0131. Zek\u00e2lar\u0131 ve el becerileri buna m\u00fcsait de\u011fildi. Kaba yap\u0131l\u0131lar\u0131n \u015fempanzelerinkine benzeyen ba\u015fparmaklar\u0131 vard\u0131. \u0130ki ayak \u00fczerinde durup y\u00fcr\u00fcd\u00fcklerine bak\u0131l\u0131rsa, \u00e7evrelerinde var olan ta\u015f, a\u011fa\u00e7 dal\u0131 gibi nesneleri kendilerini savunmak ya da sald\u0131rmak i\u00e7in kullanm\u0131\u015f olabilirlerdi.(1) Acaba, narin yap\u0131l\u0131 insans\u0131lar, di\u011ferlerinden farkl\u0131 olarak alet yap\u0131p kullanm\u0131\u015f m\u0131yd\u0131? Son ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar bu soruya yan\u0131t verebilecek niteliktedir. Narin yap\u0131l\u0131lar\u0131n el parmak kemiklerinin duyarl\u0131 bir tutu\u015fa yatk\u0131n oldu\u011fu, yap\u0131lan son anatomik incelemelerden anla\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca, el ba\u015fparmaklar\u0131 da oransal ve i\u015flevsel a\u00e7\u0131dan en eski insans\u0131lar\u0131nkinden ziyade insan\u0131nkine yak\u0131nd\u0131r. El bilek kemikleri de biz insanlar\u0131nkini hat\u0131rlat\u0131r. O halde, narin yap\u0131l\u0131 insans\u0131lar alet yapabilecek bir biyolojik potansiyele sahipti. Elleri, dikkat isteyen nazik i\u015fleri rahatl\u0131kla ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirebilecek d\u00fczeydeydi. Nispeten geli\u015fmi\u015f olan beyin kabu\u011fu da bu becerikli ellerle s\u0131k\u0131 i\u015fbirli\u011fi i\u00e7inde olmal\u0131yd\u0131. Yeni davran\u0131\u015f \u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcleri, buna ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak avantajl\u0131 konuma ge\u00e7en yeni anatomik \u00f6zellikler, ayn\u0131 zamanda yeni iklim ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131n yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 zorunluluklar, insans\u0131 atalar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n alet denilen ve do\u011fal organlar\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda, ama onlar\u0131n g\u00fcd\u00fcm\u00fcndeki, yeni bir kazan\u0131mlar\u0131 i\u00e7in haz\u0131rlay\u0131c\u0131 fakt\u00f6rler say\u0131labilir. Nitekim, Do\u011fu Afrika\u2019da son y\u0131llarda narin insans\u0131lar\u0131n yan\u0131nda \u00e7ok basit \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde i\u015flenmi\u015f ta\u015f aletlere rastland\u0131.<\/p>\n
Beyin irili\u011fi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan insan ve Australopitekus<\/em>\u2019lar aras\u0131nda derin u\u00e7urum olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, Australopitekus<\/em>\u2019lardaki beyin organizasyonu insandakine benzer; sulcus lunata t\u0131pk\u0131 insanda oldu\u011fu gibi, oksipital ve temporal loblar aras\u0131nda yer al\u0131r. T\u00fcm bu de\u011ferlendirmelerin \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn insana \u00f6zg\u00fc olamayaca\u011f\u0131, insans\u0131lar\u0131n baz\u0131 t\u00fcrlerinde de var oldu\u011fu rahatl\u0131kla s\u00f6ylenebilir. Etyopya\u2019da Omo Vadisi\u2019nde, ayr\u0131ca Zaire ve Malavi\u2019de 2,5 milyon y\u0131l \u00f6ncesine ait ta\u015f aletler bulundu. Bu aletler genelde pinpon topu irili\u011finde \u00e7ak\u0131lta\u015f\u0131, kuvars ve kuvarsitten yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Ne var ki narin yap\u0131l\u0131 insans\u0131lara mal edilen bu ta\u015f aletler \u00f6yle san\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 kadar bi\u00e7imlendirilmi\u015f ve kolayca te\u015fhis edilebilecek m\u00fckemmellikte de\u011fildi. Baz\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131c\u0131lar, Do\u011fu Afrika\u2019da zaman\u0131m\u0131zdan 1,2 milyon y\u0131l \u00f6ncesine kadar ya\u015famaya devam eden kaba yap\u0131l\u0131 insans\u0131n\u0131n da ta\u015f aletler yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan s\u00f6z etmektedir. \u00dcstelik bunlar\u0131 do\u011fal fakt\u00f6rlerin bi\u00e7imlendirdi\u011fi ta\u015f par\u00e7alar\u0131ndan ay\u0131rt etmek de uzmanl\u0131k i\u015fidir. Do\u011fu Afrika\u2019daki narin yap\u0131l\u0131 insans\u0131lar\u0131n ta\u015f aletlerine kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k G\u00fcney Afrika\u2019daki \u00e7a\u011fda\u015flar\u0131 hayvan kemiklerini, boynuzlar\u0131 ve \u00e7eneleri kullanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n 3 milyon y\u0131l \u00f6ncesinden itibaren arkaik insans\u0131lar tarih sahnesinden silinmi\u015f, yerlerini daha geli\u015fmi\u015f insans\u0131 ard\u0131llar\u0131na b\u0131rakm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Do\u011fal ay\u0131klanma s\u00fcreci bu ge\u00e7en y\u00fcz binlerce y\u0131l zarf\u0131nda g\u00f6rece daha iri beyinli, daha uzun boylu, iki ayak \u00fczerinde daha kusursuz bi\u00e7imde y\u00fcr\u00fcyebilen, daha zeki, daha yetenekli ve kurnaz insans\u0131 formlar\u0131n olu\u015fmas\u0131 do\u011frultusunda i\u015flemi\u015ftir. Bu arada Afrika da giderek \u00f6nemli iklim de\u011fi\u015fmelerine sahne olmu\u015ftur.(2) A\u015fa\u011f\u0131 yukar\u0131 3 milyon y\u0131l \u00f6nce ba\u015flayan iklimdeki so\u011fuma ve kurakla\u015fmaya paralel olarak s\u0131k ormanl\u0131k alanlar yerini a\u00e7\u0131k savanl\u0131k alanlara b\u0131rakm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Sonu\u00e7ta baz\u0131 hayvanlar yok olmu\u015f, bitki \u00f6rt\u00fcs\u00fc fakirle\u015fmi\u015f, \u00f6nemli su kaynaklar\u0131 kurumu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n Dipnotlar: Kaynak: <\/strong>Metin \u00d6zbek, \u0130nsan\u0131n Tarih \u00d6ncesi Evrimi, Bilim ve Gelecek Kitapl\u0131\u011f\u0131, Eyl\u00fcl 2019, 5. Bask\u0131, s.72-75<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" \u0130nsans\u0131lar\u0131n en eski t\u00fcrlerine ait fosillerle birlikte alet bulunamam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu erken hominid\u2019ler hayvan\u0131 yak\u0131n mesafeden \u00f6ld\u00fcrebilecek etkinlikte el baltas\u0131 yapamam\u0131\u015flard\u0131. Zek\u00e2lar\u0131 ve el becerileri buna m\u00fcsait de\u011fildi. Kaba yap\u0131l\u0131lar\u0131n \u015fempanzelerinkine benzeyen ba\u015fparmaklar\u0131 vard\u0131. \u0130ki ayak \u00fczerinde durup y\u00fcr\u00fcd\u00fcklerine bak\u0131l\u0131rsa, \u00e7evrelerinde var olan ta\u015f, a\u011fa\u00e7 dal\u0131 gibi nesneleri kendilerini savunmak ya da sald\u0131rmak i\u00e7in kullanm\u0131\u015f olabilirlerdi.(1) […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":429,"featured_media":38426,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[19],"tags":[5569,244,253,5570,200,5568],"class_list":["post-38425","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-bilim-gundemi","tag-alet-yapimi","tag-arkeoloji","tag-beslenme","tag-dogal-ayiklanma","tag-evrim","tag-insansilar"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/38425","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/429"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=38425"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/38425\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/38426"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=38425"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=38425"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=38425"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}
\n<\/strong>1) Jelinek, J., 1975; Encyclopedie \u0130llustree de l\u2018homme Prehistorique<\/em>, Grund, Paris.
\n2) Stevens, W., 1993; \u201cDust in sea mud may link human evolution to climate\u201d, New York Times<\/em>, Aral\u0131k Say\u0131s\u0131.<\/p>\n