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<\/p>\n\u2018Okula gitmem neden gerekiyor, babac\u0131\u011f\u0131m?\u201d
\nSert g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc\u015fl\u00fc baba, sekiz ya\u015f\u0131ndaki o\u011flunu tepeden s\u00fczd\u00fc.
\n\u201cAlbert, kara cahil biri olarak m\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fcmek istiyorsun, yoksa?\u201d
\n\u201cKara cahil de ne demek?\u201d
\n\u0130yi d\u00f6\u015fenmi\u015f geni\u015f salonun \u00f6b\u00fcr ucundan bir kahkaha y\u00fckseldi. Baba ile o\u011ful, birlikte, b\u00fcy\u00fck piyano ba\u015f\u0131ndaki anneye d\u00f6nd\u00fcler.
\n\u201cAh Hermanc\u0131\u011f\u0131m, bilmiyor musun, o oyunda Albert\u2019le ba\u015fa \u00e7\u0131kamayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131?\u201d
\n\u201cDo\u011frusunu istersen, ne demek istedi\u011fini anlayam\u0131yorum\u201d diye kekeledi kocas\u0131.
\nEski bir Macar halk \u015fark\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7almay\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcren Bayan Einste\u00adin, \u201cHaydi, haydi, bilmezlikten gelme. Bilmiyor muyum sanki, Albert\u2019i soru sormaktan vazge\u00e7irmek i\u00e7in sorusuna soruyla yan\u0131t vermek takti\u011fini! Ama g\u00f6r\u00fcyorsun ya, y\u00fcr\u00fcm\u00fcyor!\u201d dedi.
\nAlbert se\u011firterek annesinin yan\u0131na gitti; tu\u015flar \u00fczerinde kayan usta parmaklar ona bir anda ne sordu\u011funu unutturmu\u015ftu. Piyano \u015fark\u0131 s\u00f6yl\u00fcyordu, adeta! \u0130ki tu\u015fa sert bir vuru\u015fla \u00e7almas\u0131n\u0131 noktalayan anne, taburesinde d\u00f6nd\u00fc, o\u011flunu kollar\u0131 aras\u0131na ald\u0131. Albert\u2019in koyu g\u00fcr, dalgal\u0131 sa\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n \u00fcst\u00fcnden kocas\u0131na g\u00fcl\u00fcmsedi: \u201cG\u00f6r\u00fcyorsun ya, Albert\u2019i soru sormaktan al\u0131koyman\u0131n bir yolu vard\u0131r: Benim m\u00fczi\u011fim!\u201d
\nBaba da g\u00fcl\u00fcmsedi; bir \u015fey demeye kalmadan, o\u011flan annesinin kuca\u011f\u0131nda d\u00f6nerek, \u201cSoru sormak k\u00f6t\u00fc bir \u015fey mi?\u201d diye sordu.
\nBu kez g\u00fclme s\u0131ras\u0131 babas\u0131ndayd\u0131:
\n\u201c\u0130\u015fte sana! Bo\u015funa \u00f6v\u00fcnme, senin m\u00fczi\u011finin de onu durduraca\u011f\u0131 yok.\u201d
\nAnne kocas\u0131n\u0131 duymazl\u0131ktan gelerek, o\u011fluna d\u00f6nd\u00fc:
\n\u201cSoru sorman\u0131n hi\u00e7bir k\u00f6t\u00fc yan\u0131 yok, tatl\u0131m. Yeter ki, sorular\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131ndakini k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrmeye ya da k\u0131rmaya y\u00f6nelik olmas\u0131n!\u201d
\n\u201cAma ben \u00f6yle bir \u015fey yapm\u0131yorum, anneci\u011fim. Bilmedi\u011fim o kadar \u00e7ok \u015fey var ki, sorarak \u00f6\u011frenmek istiyorum; her \u015feyi \u00f6\u011frenmek istiyorum.\u201d
\nAnne gururla g\u00fcl\u00fcmsedi; baba ise biraz duraksamal\u0131,
\n\u201cPeki, dedi\u011fin gibi ger\u00e7ekten her \u015feyi \u00f6\u011frenmek istiyorsan yavrum, okula neden gitmen gerekti\u011fini nas\u0131l sorabilirsin? Okul sorular\u0131n yan\u0131tland\u0131\u011f\u0131 yer de\u011fil midir?\u201d diye araya girdi.
\n\u201cDe\u011fildir, babac\u0131\u011f\u0131m!\u201d dedi \u00e7ocuk. \u201cYan\u0131tlamak \u015f\u00f6yle dursun, soru bile sordurmuyorlar, insana. Okuldan ho\u015flanm\u0131yorum. Hapishanedeymi\u015fim gibi sanki. \u00d6\u011fretmenler gardiyanlardan farks\u0131z; s\u0131ralar aras\u0131nda gidip gelen gardiyanlar!\u201d
\nKar\u0131koca birbirlerine tedirgin g\u00f6zlerle bak\u0131\u015ft\u0131lar. Albert\u2019in bu su\u00e7lamalar\u0131na ne diyebilirlerdi ki…<\/p>\n
\u0130\u015fte her \u015feyi sorgulayan bu \u00e7ocuk, ilerde b\u00fcy\u00fck bilimsel at\u0131l\u0131mlar\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra \u00f6zentisiz, erdemli bilge ki\u015fili\u011fiyle de t\u00fcm d\u00fcnyan\u0131n ilgi oda\u011f\u0131 olacakt\u0131.<\/p>\n
Albert Einstein, G\u00fcney Almanya\u2019n\u0131n Ulm Kenti\u2019nde d\u00fcnyaya geldi. K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir elektrokimya fabrikas\u0131n\u0131n sahibi olan babas\u0131 ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 bir i\u015fadam\u0131 de\u011fildi. Annesinin d\u00fcnyas\u0131 m\u00fczikti; \u00f6zellikle Beethoven\u2019in piyano par\u00e7alar\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7almak en b\u00fcy\u00fck tutkusuydu. Aile Musevi k\u00f6kenliydi, ama dinsel ba\u011fnazl\u0131ktan uzak, a\u00e7\u0131k g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fl\u00fc, k\u00fclt\u00fcrel etkinliklerle zengin bir ya\u015fam i\u00e7indeydi. Ne var ki, \u00e7ocu\u011fun ilk y\u0131llardaki geli\u015fmesi kayg\u0131 vericiydi. \u00d6zellikle konu\u015fmadaki gecikmesi aileyi tela\u015fa d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. Albert i\u00e7ine kapan\u0131kt\u0131; \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n aras\u0131na kat\u0131lmaktan, oyun oynamaktan ho\u015flanm\u0131yordu. Okulu s\u0131k\u0131c\u0131 buluyor, ezbere dayanan e\u011fitim disiplinine katlanam\u0131yordu. \u201cGimnazyum\u201dda ge\u00e7en orta\u00f6\u011frenimi mutsuz ve ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zd\u0131. M\u00fchendis amcas\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6zel ilgisi olmasayd\u0131, belki de \u00f6\u011frenimden t\u00fcm\u00fcyle kopacakt\u0131. Amca, ye\u011fene cebir ve geometriyi sevdirdi. Geometri \u00f6zellikle Albert\u2019i bir t\u00fcr b\u00fcy\u00fclemi\u015fti. Einstein, y\u0131llar sonra amcas\u0131na borcunu \u015f\u00f6yle dile getirir: \u201c\u00c7ocuklu\u011fumda ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131m iki \u00f6nemli olay\u0131 unutamam. Biri, be\u015f ya\u015f\u0131mda iken amcam\u0131n arma\u011fan\u0131 pusulada buldu\u011fum gizem; di\u011feri 12 ya\u015f\u0131mda iken tan\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131m \u00d6klid geometrisi. Gen\u00e7li\u011finde bu geometrinin b\u00fcy\u00fcs\u00fcne girmeyen bir ki\u015finin ilerde kuramsal bilimde parlak bir at\u0131l\u0131m yapabilmesi hi\u00e7 beklenmemelidir!\u201d<\/p>\n
Einstein, y\u00fcksek\u00f6\u011frenimini g\u00fc\u00e7 ko\u015fullara g\u00f6\u011f\u00fcs gererek Z\u00fc\u00adrih Teknik \u00dcniversitesi\u2019nde yapar. Mezun oldu\u011funda i\u015f bulmak sorunuyla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131r. \u00dcniversitede asistanl\u0131k bir yana ortaokul \u00f6\u011f\u00adretmenli\u011fi bile bulamaz. Sonunda bir okul arkad\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n yard\u0131m\u0131yla Bern Patent Ofisi\u2019nde s\u0131radan bir i\u015fe yerle\u015fir; ama as\u0131l d\u00fcnyas\u0131 olan bilimden kopmaz; \u00e7ok ge\u00e7meden b\u00fcy\u00fcs\u00fc bug\u00fcn de s\u00fcren devrimsel at\u0131l\u0131mlar\u0131yla yarat\u0131c\u0131 dehas\u0131n\u0131 kan\u0131tlar. 1905\u2019te Annalen der Physik dergisinde yay\u0131mlanan \u00fc\u00e7 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n her biri, fizik tarihinde bir d\u00f6n\u00fcm noktas\u0131 say\u0131labilecek nitelikteydi.<\/p>\n
Bunlardan biri, \u015fimdi \u201cfotoelektrik etki\u201d dedi\u011fimiz bir olaya ili\u015f\u00adkindi. Newton, \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131 tanecikler ak\u0131m\u0131, kimi bilim insanlar\u0131 ise dalga devinimi diye nitelemi\u015fti. Asl\u0131nda \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131n davran\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klamada iki kuram\u0131n birbirine bir \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc yoktu; ancak, Newton\u2019un ad\u0131 par\u00ad\u00e7ac\u0131k kuram\u0131na bir t\u00fcr a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131k sa\u011flamaktayd\u0131. Ne var ki, 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131nda Young\u2019la ba\u015flayan, Fresnel ve daha sonra Faraday ve Maxwell\u2019in \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131yla peki\u015fen deneyler dalga kuram\u0131na belirgin bir \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fck sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Einstein\u2019\u0131n fotoelektrik \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 bu geli\u015f\u00admeyi bir bak\u0131ma tersine \u00e7evirmekle kalmaz, Planck\u2019\u0131n 1900\u2019de orta\u00adya s\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc kuvantum teorisini de \u00e7arp\u0131c\u0131 bir bi\u00e7imde do\u011frular.<\/p>\n
Daha az bilinen ikinci \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma \u201cBrown devinimi\u201d denen bir ola\u00ady\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131yordu. 1850\u2019lerde \u0130ngiliz botanik\u00e7i Robert Brown (1773 – 1858), mikroskopla polenleri incelerken, taneciklerin su i\u00e7inde geli\u015fig\u00fczel s\u0131\u00e7ramalarla devinim i\u00e7inde oldu\u011funu g\u00f6zlemlemi\u015fti. Ancak bu g\u00f6zlem 1905\u2019e dek a\u00e7\u0131klamas\u0131z kal\u0131r. Einstein\u2019\u0131n bug\u00fcn de ge\u00e7erlili\u011fini koruyan a\u00e7\u0131klamas\u0131 olduk\u00e7a basittir: Son derece hafif olan polenlerin ani k\u0131m\u0131lt\u0131lar\u0131, su molek\u00fcllerinin \u00e7arpmala\u00adr\u0131yla olu\u015fuyordu. Ger\u00e7i molek\u00fcl kavram\u0131 yeni de\u011fildi; ancak en g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc mikroskop alt\u0131nda bile g\u00f6r\u00fclemeyecek kadar k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck olan molek\u00fcllerin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ilk kez bu a\u00e7\u0131klamayla kan\u0131tlanm\u0131\u015f oluyor\u00addu. 20. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda Ernst Mach gibi kimi se\u00e7kin fizik\u00e7ilerin bile g\u00f6zlemsel kan\u0131t yoklu\u011fu gerek\u00e7esiyle atom teorisine uzak durduklar\u0131 bilinmektedir. \u00d6yle ki, bu olumsuz tutum, gazlar\u0131n kinetik teorisinin kurucusu Boltzmann\u2019\u0131 (1844 – 1906) intihara s\u00fcr\u00fckleyecek kadar ileri gitmi\u015fti. Einstein\u2019\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131klamas\u0131, bu tutu\u00adma son vermekle fizi\u011fin i\u00e7ine d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fc bir t\u0131kan\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131 giderir.<\/p>\n
1905\u2019in bilim d\u00fcnyas\u0131na yeni bir ufuk a\u00e7an \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc ve en \u00f6\u00adnemli \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131, \u00f6zel g\u00f6relilik (Special Relativity) kuram\u0131d\u0131r. Bu kuram, Einstein\u2019\u0131n gen\u00e7 ya\u015f\u0131nda kendini g\u00f6steren bir merak\u0131na dayan\u0131r. Daha 14 ya\u015f\u0131nda iken Einstein, \u201cBir \u0131\u015f\u0131k \u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131na binmi\u015f olsayd\u0131m, d\u00fcnya bana nas\u0131l g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcrd\u00fc acaba?\u201d diye sormu\u015ftu. 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n sonlar\u0131nda \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131n h\u0131z\u0131na ili\u015fkin Michelson-Morley deneyi, bu merak\u0131 derinle\u015ftiren bir sorun ortaya koymu\u015ftu: Ses ve ba\u015fka dalga olaylar\u0131n\u0131n, tersine \u0131\u015f\u0131k h\u0131z\u0131n\u0131n referans sistemine g\u00f6receli olmay\u0131\u015f\u0131! Saatte 100 km h\u0131zla ilerleyen bir lokomotifin, iki istasyon aras\u0131nda d\u00fcd\u00fck \u00e7ald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnelim. Sesin \u00f6n ve arka istasyonlara de\u011fi\u015fik h\u0131zlarla ula\u015faca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 biliyoruz: \u00d6ndeki istasyona normal ses h\u0131z\u0131ndan saatte 100 km daha fazla, arkada kalan istasyona ise saatte 100 km daha yava\u015f bir h\u0131zla ula\u015f\u0131r. Oysa trendeki insanlar i\u00e7in sesin h\u0131z\u0131nda bir di\u011fi\u015fiklik yoktur; \u00f6n ve arka u\u00e7lara normal h\u0131z\u0131yla ayn\u0131 anda ula\u015f\u0131r. Sesin h\u0131z\u0131 g\u00f6z\u00adlemcinin h\u0131z\u0131na g\u00f6recelidir. I\u015f\u0131\u011fa gelince Michelson- Morley de\u00adneyleri, \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131n \u00f6yle davranmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stermekteydi. I\u015f\u0131k kayna\u011f\u0131 ile g\u00f6zlemcinin birbirine g\u00f6receli hareketlerine ne olursa olsun \u0131\u015f\u0131k h\u0131z\u0131nda bir de\u011fi\u015fiklik g\u00f6zlemlenmemekteydi. Bu beklenme\u00adyen bir sonu\u00e7tu; \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc, sesin hava arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla yay\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi, \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131n da \u201cesir\u201d denen gizemli bir ortam arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla yay\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve g\u00f6zlemcinin hareketine ba\u011fl\u0131 oldu\u011fu san\u0131l\u0131yordu. Esir g\u00f6zlemle\u00adnebilir bir nesne de\u011fildi; ama \u00f6yle bir kavram olmaks\u0131z\u0131n optik olgular nas\u0131l a\u00e7\u0131klanabilirdi? Kald\u0131 ki, Maxwell\u2019in elektromanye\u00adtik teorisi de esir t\u00fcr\u00fcnden bir ortam varsay\u0131m\u0131na dayan\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n
Einstein\u2019\u0131n getirdi\u011fi \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm, deney sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 yans\u0131tan \u015fu iki temel ilkeyi i\u00e7ermektedir. 1) Do\u011fa yasalar\u0131 ivmesiz hareket eden t\u00fcm sistemler i\u00e7in ayn\u0131d\u0131r; 2) I\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131n h\u0131z\u0131, kayna\u011f\u0131na g\u00f6re hareket halinde olsun veya olmas\u0131n, her g\u00f6zlemci i\u00e7in ayn\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
\u00d6zel g\u00f6relilik kuram\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nc\u00fcllerini olu\u015fturan bu iki temel ilke, yeterince anla\u015f\u0131lmad\u0131k\u00e7a, Einstein devrimini kavramaya olanak yoktur. Kuram\u0131n i\u00e7erdi\u011fi t\u00fcm \u00f6nermeler, bu \u00f6nc\u00fcllerin mant\u0131ksal sonu\u00e7lar\u0131d\u0131r. Asl\u0131nda deneysel nitelikte olan bu iki ilkenin yol a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131 kuramsal devrim, ilk bak\u0131\u015fta \u015fa\u015f\u0131rt\u0131c\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcnebilir. Ama sonu\u00e7lar\u0131na bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda \u015fa\u015fk\u0131nl\u0131k, yerini b\u00fcy\u00fck bir hayranl\u0131\u011fa b\u0131rakmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Sonu\u00e7lardan biri, bir g\u00f6zlemciye ba\u011f\u0131l olarak nesnelerin ha\u00adreketleri y\u00f6n\u00fcnde uzunluklar\u0131n\u0131n k\u0131sald\u0131\u011f\u0131, k\u00fctlelerinin artt\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6ndeyisidir. \u00d6rne\u011fin, bir topu \u0131\u015f\u0131k h\u0131z\u0131na yak\u0131n (yak\u0131n, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc kurama g\u00f6re \u0131\u015f\u0131k h\u0131z\u0131n\u0131 yakalamaya ve a\u015fmaya olanak yoktur) bir h\u0131zla uzaya f\u0131rlatt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 varsayal\u0131m: Hareket d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki bir g\u00f6zlemci i\u00e7in top bir tepsi gibi yass\u0131la\u015f\u0131rken, k\u00fctlesi b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fc\u00adde artar. H\u0131z\u0131 kesildi\u011finde top, \u00f6nceki bi\u00e7im ve k\u00fctlesine d\u00f6ner. Kurama g\u00f6re h\u0131z\u0131 \u0131\u015f\u0131k h\u0131z\u0131na eri\u015fen bir nesnenin oylumu s\u0131f\u0131r, k\u00fctlesi sonsuz olur. Ancak \u00f6yle bir \u015fey d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclemeyece\u011finden, hi\u00e7bir nesnenin \u0131\u015f\u0131k h\u0131z\u0131yla hareketi beklenemez. Ba\u015fka bir de\u00adyi\u015fle, k\u00fctle eyleme diren\u00e7 demek oldu\u011fundan, k\u00fctlenin sonsuz\u00adla\u015fmas\u0131 hareketin yok olmas\u0131 demektir.![\"\"](\"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/3-8-300x225.jpg\")
<\/p>\n
Daha az \u015fa\u015f\u0131rt\u0131c\u0131 olmayan bir sonu\u00e7 da, zaman\u0131n g\u00f6recelili\u00ad\u011fi. \u00d6rne\u011fin, birbirine tam ayarl\u0131 iki saatten birini \u00e7ok h\u0131zl\u0131 bir roketle uzaya yollad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnelim. Bu saatin yerdeki saate g\u00f6re daha yava\u015f \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fclecektir. Roket saniyede yakla\u015f\u0131k 260.000 km h\u0131zla yol al\u0131yorsa, yerdeki saatin yelkovan\u0131 iki tam d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131nda roketteki saatin yelkovan\u0131 ancak bir tam d\u00f6\u00adn\u00fc\u015f yapacakt\u0131r. Oysa rokette bulunan g\u00f6zlemci i\u00e7in \u00f6yle bir ya\u00adva\u015flama s\u00f6z konusu de\u011fildir; saat normal h\u0131z\u0131yla \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaktad\u0131r. Ne var ki, bu ki\u015fi d\u00fcnyaya d\u00f6nd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde kendisini kar\u015f\u0131layan ikiz karde\u015fini daha ya\u015flanm\u0131\u015f bulacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Kuramdan matematiksel olarak \u00e7\u0131kan bu sonu\u00e7lar daha sonra deneysel olarak do\u011frulanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Kuram\u0131n belkide en \u00f6nemli (atom bombas\u0131 nedeniyle en \u00e7ok bilinen) bir sonucu da madde ve enerji e\u015fde\u011ferlili\u011fine ili\u015fkin denklemdir: E = mc2 (Denklemde E enerji, m k\u00fctle, c \u0131\u015f\u0131k h\u0131z\u0131 ola\u00adrak kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.) Ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta bu ili\u015fkinin \u00f6nemi yeterince kav\u00adranmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Einstein\u2019\u0131n denklemi i\u00e7eren yaz\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 yay\u0131mlamakta g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fckle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 biliyoruz. Oysa k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir k\u00fctlenin b\u00fcy\u00fck bir enerji demek oldu\u011funu ortaya koyan bu denklem y\u0131ld\u0131zlar\u0131n (bu arada G\u00fcne\u015f\u2019in) \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131 nas\u0131l \u00fcretti\u011fini de a\u00e7\u0131klamaktayd\u0131.<\/p>\n
Kuram\u0131n evren anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131m\u0131z y\u00f6n\u00fcnden de kimi sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 olmu\u015ftur. Bunlar aras\u0131nda en \u00f6nemlisi, hi\u00e7 ku\u015fkusuz uzay ve zaman kavramlar\u0131n\u0131 birle\u015ftiren d\u00f6rt boyutlu uzay zaman kavram\u0131d\u0131r. \u00d6zel g\u00f6relilik kuram\u0131 d\u00fczg\u00fcn do\u011frusal (ivmesiz) hareket eden sistemlerle s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131yd\u0131. Einstein\u2019\u0131n 1915\u2019te ortaya koydu\u011fu genel g\u00f6relilik kuram\u0131 ise birbirine g\u00f6re h\u0131zlanan veya yava\u015flayan (yani ivmeli hareket eden) sistemleri de kaps\u0131yordu. \u00d6yle ki, birinci kuram\u0131, kapsam\u0131 daha geni\u015f ikinci kuram\u0131n \u00f6zel bir hali sayabiliriz. \u00d6zel g\u00f6relilik, Newton\u2019un mekanik yasalar\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirmi\u015fti. Genel g\u00f6relilik daha ileri giderek \u201cgravitasyon\u201d kavram\u0131na yeni ve de\u011fi\u015fik bir i\u00e7erik getirmekteydi. Klasik mekanikte gravitasyon, k\u00fctlesel nesneler aras\u0131nda \u00e7ekim g\u00fcc\u00fc olarak alg\u0131lanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Buna g\u00f6re, \u00f6rne\u011fin bir gezegeni y\u00f6r\u00fcngesinde tutan \u015fey, k\u00fctlesi daha b\u00fcy\u00fck G\u00fcne\u015f\u2019in \u00e7ekim g\u00fcc\u00fcyd\u00fc. Oysa, genel g\u00f6relilik kuram\u0131na g\u00f6re, gezegenleri y\u00f6r\u00fcngelerinde tutan \u015fey G\u00fcne\u015f\u2019in \u00e7ekim g\u00fcc\u00fc de\u011fil, y\u00f6r\u00fcngelerin yer ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 uzay kesiminin G\u00fcne\u015f\u2019in k\u00fctlesel etkisinde olu\u015fan kavisli yap\u0131s\u0131d\u0131r. \u00d6yle bir uzay yap\u0131s\u0131nda, nesnelerin ba\u015fka t\u00fcrl\u00fc hareketine fiziksel olanak yoktur. Genel kuram, ayr\u0131ca gravitasyon ile eylemsizlik ilkesini \u201cgravitasyon alan\u0131\u201d ad\u0131 alt\u0131nda tek kavramda birle\u015ftiriyordu. Bu noktada Einstein\u2019\u0131n, Maxwell\u2019in \u201celektromanyetik alan\u201d kavram\u0131ndan esinlendi\u011fi s\u00f6ylenebilir. Nitekim tan\u0131nm\u0131\u015f bilim tarih\u00e7isi I. B. Cohen\u2019in (1914 – 2003) bir an\u0131s\u0131 bunu do\u011frulamaktad\u0131r: \u201c\u00d6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden iki hafta \u00f6nce Einstein\u2019\u0131 ziyarete gitmi\u015ftim. Sekreter beni \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma odas\u0131na ald\u0131. \u0130ki duvar d\u00f6\u015femeden tavana kitapl\u0131kt\u0131. Bir duvar geni\u015f penceresiyle bah\u00e7eye bak\u0131yordu; di\u011ferinde iki tablo as\u0131l\u0131yd\u0131: Elektromanyetik teorinin kurucular\u0131 Faraday ile Maxwell\u2019in portreleri!\u201d<\/p>\n
Genel g\u00f6relilik kuram\u0131n\u0131n t\u00fcm mant\u0131ksal yetkinli\u011fine kar\u015f\u0131n, hemen benimsenmesi bir yana anla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 bile kolay olmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Eddington\u2019a (1882 – 1944) \u201cKuram\u0131 yaln\u0131zca \u00fc\u00e7 ki\u015finin anlayabildi\u011fi s\u00f6yleniyor, do\u011fru mu?\u201d diye soruldu\u011funda, \u00fcnl\u00fc astrofizik\u00e7i bir an duraklar, sonra \u201c\u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc ki\u015finin kim oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyordum\u201d der.<\/p>\n
Bir kez, \u00f6zel kuram\u0131n tersine genel kuram, fizikte \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fc istenen herhangi bir soruna y\u00f6nelik bir aray\u0131\u015f\u0131n \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc de\u011fildi. Sonra, kuram\u0131 do\u011frulayan g\u00f6zlemsel bir kan\u0131t hen\u00fcz ortada yoktu; \u00fcstelik, 1915\u2019in teknolojik olanaklar\u0131 kuram\u0131n deneysel yoklanmas\u0131 i\u00e7in yeterli de\u011fildi. Kuram\u0131n \u00f6ndeyilerinden yaln\u0131zca biri yoklanmaya elveriyordu; ancak i\u00e7inde bulunulan sava\u015f ko\u015fullar\u0131 bunu da g\u00fc\u00e7le\u015ftirmekteydi. Einstein, kuram\u0131ndan \u00f6ylesine emindi ki, deneysel yoklamada ortaya \u00e7\u0131kacak olumsuz herhangi bir sonucu kuram\u0131n yanl\u0131\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in yeterli sayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bildirmekten ka\u00e7\u0131nm\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n
Olgusal yoklanmaya elveren \u00f6ndeyi \u015fuydu: Kuram do\u011fruysa, G\u00fcne\u015f\u2019in gravitasyon alan\u0131ndan ge\u00e7en bir \u0131\u015f\u0131k \u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n\u0131n, e\u011frilmesi gerekirdi. Bu etkiyi g\u00fcnd\u00fcz ayd\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda belirlemeye olanak olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in, G\u00fcne\u015f\u2019in tutulmas\u0131n\u0131 beklemekten ba\u015fka \u00e7are yoktu. Astronomlar G\u00fcne\u015f\u2019in 1919 May\u0131s\u2019\u0131nda tutulaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131, g\u00f6zlem bak\u0131m\u0131ndan en uygun yerin Afrika\u2019n\u0131n bat\u0131s\u0131nda Prens Adas\u0131 olabilece\u011fini bildirmi\u015flerdi. Eddington\u2019un \u00f6nderli\u011finde bir grup bilim insan\u0131n\u0131n ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdi\u011fi g\u00f6zlem ve \u00f6l\u00e7meler \u00f6ndeyiyi do\u011frulamaktayd\u0131. Sonu\u00e7 \u0130ngiliz Kraliyet Bilim Akademisi taraf\u0131ndan a\u00e7\u0131klan\u0131r a\u00e7\u0131klanmaz bilim d\u00fcnyas\u0131 bir t\u00fcr b\u00fcy\u00fclenir; Einstein, Newton d\u00fczeyinde bir y\u00fccelik simgesine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr.<\/p>\n
Kuram daha sonra ba\u015fka g\u00f6zlemlerle de do\u011frulanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bunlardan biri a\u00e7\u0131klanmas\u0131nda klasik mekani\u011fin yetersiz kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir olaya (Merk\u00fcr gezegeninin perihelisinin kaymas\u0131na), bir di\u011feri, G\u00fcne\u015f (ve di\u011fer y\u0131ld\u0131z) atomlar\u0131n\u0131n sa\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131n frekans d\u00fc\u015f\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc nedeniyle spektral \u00e7izgilerin spektrumun k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 ucuna do\u011fru kaymas\u0131 olay\u0131na ili\u015fkindir.<\/p>\n
\u00d6zel g\u00f6relilik kuram\u0131 gibi genel g\u00f6relilik kuram\u0131n\u0131n da ilk bak\u0131\u015fta \u00e7eli\u015fik g\u00f6r\u00fcnen ilgin\u00e7 sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 vard\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin, kurama g\u00f6re, evren b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fck bak\u0131m\u0131ndan sonlu ama s\u0131n\u0131rs\u0131zd\u0131r. Gene kuram evrenin giderek ya b\u00fcy\u00fcmekte ya da k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fclmekte oldu\u011funu i\u00e7ermektedir. (Nitekim y\u0131ld\u0131z k\u00fcmeleri \u00fczerindeki g\u00f6zlemler evrenin b\u00fcy\u00fcmekte oldu\u011funu g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir.)<\/p>\n
Einstein, bu kuram\u0131yla da yetinmez; ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131n son 30 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131 daha da kapsaml\u0131 bir kuram olu\u015fturma \u00e7abas\u0131yla ge\u00e7irdi. Evrende olup bitenleri bir tek ilke alt\u0131nda a\u00e7\u0131klamak, insano\u011flunun, k\u00f6k\u00fc Klasik \u00c7a\u011f\u2019a inen de\u011fi\u015fmez bir aray\u0131\u015f\u0131d\u0131r. Thales t\u00fcm varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 suya, Pythogoras say\u0131ya indirgeyerek a\u00e7\u0131klamaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Modern \u00c7a\u011f\u2019da Oersted, Faraday ve Maxwell\u2019in elektrik ve manyetik g\u00fc\u00e7leri \u00f6zde\u015fle\u015ftirme yoluna gittiklerini g\u00f6r\u00fcyoruz. Einstein\u2019\u0131n da \u00f6m\u00fcr boyu s\u00fcren d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc buna y\u00f6nelikti: Do\u011fan\u0131n t\u00fcm g\u00fc\u00e7lerini (gravitasyon, elektrik, manyetizma, vb.) \u201cbirle\u015fik alanlar\u201d dedi\u011fi temel bir ilkeye ba\u011flamak. Bu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti\u011fi s\u00f6ylenemez belki; ama Einstein, \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f fizi\u011fin egemen ak\u0131m\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kalma pahas\u0131na, umudundan hi\u00e7bir zaman vazge\u00e7mez. Evrenin nedensel d\u00fczenlili\u011fi onda bir t\u00fcr dinsel inan\u00e7t\u0131. \u201cSe\u00e7ene\u011fim kalmasa, do\u011fa yasalar\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131 olmayan bir evren d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnebilirim belki; ama do\u011fa yasalar\u0131n\u0131n istatiksel oldu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcne asla kat\u0131lamam. Tanr\u0131, zar atarak i\u015f g\u00f6rmez!\u201d diyordu.<\/p>\n
Kuantum mekani\u011fini yetersiz ve ge\u00e7ici sayan \u00e7a\u011f\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n (belki de t\u00fcm \u00e7a\u011flar\u0131n) en b\u00fcy\u00fck bilim dehas\u0131, kendi yolunda \u201cyaln\u0131z\u201d bir yolcuydu; \u00e7ocuklu\u011fa \u00f6zg\u00fc saf ve yal\u0131n merak\u0131, evren kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda derin hayret ve t\u00fckenmez co\u015fkusuyla ilerleyen bir yolcu!<\/p>\n
Kaynak: <\/strong>Cemal Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m, Bilimin \u00d6nc\u00fcleri, Bilim ve Gelecek Kitapl\u0131\u011f\u0131, Eyl\u00fcl 2019, 30. Bask\u0131, s.174-185<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" \u2018Okula gitmem neden gerekiyor, babac\u0131\u011f\u0131m?\u201d Sert g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc\u015fl\u00fc baba, sekiz ya\u015f\u0131ndaki o\u011flunu tepeden s\u00fczd\u00fc. \u201cAlbert, kara cahil biri olarak m\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fcmek istiyorsun, yoksa?\u201d \u201cKara cahil de ne demek?\u201d \u0130yi d\u00f6\u015fenmi\u015f geni\u015f salonun \u00f6b\u00fcr ucundan bir kahkaha y\u00fckseldi. Baba ile o\u011ful, birlikte, b\u00fcy\u00fck piyano ba\u015f\u0131ndaki anneye d\u00f6nd\u00fcler. \u201cAh Hermanc\u0131\u011f\u0131m, bilmiyor musun, o oyunda Albert\u2019le ba\u015fa \u00e7\u0131kamayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131?\u201d \u201cDo\u011frusunu […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":429,"featured_media":38501,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[19],"tags":[482,277,657,288,295],"class_list":["post-38500","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-bilim-gundemi","tag-bilim","tag-einstein","tag-evren","tag-fizik","tag-gorelilik"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t