{"id":38527,"date":"2019-11-24T11:22:16","date_gmt":"2019-11-24T08:22:16","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/?p=38527"},"modified":"2019-11-24T11:22:16","modified_gmt":"2019-11-24T08:22:16","slug":"turlerin-kokeninin-kokeni-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2019\/11\/24\/turlerin-kokeninin-kokeni-2","title":{"rendered":"\u2018T\u00fcrlerin K\u00f6keni\u2019nin k\u00f6keni"},"content":{"rendered":"

Darwin\u2019in yirmi y\u0131ll\u0131k eme\u011finin \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc olan \u201cT\u00fcrlerin K\u00f6keni\u201d, 24 Kas\u0131m 1859\u2019da yay\u0131mland\u0131. <\/em>Asl\u0131nda b\u00fcy\u00fck bir bilimsel devrimin yakla\u015fmakta oldu\u011fu hissediliyordu; \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc do\u011fan\u0131n sundu\u011fu veriler, kutsal kitaplarda anlat\u0131lanlarla \u00f6rt\u00fc\u015fm\u00fcyordu. B\u00f6yle bir d\u00f6nemde ortaya at\u0131lan evrim kuram\u0131n\u0131n ve onun mekanizmas\u0131 olarak \u00f6nerilen do\u011fal se\u00e7ilimin, insan\u0131n do\u011faya, canl\u0131l\u0131\u011fa ve en \u00f6nemlisi kendisine bak\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 k\u00f6kten ve kal\u0131c\u0131 olarak de\u011fi\u015ftirece\u011fi a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131.<\/em><\/p>\n

Evrim kuram\u0131, bilim d\u00fcnyas\u0131na ilk ad\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 Charles Robert Darwin\u2019in (1809-1882) yakla\u015f\u0131k yirmi y\u0131ll\u0131k eme\u011finin \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc olan ve 24 Kas\u0131m 1859\u2019da yay\u0131mlanan T\u00fcrlerin K\u00f6keni<\/em> ile att\u0131. Genetik yasalar\u0131n\u0131n hen\u00fcz ortaya konmam\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu bu d\u00f6nemde, kal\u0131t\u0131m\u0131n genlere dayand\u0131\u011f\u0131, hatta \u201cgen\u201d diye bir \u015feyin var oldu\u011fu bile bilinmiyordu; \u00e7o\u011fu do\u011fa bilgini ve do\u011fa tarih\u00e7isi, do\u011fan\u0131n hayranl\u0131k uyand\u0131ran dinamiklerini Tanr\u0131\u2019n\u0131n biricik yarat\u0131mlar\u0131 olarak a\u00e7\u0131klama \u00e7abas\u0131na giri\u015fmi\u015fti. Bununla birlikte do\u011fay\u0131 anlama u\u011fra\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcren y\u00fczlerce do\u011fa bilgini, jeolog ve paleontolog b\u00fcy\u00fck bir bilimsel devrimin yakla\u015fmakta oldu\u011funu hissediyordu; \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc do\u011fan\u0131n sundu\u011fu veriler, kutsal kitaplarda anlat\u0131lanlarla \u00f6rt\u00fc\u015fm\u00fcyordu. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla b\u00f6yle bir d\u00f6nemde ortaya at\u0131lan evrim kuram\u0131n\u0131n ve onun mekanizmas\u0131 olarak \u00f6nerilen do\u011fal se\u00e7ilimin, insan\u0131n do\u011faya, canl\u0131l\u0131\u011fa ve en \u00f6nemlisi kendisine bak\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 k\u00f6kten ve kal\u0131c\u0131 olarak de\u011fi\u015ftirece\u011fi a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131.<\/p>\n

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T\u00fcrlerin K\u00f6keni ilk kez 24 Kas\u0131m 1859\u2019da yay\u0131mland\u0131.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Ge\u00e7ti\u011fimiz sene, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de ilk olarak \u00d6ner \u00dcnalan\u2019\u0131n de\u011ferli \u00e7evirisiyle 1970\u2019te Sol Yay\u0131nlar\u0131\u2019ndan, 1976\u2019da da Onur Yay\u0131nlar\u0131\u2019ndan yay\u0131mlanan T\u00fcrlerin K\u00f6keni<\/em>\u2019nin yeni \u00e7evirisini yapman\u0131n gururunu ya\u015fad\u0131m.(1) T\u00fcrlerin K\u00f6keni <\/em>\u00fczerine bir yaz\u0131 haz\u0131rlamaya karar verdi\u011fimde, bilim d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda \u00e7\u0131\u011f\u0131r a\u00e7m\u0131\u015f b\u00f6ylesine \u00f6nemli bir eserle ilgili s\u00f6ylenmesi gereken her \u015feyi yaz\u0131ya d\u00f6kemeyece\u011fimin fark\u0131ndayd\u0131m. Ama yakla\u015f\u0131k bir y\u0131l s\u00fcren \u00e7eviri s\u00fcrecinde, Darwin\u2019i belki daha farkl\u0131 y\u00f6nleriyle de tan\u0131ma f\u0131rsat\u0131 buldu\u011fum i\u00e7in bu zorlu i\u015fin alt\u0131ndan kalkabilece\u011fimi umuyordum. Kafamda, kitab\u0131 hangi a\u00e7\u0131dan ele alman\u0131n okurlar i\u00e7in daha yararl\u0131 ve ayd\u0131nlat\u0131c\u0131 olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 sorgularken, Darwin gibi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmeye ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131 fark ettim. B\u00f6ylece T\u00fcrlerin K\u00f6keni<\/em>\u2019nde, asl\u0131nda koca bir solukta, bir \u015feyi a\u00e7\u0131klamak istiyorsan \u00f6nce onun k\u00f6kenine inmelisin diyen Darwin\u2019i rehber almaya ve kitab\u0131n k\u00f6kenine inmeye karar verdim. Olgular\u0131 ve olaylar\u0131 tarihsel ba\u011flam\u0131nda ele alman\u0131n \u00f6neminin fark\u0131nda olarak, ama T\u00fcrlerin K\u00f6keni<\/em>\u2019nin en ba\u015fta bir bilim kitab\u0131 oldu\u011funun da alt\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7izerek yaz\u0131ma, kitab\u0131n ve kuram\u0131n bilimsel altyap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturan ve Darwin\u2019in de \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f noktas\u0131 olan Beagle yolculu\u011fundan ba\u015flamak isterim. Konumuz T\u00fcrlerin K\u00f6keni<\/em> oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in, yazar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6zel hayat\u0131na gere\u011finden fazla girmeden, daha ziyade kitab\u0131n kendi izledi\u011fi yoldan gitmeyi tercih edece\u011fim. Bu arada kitaptan \u00e7e\u015fitli al\u0131nt\u0131lar yaparak hem eserin kendisine hem de kuram\u0131n olu\u015fum evrelerine biraz \u0131\u015f\u0131k tutmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015facak ve son olarak kitab\u0131n \u00e7eviri s\u00fcrecine k\u0131saca de\u011finece\u011fim.<\/p>\n

Evrim kuram\u0131n\u0131n bilimsel \u00e7at\u0131s\u0131 olu\u015fuyor: Beagle yolculu\u011fu(<\/strong>2)<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0130ngiliz h\u00fck\u00fcmeti 27 Aral\u0131k 1831 tarihinde, kaptanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 Robert FitzRoy\u2019un yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve m\u00fcrettebat\u0131 aras\u0131nda Darwin\u2019in de bulundu\u011fu HMS Beagle gemisini, G\u00fcney Amerika\u2019n\u0131n g\u00fcney sahillerinde harita ve \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 yapmak ve B\u00fcy\u00fck Okyanus\u2019taki baz\u0131 adalar\u0131 incelemek \u00fczere uzun bir sefere yollad\u0131. Bu, Plymouth\u2019dan Atlas Okyanusu\u2019na do\u011fru yola \u00e7\u0131kan Beagle\u2019\u0131n ikinci yolculu\u011fuydu. Beagle\u2019\u0131n yeni kaptan\u0131 olarak g\u00f6reve ba\u015flayan FitzRoy, yan\u0131na kendisi gibi bilimsel bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131na sahip olan bir do\u011fa bilgini ve ziyaret edilen \u00fclkelerin do\u011fa tarihini inceleyecek bir jeolog ar\u0131yordu. Bu ama\u00e7la tan\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00e7evrelere fikir dan\u0131\u015ft\u0131; kendisine \u00f6nerilen isimlerden biri, bilim tarihini k\u00f6k\u00fcnden de\u011fi\u015ftirecek olan Charles Darwin olacakt\u0131. Bu, do\u011faya ve canl\u0131lara derin bir hayranl\u0131k besleyen yirmi iki ya\u015f\u0131ndaki Darwin i\u00e7in e\u015fsiz bir f\u0131rsatt\u0131. Ona g\u00f6re insan\u0131n en asil niteli\u011fi, ya\u015fayan t\u00fcm canl\u0131lara kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131ks\u0131z bir sevgi duyabiliyor(3) olmas\u0131yd\u0131. Bu ba\u011flamda, d\u00fcnyada ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f ve ya\u015fayan t\u00fcm canl\u0131lar\u0131n birbiriyle akraba oldu\u011funu bize g\u00f6steren evrim kuram\u0131n\u0131 Darwin\u2019in ortaya koymu\u015f olmas\u0131, kan\u0131mca \u00e7ok da b\u00fcy\u00fck bir tesad\u00fcf de\u011fildir. O s\u0131ralar deniz canl\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 ve k\u0131nkanatl\u0131 b\u00f6cekleri toplamak konusunda deneyimleri olan Darwin\u2019in, bu yolculu\u011fa \u00e7\u0131kmakta iki amac\u0131 vard\u0131: Birincisi, jeoloji ve deniz omurgas\u0131zlar\u0131 \u00fczerine h\u00e2lihaz\u0131rda y\u00fcr\u00fctt\u00fc\u011f\u00fc \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya y\u00f6nelik yeni bulgular derlemekti. \u0130kincisi ve \u00e7ok daha \u00f6nemlisi de, \u0130ngiltere\u2019ye d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnde beraberinde getirece\u011fi \u00e7e\u015fitli canl\u0131 ve fosil \u00f6rnekleriyle, bilim d\u00fcnyas\u0131na ve uzmanlara kendi \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131nda faydalanabilecekleri yeni olgular sunmakt\u0131.<\/p>\n

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M\u00fcrettebat\u0131 aras\u0131nda Darwin\u2019in de bulundu\u011fu HMS Beagle gemisi.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Cambridge \u00dcniversitesi\u2019ndeki ak\u0131l hocas\u0131 Prof. John S. Henslow, ona Charles Lyell\u2019\u0131n Principles of Geology<\/em> (Jeolojinin \u0130lkeleri, 1830) adl\u0131 kitab\u0131n\u0131 yan\u0131na almas\u0131n\u0131, ama tek sat\u0131r\u0131na bile inanmamas\u0131n\u0131 tembihlemi\u015fti. Deniz tutmas\u0131 y\u00fcz\u00fcnden yolculu\u011fun ilk haftalar\u0131nda hayli zorlanan ve vaktinin b\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 bu kitab\u0131 okuyarak ge\u00e7iren Darwin, 16 Ocak 1832 tarihinde Beagle\u2019\u0131n ilk dura\u011f\u0131 olan Ye\u015fil Burun Adalar\u0131\u2019nda karaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Yakla\u015f\u0131k \u00fc\u00e7 y\u0131l boyunca G\u00fcney Amerika\u2019n\u0131n do\u011fu ve bat\u0131 k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131nda, Ate\u015f Topraklar\u0131\u2019nda, Falkland Adalar\u0131\u2019nda ve \u00e7e\u015fitli adac\u0131klarda dola\u015fan Darwin, y\u00f6renin yaln\u0131zca biyolojik yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fil, \u00e7ok etkileyici buldu\u011fu jeolojik ve paleontolojik yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 da incelemeye koyuldu. Bu d\u00f6nemde g\u00f6zlemledi\u011fi her olguyu not defterlerine kaydetti, olabildi\u011fince \u00e7ok \u00f6rnek toplad\u0131 ve onlar\u0131 \u00f6zenle paketleyerek \u0130ngiltere\u2019ye d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnde beraberinde g\u00f6t\u00fcrd\u00fc.<\/p>\n

Brezilya\u2019da ilk kez ya\u011fmur ormanlar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6rd\u00fc, Arjantin\u2019de nesli t\u00fckenmi\u015f canl\u0131lara ait fosiller ke\u015ffetti ve Ate\u015f Topraklar\u0131\u2019nda ilk kez, Avrupal\u0131lar\u0131n \u201cyabani\u201d dedi\u011fi insan topluluklar\u0131yla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde yitip gitmi\u015f bu insan topluluklar\u0131na ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrlerine ili\u015fkin az say\u0131da \u00f6zg\u00fcn yaz\u0131l\u0131 kaynaktan bir\u00e7o\u011fu Darwin\u2019e aittir. Bu insanlar\u0131n farkl\u0131 ya\u015fay\u0131\u015flar\u0131 ve fiziksel yap\u0131lar\u0131 onu \u00e7ok etkilemi\u015f ve insan soylar\u0131n\u0131n evrimi konusundaki d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerine \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fck etmi\u015ftir. Ancak onun insan \u0131rklar\u0131(4) konusundaki bu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceleri g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde bile yanl\u0131\u015f anla\u015f\u0131labildi\u011fi veya yanl\u0131\u015f aksettirilebildi\u011fi i\u00e7in, yolculu\u011fumuza bir s\u00fcre ara verip, onun konuya nas\u0131l bakt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ayd\u0131nlataca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 umdu\u011fum birka\u00e7 c\u00fcmlesini payla\u015fmak isterim.<\/p>\n

K\u00f6lecilikle m\u00fccadeleyi nesiller boyu s\u00fcrd\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015f bir aileden gelen ve \u0130ngiltere\u2019den ayr\u0131lmadan \u00f6nce de k\u00f6lelik kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 olan Darwin, yolculu\u011fu s\u0131ras\u0131nda k\u0131z karde\u015fi Catherine Darwin\u2019e yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 1833 tarihli mektupta \u015f\u00f6yle der:<\/p>\n

\u201c\u2026\u0130ngiltere k\u00f6leli\u011fi t\u00fcm\u00fcyle kald\u0131ran ilk Avrupa ulusu olsa, bu onun i\u00e7in ne kadar \u00f6v\u00fcn\u00fclecek bir \u015fey olur! \u0130ngiltere\u2019den ayr\u0131lmadan \u00f6nce, bana k\u00f6leli\u011fin oldu\u011fu \u00fclkelerde ya\u015fad\u0131ktan sonra t\u00fcm d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerimin de\u011fi\u015fece\u011fi s\u00f6ylenmi\u015fti; \u015fu anda fark\u0131nda oldu\u011fum tek de\u011fi\u015fiklik, siyahi karakteri hakk\u0131nda bende \u00e7ok y\u00fcksek bir takdirin olu\u015ftu\u011fudur. B\u00f6yle ne\u015feli, i\u00e7ten, d\u00fcr\u00fcst ifadeli ve b\u00f6ylesine sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131, kasl\u0131 bedenlere sahip olan bir siyahiyi g\u00f6r\u00fcp de, ona kar\u015f\u0131 sevecenlik duymamak olanaks\u0131z.\u201d(5)<\/p>\n

Otobiyografisinde anlatt\u0131\u011f\u0131na g\u00f6re, k\u00f6leli\u011fi savunan Kaptan FitzRoy ile bu konuda sert tart\u0131\u015fmalara girmi\u015ftir.(6) Darwin, bu konuyla ilgili \u00e7ok etkileyici buldu\u011fum bir di\u011fer al\u0131nt\u0131s\u0131nda da, duygular\u0131n\u0131 \u015f\u00f6yle payla\u015f\u0131r:<\/p>\n

\u201c19 A\u011fustos\u2019ta nihayet Brezilya\u2019dan ayr\u0131ld\u0131k ve \u015f\u00fck\u00fcrler olsun ki, bir daha asla k\u00f6leci bir \u00fclkeyi ziyaret etmeyece\u011fim. Bug\u00fcn bile ne zaman uzaktan bir \u00e7\u0131\u011fl\u0131k duysam, Pernambuco dolaylar\u0131ndaki bir evin yak\u0131n\u0131ndan ge\u00e7erken i\u015fitti\u011fim o ac\u0131kl\u0131 iniltileri ve zavall\u0131 bir k\u00f6lenin i\u015fkence g\u00f6rmekte oldu\u011fundan \u015f\u00fcphelendi\u011fim halde kendimi itiraz bile edemeyecek kadar \u00e7aresiz bir \u00e7ocuk gibi hissetti\u011fimi, ac\u0131yla ve t\u00fcm canl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla yeniden hat\u0131rlar\u0131m.\u201d(7)<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrlerin K\u00f6keni<\/em>\u2019nde insan\u0131n evrimi konusuna hi\u00e7 de\u011finmeyen ve yaln\u0131zca insanlar\u0131n evcille\u015ftirme ve yapay se\u00e7ilim y\u00f6ntemleri \u00fczerinde duran Darwin, bu \u00f6nemli konuyu 1871\u2019de yay\u0131mlanan, hayli yanl\u0131\u015f anla\u015f\u0131lan ve \u00e7evirisini halen yapmakta oldu\u011fum The<\/em> Descent of Man(8)<\/em> (\u0130nsan\u0131n T\u00fcreyi\u015fi) adl\u0131 kitab\u0131na saklayacakt\u0131. T\u00fcrlerin K\u00f6ken<\/em>i\u2019nin son b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde, bu kitapta geli\u015ftirdi\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerin ileride kabul g\u00f6rmesi halinde, \u201cdo\u011fa tarihinde hat\u0131r\u0131 say\u0131l\u0131r bir devrim ya\u015fanaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131\u201d belirtmi\u015f; \u201cUzak gelecekte, \u00e7ok daha ilgin\u00e7 ara\u015ft\u0131rmalara y\u00f6nelik yeni alanlar\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131laca\u011f\u0131na inan\u0131yorum. Psikoloji yepyeni bir temele, her zihinsel g\u00fcc\u00fcn ve yetinin ancak kademeli olarak kazan\u0131lmas\u0131 ilkesine dayand\u0131r\u0131lacakt\u0131r. \u0130nsan\u0131n k\u00f6keni ve tarihi ayd\u0131nlat\u0131lacakt\u0131r.\u201d(9) demekle yetinmi\u015fti. Bu, gelecekteki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131n g\u00fczel bir habercisiydi.<\/p>\n

\u201cKendi i\u00e7inde k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir d\u00fcnya\u201d<\/strong><\/p>\n

7 Eyl\u00fcl 1835\u2019te Lima\u2019dan ayr\u0131lan Beagle, 15 Eyl\u00fcl\u2019de B\u00fcy\u00fck Okyanus\u2019un do\u011fusundaki Galapagos Tak\u0131madalar\u0131\u2019na vard\u0131. Darwin be\u015f haftas\u0131n\u0131 bu tak\u0131madalar\u0131 inceleyerek, 12 g\u00fcn\u00fcn\u00fc Tahiti\u2019de ve bir haftas\u0131n\u0131 da Yeni Zelanda\u2019da ge\u00e7irdi. Ama Galapagos Tak\u0131madalar\u0131, Darwin\u2019in \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131nda hepsinden \u00f6nemli bir yer tuttu ve ayn\u0131 sebepten \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fc, bilim d\u00fcnyas\u0131 i\u00e7in de ku\u015fkusuz ayn\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde \u00f6nemliydi. Beagle m\u00fcrettebat\u0131 k\u0131y\u0131larda \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm yaparken, Darwin karaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131klar\u0131 her sahilde uzun, zorlu ve tehlikeli ke\u015fif gezilerine \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yor, buldu\u011fu her da\u011fa ve tepeye t\u0131rman\u0131yordu. Darwin oradan yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir mektupta ilk izlenimlerini \u015f\u00f6yle aktarm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r: \u201cBu tak\u0131madalar\u0131n do\u011fa tarihi son derece dikkat \u00e7ekicidir. Buras\u0131 adeta kendi i\u00e7inde k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir d\u00fcnya gibi.\u201d(10)<\/p>\n

On sekiz b\u00fcy\u00fck ve d\u00f6rt k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck adadan olu\u015fan Galapagos Tak\u0131madalar\u0131, G\u00fcney Amerika k\u0131tas\u0131n\u0131n yakla\u015f\u0131k 1000 km bat\u0131s\u0131nda yer al\u0131r. Buras\u0131 hem g\u00fcne\u015fli ekvatoryal konumu hem de serin okyanus ak\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131 nedeniyle tropikal ve \u0131l\u0131man iklimlerin birlikte g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ve dolay\u0131s\u0131yla canl\u0131 \u00e7e\u015fitlili\u011finin \u00e7ok y\u00fcksek oldu\u011fu bir b\u00f6lgedir. B\u00fcnyesinde pek \u00e7ok okyanus adas\u0131 bar\u0131nd\u0131ran volkanik Galapagos Tak\u0131madalar\u0131, \u00f6zg\u00fcn faunas\u0131 ve floras\u0131 ile Darwin\u2019i do\u011fal olarak b\u00fcy\u00fcledi. Adalar\u0131 ziyareti s\u0131ras\u0131nda, canl\u0131lar\u0131n adadan adaya de\u011fi\u015fkenlik g\u00f6sterdi\u011fini, ama hepsinin de kendi \u00e7evrelerine \u00e7ok g\u00fczel uyarlanm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011funu g\u00f6zlemledi. Onun burada kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 bitkiler, bal\u0131klar, b\u00f6cekler, kabuklular, ku\u015flar, s\u00fcr\u00fcngenler ve memeliler d\u00fcnyan\u0131n ba\u015fka hi\u00e7bir yerinde bulunmayan, endemik diye tan\u0131mlad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z t\u00fcrlerdendi. Darwin, t\u0131p e\u011fitimi i\u00e7in g\u00f6nderildi\u011fi Edinburgh \u00dcniversitesi\u2019nde ku\u015f \u00f6rnekleri toplamay\u0131 \u00f6\u011frenmi\u015f olsa da, Beagle yolculu\u011funa \u00e7\u0131karken ornitoloji (ku\u015f bilimi) konusunda deneyimsizdi. Oysa bug\u00fcn bile Galapagos Adalar\u0131 denilince ilk akla gelen, Darwin\u2019in kaplumba\u011falar\u0131 ve ispinozlar\u0131 olur. D\u00fcnyada yakla\u015f\u0131k on be\u015f t\u00fcr\u00fc bulunan Galapagos ispinozlar\u0131 (Darwin ispinozlar\u0131 olarak da bilinir), ilk kez Darwin taraf\u0131ndan Galapagos Tak\u0131madalar\u0131\u2019ndan toplanm\u0131\u015f ve bunlardan on ikisi, ornitolog John Gould taraf\u0131ndan yeni t\u00fcr olarak tan\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu, onun hem t\u00fcrlerin de\u011fi\u015febilir oldu\u011fu y\u00f6n\u00fcndeki g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerinin geli\u015fmesine katk\u0131da bulunan hem de \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma azmine \u0131\u015f\u0131k tutan, dahas\u0131 Dr. Abbott\u2019a yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 1871 tarihli mektubundaki kan\u0131s\u0131yla da uyu\u015fan bir ba\u015far\u0131d\u0131r: \u201cHi\u00e7bir zaman h\u0131zl\u0131 bir d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcr ya da yazar olmad\u0131m: Bilim ad\u0131na ne yapt\u0131ysam, bunu her zaman uzun s\u00fcreli d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmeler, sab\u0131r ve emek yoluyla yapm\u0131\u015f\u0131md\u0131r.\u201d(11)<\/p>\n

\"\"
Beagle\u2019\u0131n kaptanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 yapan Robert FitzRoy.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Darwin, Prof. John S. Henslow\u2019un y\u00f6nlendirmesiyle t\u00fcrlerin co\u011frafi da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 konusuna da ilgi duyuyordu. Canl\u0131lar aras\u0131nda g\u00f6zlemledi\u011fi farklar\u0131n, bu hayvanlar\u0131n farkl\u0131 do\u011fa ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131n h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc farkl\u0131 adalarda ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f olmalar\u0131ndan ileri gelebilece\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyordu. Bulabildi\u011fi her organik varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 dikkatle inceleyen Darwin, 109\u2019u yaln\u0131zca Galapagos Adalar\u0131\u2019nda yeti\u015fen toplam 217 bitki \u00f6rne\u011fi toplam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. \u00dclkesine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnde onlar\u0131 bitki uzman\u0131 Joseph Dalton Hooker ile payla\u015facak ve kendisinden, bu bitkilerin G\u00fcney Amerika\u2019n\u0131n bitki \u00f6rt\u00fcs\u00fcyle yak\u0131n ili\u015fkili oldu\u011funu, ama tam anlam\u0131yla \u00f6zde\u015f de olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6\u011frenecekti. Darwin, Galapagos Tak\u0131madalar\u0131 ile ilgili izlenimlerini ve sorgulama s\u00fcrecini, co\u011frafi da\u011f\u0131l\u0131ma ay\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 iki b\u00f6l\u00fcmden biri olan 12. b\u00f6l\u00fcmde okura \u015f\u00f6yle aktar\u0131r:<\/p>\n

\u201cB\u00fcy\u00fck Okyanus\u2019ta, k\u0131tan\u0131n y\u00fczlerce mil a\u00e7\u0131\u011f\u0131nda yer alan bu volkanik adalar\u0131n sakinlerini inceleyen bir do\u011fa bilgini, kendisini Amerika topraklar\u0131nda sanacakt\u0131r. Bunun sebebi ne olabilir? Yaln\u0131zca Galapagos Tak\u0131madalar\u0131\u2019nda yarat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131 gereken t\u00fcrler neden Amerika\u2019da yarat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olanlar ile b\u00f6yle s\u0131k\u0131 bir yak\u0131nl\u0131k sergilemektedir?\u201d(12)<\/p>\n

Jeolojik de\u011fi\u015fimlerin \u00e7ok yava\u015f ve uzun zaman dilimlerinde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti\u011fini bilen ve b\u00f6lgelerin canl\u0131 yap\u0131s\u0131 kadar paleontolojik ve jeolojik yap\u0131s\u0131yla da yak\u0131ndan ilgilenen Darwin, yolculu\u011fu s\u0131ras\u0131nda fosil katmanlar\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki zaman aral\u0131klar\u0131 \u00fczerinde durdu. A\u011fustos 1835\u2019te kuzeni W. D. Fox\u2019a yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir mektupta \u015f\u00f6yle diyordu: \u201cYolculu\u011fun en hevesle bekledi\u011fim k\u0131sm\u0131 olan Galapagos seferini iple \u00e7ekiyorum. Bu tak\u0131madalarda, \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fcl katmanlar da i\u00e7erece\u011fini umdu\u011fum etkin volkanlar bulunuyor.\u201d(13) T\u00fcrlerin K\u00f6keni<\/em>\u2019nde, \u201cJeolojik Kay\u0131tlar\u0131n Yetersizli\u011fi \u00dczerine\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 9. b\u00f6l\u00fcmde ve \u201cOrganik Varl\u0131klar\u0131n Jeolojik Ard\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00dczerine\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 10. b\u00f6l\u00fcmde, bu konular \u00fczerine \u00f6nemli tespitlerde bulundu. \u00d6zellikle volkanik kraterleri ve kayalar\u0131 inceleyen Darwin, onlar\u0131n mineralojik yap\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 anlamaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bu arada baz\u0131 volkanik adalarda deniz canl\u0131lar\u0131na ait fosiller buldu ve k\u0131ta hareketleri \u00fczerinde durarak, bu ilgin\u00e7 olguyu, b\u00f6yle adalar\u0131n ge\u00e7mi\u015fte daha bat\u0131k durumda olmas\u0131na yordu. 20 \u015eubat 1835\u2019teki B\u00fcy\u00fck \u015eili Depremine tan\u0131k olan Darwin, sonradan The Voyage of the Beagle<\/em> (Beagle Yolculu\u011fu) adl\u0131 kitab\u0131n\u0131n koca bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc, her anlamda \u00e7ok etkileyici buldu\u011fu bu do\u011fal felakete ay\u0131rd\u0131. Y\u00f6renin do\u011fa tarihi ile jeolojisi aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fkiye dikkat \u00e7eken bu ve buna benzer pek \u00e7ok olguyu g\u00f6zlemleme f\u0131rsat\u0131 bulan Darwin, daha sonra kuram\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015ftururken onlardan \u00e7ok\u00e7a yararlanacakt\u0131.<\/p>\n

De\u011fi\u015fen ya\u015fam ko\u015fullar\u0131na uyum sa\u011flayamayan t\u00fcrlerin yery\u00fcz\u00fcnden silinmesi anlam\u0131na gelen t\u00fckenme, Darwin\u2019in \u00f6nemle \u00fczerinde durdu\u011fu bir di\u011fer konuydu. Kuram\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli olan bu olguya de\u011finirken, bir yandan da ince ele\u015ftiriler yap\u0131yordu:<\/p>\n

\u201cT\u00fcrlerin ve toplu t\u00fcr gruplar\u0131n\u0131n t\u00fckenmesi, do\u011fal se\u00e7ilim ilkesinin adeta ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmaz bir sonucu olup, organik d\u00fcnyan\u0131n tarihinde \u00f6nemli bir yer tutar; \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc yeni ve iyile\u015ftirilmi\u015f formlar, daima eski olanlar\u0131n yerini almaktad\u0131r. Ama bilgisizli\u011fimiz \u00f6yle derin ve \u00f6nyarg\u0131lar\u0131m\u0131z da \u00f6yle fazlad\u0131r ki, bir organik varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n t\u00fckendi\u011fini \u00f6\u011frendi\u011fimizde hayrete d\u00fc\u015fer ve buna yol a\u00e7an etkeni g\u00f6rmedi\u011fimiz i\u00e7in, a\u00e7\u0131klama olarak t\u00fcm d\u00fcnyay\u0131 \u0131ss\u0131z b\u0131rakan felaketlerden medet umar veya ya\u015fam bi\u00e7imlerinin dayanma s\u00fcrelerine ili\u015fkin yasalar icat ederiz!\u201d(14)<\/p>\n

Bu sat\u0131rlarda, Darwin\u2019in bir zamanlar kendisinin de benimsedi\u011fi yayg\u0131n g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc nas\u0131l sorgulad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6rebiliriz. O d\u00f6nemde ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f \u00e7o\u011fu do\u011fa bilgini gibi Darwin de, canl\u0131lar\u0131n tek bir ilahi m\u00fcdahaleyle ve hi\u00e7 de\u011fi\u015fmeyecek (veya evrimle\u015fmeyecek) bi\u00e7imde yarat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011funa inan\u0131yordu. Ama evrim kuram\u0131 i\u00e7in gerekli olan veriler do\u011fa bilimlerinin b\u00fct\u00fcnsel \u00e7at\u0131s\u0131 alt\u0131nda yava\u015f yava\u015f birikirken, Darwin\u2019in t\u00fcrlerin asl\u0131nda de\u011fi\u015febilir oldu\u011fu y\u00f6n\u00fcndeki g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc de \u015fekillenmeye ba\u015fl\u0131yordu. Darwin, bu konudaki d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerini okura \u015f\u00f6yle aktar\u0131r:<\/p>\n

\u201cT\u00fcrlerin de\u011fi\u015fmez olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131na; aksine her t\u00fcr\u00fcn onayl\u0131 varyeteleri nas\u0131l o t\u00fcr\u00fcn torunlar\u0131ysa, ayn\u0131 cinslere mensup olduklar\u0131 s\u00f6ylenen t\u00fcrlerin de \u00e7o\u011fu zaman t\u00fckenmi\u015f olan ba\u015fka bir t\u00fcr\u00fcn do\u011frudan torunlar\u0131 oldu\u011funa t\u00fcm\u00fcyle ikna oldum. Dahas\u0131 do\u011fal se\u00e7ilimin, de\u011fi\u015fimin tek de\u011filse de en \u00f6nemli yolu oldu\u011funa hi\u00e7 ku\u015fkum kalmad\u0131.\u201d(15)<\/p>\n

Beagle yolculu\u011funun meyvelerini toplama zaman\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n

Galapagos\u2019tan 20 Ekim 1835 tarihinde ayr\u0131lan Beagle, Ocak 1836\u2019da Avustralya\u2019ya ve alt\u0131 ay sonra da \u00dcmit Burnu\u2019na ula\u015ft\u0131. Buradan tekrar Atlas Okyanusu\u2019na a\u00e7\u0131larak, baz\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcmleri tamamlamak \u00fczere k\u0131sa s\u00fcreli\u011fine Brezilya\u2019ya d\u00f6nd\u00fc ve 2 Ekim 1836\u2019da \u0130ngiltere\u2019ye ula\u015farak yolculu\u011funu tamamlad\u0131. Darwin, d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnde Londra\u2019ya yerle\u015fti ve toplad\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6rnekleri incelenmek ve s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131r\u0131lmak \u00fczere ilgili uzmanlara sundu. Kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmal\u0131 anatomi, morfoloji, embriyoloji, taksonomi, co\u011frafi da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m ve paleontoloji ile ilgili konular\u0131n, t\u00fcrlerin de\u011fi\u015fmez oldu\u011fu inanc\u0131n\u0131n b\u0131rak\u0131lmas\u0131yla a\u015f\u0131labilece\u011fini anlayan Darwin, ortak bir atadan gelen t\u00fcrlerin, do\u011fal se\u00e7ilim (ve sonraki kitab\u0131nda daha kapsaml\u0131 olarak ele alaca\u011f\u0131 e\u015feysel se\u00e7ilim) yoluyla de\u011fi\u015ferek farkl\u0131 t\u00fcrlere d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc \u00e7ok iyi kavram\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bizzat yeti\u015ftirmeye ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00fcvercinler ba\u015fta olmak \u00fczere, \u00e7e\u015fitli evcil hayvanlarla y\u00fcr\u00fctt\u00fc\u011f\u00fc deneylerin ve de hayvan ve bitki yeti\u015ftiricilerinden edindi\u011fi bilgilerin \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, evcil \u00fcretimlerde ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan yeni soylar\u0131 incelemeye ve kuram\u0131n\u0131n temeli olan se\u00e7ilim ilkesini geli\u015ftirmeye ba\u015flad\u0131. Bu konuyu, T\u00fcrlerin K\u00f6keni<\/em>\u2019nin \u201cEvcille\u015ftirme Etkisinde \u00c7e\u015fitlenme\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 1. b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde ve \u201cMelezlik\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 8. b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 olarak ele ald\u0131.\"\"<\/p>\n

\u0130ki y\u0131l s\u00fcrmesi planlanan, ancak yakla\u015f\u0131k be\u015f y\u0131l s\u00fcren Beagle yolculu\u011funun \u00fc\u00e7 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131 karada ve on sekiz ay\u0131n\u0131 denizde ge\u00e7iren Darwin, gezi s\u0131ras\u0131ndaki t\u00fcm g\u00f6zlemlerini \u00f6zenle kaydetmi\u015fti. Not defterlerindeki bilgiler ve Darwin\u2019in sonradan deneyimlerini de aktard\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00fcnl\u00fckler, uzmanlar\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131rma sonu\u00e7lar\u0131yla birlikte, ilk bas\u0131m\u0131 1839\u2019da yay\u0131mlanan Journal and Researches(<\/em>16) adl\u0131 kitab\u0131n temelini olu\u015fturdu. Bu kitap Darwin\u2019in \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden sonra 1903\u2019te Voyage of the Beagle<\/em> (Beagle Yolculu\u011fu, 1905) ad\u0131yla yeniden yay\u0131mland\u0131. Darwin kitab\u0131n ilk bas\u0131m\u0131nda jeolojiye a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131k verdi; ama 1845\u2019te g\u00f6zden ge\u00e7irdi\u011fi ikinci bas\u0131m\u0131nda, de\u011fi\u015fen g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fleri \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 eklemelerle do\u011fa tarihini \u00f6n plana \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131. B\u00f6ylece evrim kuram\u0131n\u0131n ve T\u00fcrlerin K\u00f6keni<\/em>\u2019nin ayak sesleri iyiden iyiye duyulmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n

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Galapagos Tak\u0131madalar\u0131 g\u00f6zlemleri, Darwin\u2019in \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131nda hepsinden \u00f6nemli bir yer tuttu.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Darwin 1842-1846 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda, yolculu\u011fa ili\u015fkin g\u00f6zlemlerini aktard\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7 kitap ve \u00e7ok say\u0131da bilimsel makale yay\u0131mlad\u0131. 1842\u2019de yay\u0131mlanan kitab\u0131 Coral Reefs<\/em> (Mercan Resifleri)(17) Darwin\u2019in ilk monograf\u0131yd\u0131 ve g\u00f6zlemden \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131m yapma ustal\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 en g\u00fczel sergiledi\u011fi kitaplar\u0131ndan biriydi. Mercan resifleri, 1830\u2019larda bilim d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda \u00e7ok tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lan canl\u0131 bir konuydu ve Darwin\u2019in bu konuda bir kuram\u0131 vard\u0131: Kitab\u0131nda ustal\u0131kl\u0131 bir dille, mercan resiflerinin ve atol halkalar\u0131n\u0131n nas\u0131l olu\u015ftu\u011funu a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131yor; bunun ancak uzun bir zaman aral\u0131\u011f\u0131nda ve kademeli olarak ger\u00e7ekle\u015febilece\u011fini savunuyor; bu yolla da, canl\u0131lar\u0131n evrimine g\u00f6z k\u0131rp\u0131yordu. Darwin\u2019in bu konudaki g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerinden bir\u00e7o\u011fu, ancak 1950\u2019li y\u0131llarda n\u00fckleer testler i\u00e7in yap\u0131lan derin kaz\u0131lardan elde edilen bulgularla do\u011frulanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Mercan resiflerinin nas\u0131l olu\u015ftu\u011funu anlayan ilk ki\u015finin Darwin oldu\u011funu belirten Richard Dawkins, konuyu Atalar\u0131n Hik\u00e2yesi<\/em> adl\u0131 kitab\u0131nda \u015f\u00f6yle \u00f6zetler:<\/p>\n

\u201c\u0130lk bilimsel kitab\u0131 (gezi kitab\u0131 Beagle Yolculu\u011fu), daha otuz \u00fc\u00e7 ya\u015f\u0131ndayken yay\u0131mlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 mercan resifleri \u00fczerine bir metindi. Sorunun ortaya konulmas\u0131 veya \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fcyle ilgili bilginin \u00e7o\u011funa ula\u015fmam\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n, Darwin sorunu bug\u00fcn g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm\u00fcz \u015fekliyle ortaya koymu\u015ftur. Darwin, mercan resifleriyle ilgili kuram\u0131nda, daha sonra do\u011fal se\u00e7ilim ve cinsel se\u00e7ilim kuramlar\u0131nda olaca\u011f\u0131 gibi, ger\u00e7ekten \u015fa\u015f\u0131rt\u0131c\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde ileri g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fl\u00fcyd\u00fc.\u201d(18)<\/p>\n

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Darwin\u2019in Beagle gezisi notlar\u0131ndan bir sayfa.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Darwin, bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131yla bilim d\u00fcnyas\u0131ndan b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6vg\u00fcler ald\u0131, meslekta\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n g\u00f6z\u00fcnde daha da itibar kazand\u0131 ve 1864\u2019te Copley Madalyas\u0131\u2019yla(19) \u00f6d\u00fcllendirildi. Ayn\u0131 d\u00f6nemde, \u201cde\u011fi\u015ferek t\u00fcreme\u201d kuram\u0131 \u00fczerinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmay\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrd\u00fc. 1842\u2019de yazmaya ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 35 sayfal\u0131k \u00f6zeti 1844\u2019te bir taslak bi\u00e7iminde geni\u015fletti ve T\u00fcrlerin K\u00f6keni<\/em>\u2019nin ilk paragraf\u0131nda kendisinin de belirtti\u011fi gibi, \u201cO g\u00fcnden bug\u00fcne dek hi\u00e7 ara vermeden ayn\u0131 konuyu incelemeye\u201d devam etti. \u201cAyn\u0131 t\u00fcr\u00fcn varyeteleri ve ayn\u0131 cinsin t\u00fcrleri aras\u0131nda g\u00f6r\u00fclen b\u00f6ylesine daimi ve b\u00fcy\u00fck bir fark miktar\u0131n\u0131, sadece \u015fansla a\u00e7\u0131klamak m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fildir.\u201d(20) diyen Darwin, bu fark miktar\u0131n\u0131 karakter \u0131raksamas\u0131 diye adland\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir ilkeyle varolu\u015f m\u00fccadelesi \u00fczerinden a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131yordu. 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n en \u00f6nemli bitki uzmanlar\u0131ndan Asa Gray\u2019e yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve fikirlerinin kapsaml\u0131 bir \u00f6zetini i\u00e7eren mektuplardan anla\u015f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi, Eyl\u00fcl 1857\u2019de \u0131raksama ilkesini de kuram\u0131na eklemi\u015f durumdayd\u0131.<\/p>\n

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Malezya Tak\u0131madalar\u0131\u2019n\u0131n do\u011fa tarihini inceleyen ve t\u00fcrlerin k\u00f6keni \u00fczerine Darwin\u2019le a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 yukar\u0131 ayn\u0131 genel sonu\u00e7lara varm\u0131\u015f olan \u0130ngiliz do\u011fa bilgini Alfred Russel Wallace.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

1858 y\u0131l\u0131nda, o s\u0131rada Malezya Tak\u0131madalar\u0131\u2019n\u0131n do\u011fa tarihini inceleyen ve t\u00fcrlerin k\u00f6keni \u00fczerine kendisiyle a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 yukar\u0131 ayn\u0131 genel sonu\u00e7lara varm\u0131\u015f olan \u0130ngiliz do\u011fa bilgini Alfred Russel Wallace, ona kendi g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerini aktard\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir hat\u0131rat yollad\u0131. Darwin, Wallace ile yak\u0131n g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerde olmalar\u0131ndan duydu\u011fu memnuniyeti \u015fu s\u00f6zleriyle ifade etti: \u201cBundan daha \u00e7arp\u0131c\u0131 bir tesad\u00fcf olamaz… Wallace, benim 1942 tarihli denememi okumu\u015f olsayd\u0131, bundan daha isabetli bir \u00f6zet sunamazd\u0131!\u201d Wallace\u2019\u0131n baz\u0131 fikirleri Darwin\u2019inkilerden farkl\u0131 olsa da (\u00f6rne\u011fin Wallace \u00e7evresel de\u011fi\u015fim \u00fczerinde dururken, Darwin bireysel \u00e7e\u015fitliliklerin alt\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7iziyordu), Wallace\u2019\u0131n g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fleri ona kuram\u0131n\u0131 yay\u0131mlamas\u0131 konusunda b\u00fcy\u00fck bir ilham verdi, hatta T\u00fcrlerin K\u00f6keni<\/em>\u2019nde belirtti\u011fi gibi, onu \u201cte\u015fvik etti.\u201d Darwin, Wallace\u2019\u0131n yollad\u0131\u011f\u0131 hat\u0131rat\u0131 (onun ricas\u0131yla) Lyell\u2019a iletti. Lyell ve Darwin\u2019in 1944\u2019te yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 denemeyi de okumu\u015f olan J. D. Hooker, Darwin ile Wallace aras\u0131nda bir \u00e7eki\u015fme veya yanl\u0131\u015f anla\u015f\u0131lma olmamas\u0131 i\u00e7in, 1 Temmuz 1858\u2019de Londra\u2019daki Linneaus Cemiyeti\u2019nde ikisinin de hen\u00fcz yay\u0131mlanmam\u0131\u015f olan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131n bir okumas\u0131n\u0131 yapt\u0131.(21) Bu d\u00f6nemde pek \u00e7ok dostu, 1838\u2019den beri geli\u015ftirdi\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerini i\u00e7eren \u00f6zeti yay\u0131mlamak konusunda h\u00e2l\u00e2 \u00e7ekingen davranan Darwin\u2019i, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 bir an \u00f6nce duyurmas\u0131 konusunda zorluyordu. \u0130\u015fte bu \u00f6zet, bug\u00fcne kadar yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f en \u00f6nemli kitaplardan birisi olacakt\u0131.<\/p>\n

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Darwin, J. D. Hooker ve Charles Lyell.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

T\u00fcrlerin K\u00f6keni yay\u0131mlan\u0131yor…<\/strong><\/p>\n

1859 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n Mart ay\u0131na gelindi\u011finde, Darwin\u2019in h\u00e2l\u00e2 \u00f6zet olarak g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 koca bir kitaba d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. Yay\u0131mc\u0131 John Murray, Darwin\u2019in kendi deyimiyle \u201cgeleneksel g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerden hayli uzak olan\u201d kitab\u0131n\u0131, daha elyazmalar\u0131n\u0131 bile okumadan basmay\u0131 memnuniyetle kabul etti. Darwin 5 Nisan\u2019da, kitab\u0131n\u0131n ilk \u00fc\u00e7 b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc Murray\u2019e iletti. M\u00fctevaz\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile bilinen Darwin, yeterince kaynak ve referans veremedi\u011fi i\u00e7in kitab\u0131n isminde \u201c\u00f6zet\u201d kelimesinin ge\u00e7mesini istemi\u015f, ancak John Murray\u2019in itiraz\u0131 \u00fczerine mevcut ismine raz\u0131 olmu\u015ftu.(22)<\/p>\n

B\u00f6ylece T\u00fcrlerin K\u00f6keni<\/em>, 24 Kas\u0131m 1859 tarihinde, 502 sayfadan ve on d\u00f6rt b\u00f6l\u00fcmden olu\u015fan ilk bask\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 yapt\u0131. Darwin\u2019in kitaba ekledi\u011fi tek g\u00f6rsel, canl\u0131lara ait farkl\u0131 soy hatlar\u0131n\u0131n dallara ayr\u0131larak \u00e7e\u015fitlenmesini, t\u00fcrle\u015fmesini ve t\u00fckenmesini g\u00f6steren bir a\u011fa\u00e7 \u015femas\u0131yd\u0131. Kitab\u0131n temelini olu\u015fturan \u201cDo\u011fal Se\u00e7ilim\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 4. b\u00f6l\u00fcme ekledi\u011fi bu \u015femay\u0131, b\u00f6l\u00fcm sonunda \u015fu metaforla betimliyordu:<\/p>\n

\u201cTomurcuklar\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fcme yoluyla taze tomurcuklara boy vermesi ve bu tomurcuklardan yeterince din\u00e7 olanlar\u0131n, dallanarak daha c\u0131l\u0131z dallar\u0131 her yandan bask\u0131lamas\u0131 gibi, ulu Ya\u015fam A\u011fac\u0131n\u0131n da bunu \u00fcreme yoluyla, yerkabu\u011funu \u00f6l\u00fc ve k\u0131r\u0131k dallar\u0131yla doldurarak ve durmaks\u0131z\u0131n dallanan o g\u00fczelim kollar\u0131yla yery\u00fcz\u00fcn\u00fc kaplayarak yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131na inan\u0131yorum.\u201d(23)<\/p>\n

B\u00f6ylece Darwin, 1838 y\u0131l\u0131nda b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde tamamlanm\u0131\u015f olan kuram\u0131n\u0131, ancak yirmi y\u0131l sonra yay\u0131mlayabilmi\u015fti. Ama sonradan kaleme ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 otobiyografisinde, bu gecikmeden hi\u00e7 de \u015fik\u00e2yet\u00e7i olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirtti. Bu s\u00fcre zarf\u0131nda kuram\u0131n\u0131 daha da geli\u015ftirdi\u011fini, yeni g\u00f6zlemler ve bulgular derledi\u011fini, \u00fczerinde durulmas\u0131 gereken belirli konular\u0131 derinlemesine de\u011ferlendirme f\u0131rsat\u0131 buldu\u011funu ve dolay\u0131s\u0131yla karar\u0131nda \u201chi\u00e7 de aceleci davranmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n anla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131\u201d umdu\u011funu ifade etti. Bu gecikmenin alt\u0131nda, Darwin\u2019in bilimsel titizli\u011fi ve Beagle yolculu\u011fundan sonra ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 sa\u011fl\u0131k sorunlar\u0131 kadar, birazdan de\u011finece\u011fim gibi, dindar meslekta\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 ve e\u015fini \u00fczmekten \u00e7ekinmi\u015f olmas\u0131 da yatar.<\/p>\n

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T\u00fcrlerin K\u00f6keni\u2019nin yay\u0131mc\u0131s\u0131 John Murray.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Evrim kuram\u0131 d\u00f6nemin yaln\u0131zca biliminsanlar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan de\u011fil, \u00f6nemli d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcrleri taraf\u0131ndan da yo\u011fun bir ilgiyle kar\u015f\u0131lanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Darwin\u2019in do\u011fadaki sa\u011fkal\u0131m ve m\u00fccadele konusundaki g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fleri, Karl Marx\u2019\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131f m\u00fccadelesi konusundaki g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fleriyle paralellik g\u00f6steriyordu. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla gerek Marx gerek Engels, evrim kuram\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nemini derhal anlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Do\u011fa bilimlerindeki geli\u015fmeleri yak\u0131ndan takip eden Engels, T\u00fcrlerin K\u00f6keni<\/em>\u2019nin birinci bas\u0131m\u0131ndan birka\u00e7 hafta sonra Marx\u2019a yazarak, \u201c\u015eu anda okumakta oldu\u011fum Darwin tek kelimeyle muhte\u015fem. Teleolojinin y\u0131k\u0131lmas\u0131 gereken bir y\u00f6n\u00fc daha kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131 ve \u015fimdi o da y\u0131k\u0131ld\u0131.\u201d demi\u015f; kitab\u0131 ancak bir sene sonra okuma f\u0131rsat\u0131 bulan Marx da, Engels\u2019e 19 Aral\u0131k 1860\u2019ta yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir mektupta, \u201cBu kitap, bizim g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fcz\u00fcn do\u011fa tarihindeki temelini i\u00e7ermektedir\u201d diye yazm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.(24)<\/p>\n

Murray, 1250 adet bas\u0131l\u0131p k\u0131sa s\u00fcrede t\u00fckenen birinci bas\u0131mdan tam bir bu\u00e7uk ay sonra, kitab\u0131n 3000 n\u00fcshadan olu\u015fan ikinci bas\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 yay\u0131mlad\u0131. Darwin ikinci bas\u0131mda baz\u0131 d\u00fczeltmeler yapt\u0131, dindar \u00e7evrelerden gelen itirazlara yan\u0131t te\u015fkil eden bir al\u0131nt\u0131 koydu ve kitab\u0131n son c\u00fcmlesine \u201cyarat\u0131c\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan\u201d(25) ifadesini ekledi. Onun otobiyografisini veya mektuplar\u0131n\u0131 okumu\u015f ve onu tan\u0131m\u0131\u015f olan herkes, bir materyalist ve agnostik olan Darwin\u2019in bu eklemeyi neden yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 konusunda hemfikirdir: \u00d6rne\u011fin 20. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n en \u00f6nemli biyologlar\u0131ndan biri olan ve evrim kuram\u0131na \u00f6nemli katk\u0131lar\u0131 bulunan Ernst Mayr, One Long Argument: Charles Darwin and the Genesis of Evolutionary Thought <\/em>(1991) adl\u0131 kitab\u0131nda, Darwin\u2019in bu eklemeyi \u201ckamuoyunu ve e\u015fini yat\u0131\u015ft\u0131rmak i\u00e7in\u201d yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yler. Nitekim kimilerine g\u00f6re Darwin, evrim kuram\u0131yla tanr\u0131y\u0131 \u00f6ld\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015f ve Eski Ahit<\/em>\u2019in \u201cYarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u201d (Genesis) b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc t\u00fcm\u00fcyle ge\u00e7ersiz k\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/em> Beklenen oldu ve Kilise 1860 y\u0131l\u0131nda, yani kitab\u0131n yay\u0131mlanmas\u0131ndan bir y\u0131l sonra, Charles Darwin ve evrimciler ile m\u00fccadele etmeye ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/p>\n

Darwin, eseri \u00fczerinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmay\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fcyor<\/strong><\/p>\n

Darwin bu s\u00fcre\u00e7te bo\u015f durmad\u0131. Edindi\u011fi yeni bilgilerle eserinin bilimsel altyap\u0131s\u0131nda birtak\u0131m de\u011fi\u015fiklikler yapt\u0131, kuram\u0131na y\u00f6neltilen itirazlara yan\u0131tlar verdi ve gerek c\u00fcmleleri sadele\u015ftirmek gerek de baz\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131mlar\u0131 vurgulamak ad\u0131na, baz\u0131 semantik de\u011fi\u015fikliklere gitti. 1861\u2019de yay\u0131mlanan ve 2000 n\u00fcshadan olu\u015fan \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc bas\u0131m\u0131n (ve onu izleyen t\u00fcm bas\u0131mlar\u0131n) giri\u015f b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcne, evrim fikrinin k\u0131sa bir tarih\u00e7esini i\u00e7eren \u201cAn Historical Sketch of the Recent Progress of Opinion on the Origin of Species\u201d (T\u00fcrlerin K\u00f6keni Konusundaki G\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerin Bug\u00fcne Kadarki Tarihi) ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 k\u0131sa bir yaz\u0131 ekledi. Bu bilgilendirici giri\u015f yaz\u0131s\u0131nda, kendi kuram\u0131ndakilere yak\u0131n g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fleri savunmu\u015f olan Lamarck, Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, Dr. W. C. Wells, William Herbert, <\/em>Patrick Matthew, C. L. von Buch, C.S.Rafinesque, S. S. Haldeman,<\/em> J. d\u2019Omalius d\u2019Halloy, Richard Owen, Alfred Russel Wallace, M. Isidore Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, Herbert Spencer, Henry Freke, Charles Victor Naudin, H. von Keyserling, H. Schaaffhausen, M. Lecoq, Peder Baden Powell, Thomas Henry Huxley (Darwin\u2019in en b\u00fcy\u00fck destek\u00e7isi), Von Baer ve J. Dalton Hooker gibi isimleri anarak, onlar\u0131n \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 \u00fczerine k\u0131sa de\u011ferlendirmeler yapt\u0131. Ayr\u0131ca Aristoteles\u2019in bir al\u0131nt\u0131s\u0131na yer vererek; onun do\u011fal se\u00e7ilim ilkesinin izlerini ta\u015f\u0131yan g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flere sahip oldu\u011funu, ama bu ilkeyi tam anlam\u0131yla kavrayamad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n da a\u00e7\u0131k oldu\u011funu belirtti.\"\"<\/p>\n

Yay\u0131mland\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00fcn \u00e7ok satan kitaplar listesine giren T\u00fcrlerin K\u00f6keni<\/em>, yazar\u0131 hayattayken 12.750 n\u00fcshadan olu\u015fan toplam alt\u0131 bask\u0131 (1859-1250, 1860-3000, 1861-2000, 1866-1500, 1869-2000, 1872-3000 n\u00fcsha) yapt\u0131. 1901 y\u0131l\u0131nda kitab\u0131n telif haklar\u0131n\u0131n s\u00fcresi doldu\u011funda, \u00f6zg\u00fcn formatta 56.000 ve pop\u00fcler bas\u0131mda 48.000 n\u00fcshas\u0131 yay\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015f; ama bu s\u00fcre\u00e7te pek \u00e7ok yanl\u0131\u015f anla\u015f\u0131lmaya da maruz kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bunlardan en \u00f6nemli buldu\u011fum birka\u00e7\u0131na de\u011finmek isterim. \u00d6ncelikle kitab\u0131n ismi, Do\u011fal<\/em> Se\u00e7ilim veya Ayr\u0131cal\u0131kl\u0131 Irklar\u0131n Korunmas\u0131 Yoluyla T\u00fcrlerin K\u00f6keni<\/em> yerine \u00e7o\u011fu zaman T\u00fcrlerin K\u00f6keni<\/em> (The<\/em> Origin of Species<\/em>, hatta bazen sadece Origin<\/em>) diye k\u0131salt\u0131larak kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in (ki 1872\u2019deki alt\u0131nc\u0131 bas\u0131m\u0131, bu k\u0131salt\u0131lm\u0131\u015f isimle yay\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r), evrim kuram\u0131 kimi zaman hatal\u0131 olarak, ilk canl\u0131n\u0131n nas\u0131l ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klayan bir kuram gibi anla\u015f\u0131ld\u0131. Oysa Darwin\u2019in de pek \u00e7ok kez vurgulad\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi, evrim kuram\u0131 ilk canl\u0131n\u0131n k\u00f6kenini de\u011fil, t\u00fcm canl\u0131 t\u00fcrlerinin uzun jeolojik \u00e7a\u011flar i\u00e7inde nas\u0131l ortak bir k\u00f6kenden de\u011fi\u015ferek t\u00fcredi\u011fini a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131yordu. Burada bir olu\u015fum \u00e2n\u0131 de\u011fil, bir s\u00fcre\u00e7 s\u00f6z konusuydu; ama bu ayr\u0131m \u00e7o\u011fu zaman g\u00f6zden ka\u00e7\u0131yordu. S\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131 yaratan bir di\u011fer ifade de, Darwin\u2019in 1869\u2019daki be\u015finci bask\u0131ya, Spencer\u2019a at\u0131fta bulunarak ekledi\u011fi bir c\u00fcmleydi: \u201cEn uyumlu olanlar\u0131n hayatta kalmas\u0131\u201d. Bu, Herbert Spencer\u2019\u0131n Principles of Biology<\/em> (Biyolojinin \u0130lkeleri, 1864) adl\u0131 kitab\u0131nda ge\u00e7en bir ifadeydi ve Darwin\u2019in \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden sonra, biyolojik evrim kuram\u0131n\u0131n yanl\u0131\u015f disiplinlere uygulanmas\u0131yla Sosyal Darwinizm gibi ak\u0131mlar\u0131n do\u011fmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7acakt\u0131. Kitab\u0131n isminde ge\u00e7en \u201cayr\u0131cal\u0131kl\u0131 \u0131rklar\u0131n korunmas\u0131\u201d deyimi de, ileride \u0131rk\u00e7\u0131 s\u00f6ylemlerin dayana\u011f\u0131 olarak kullan\u0131lmaya a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Oysa bir monogenist olan ve evrim kuram\u0131 arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla da monogenizme (t\u00fcm insanlar\u0131n ortak bir k\u00f6kenden geldi\u011fini savunan teori) en b\u00fcy\u00fck deste\u011fi sunan Darwin, \u201c\u0131rk\u201d kelimesini \u201cbir t\u00fcr\u00fcn varyeteleri\u201d anlam\u0131nda kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 pek \u00e7ok kez belirtmi\u015fti.<\/p>\n

\"\"
Darwin\u2019in T\u00fcrlerin K\u00f6keni\u2019nin ilk bask\u0131s\u0131na ekledi\u011fi tek g\u00f6rsel, canl\u0131lara ait farkl\u0131 soy hatlar\u0131n\u0131n dallara ayr\u0131larak \u00e7e\u015fitlenmesini, t\u00fcrle\u015fmesini ve t\u00fckenmesini g\u00f6steren bir a\u011fa\u00e7 \u015femas\u0131yd\u0131.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Darwin\u2019in, evrim kelimesini kullanmaktan ka\u00e7\u0131nm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131 ilgin\u00e7tir. Varsay\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flam temellere dayand\u0131rmay\u0131 ilke edinmi\u015f biri olarak, alt\u0131nc\u0131 bas\u0131ma kadar \u201cevolution\u201d (evrim) kelimesini hi\u00e7 kullanmam\u0131\u015f; onun yerine de\u011fi\u015fim, uyarlan\u0131m, \u00e7e\u015fitlenme, farkl\u0131la\u015fma gibi kelimeleri tercih etmi\u015ftir. Onun t\u00fcrevi olan \u201cevolved\u201d (evrimle\u015fmi\u015f) kelimesi ise, ilk bask\u0131dan itibaren kitab\u0131n son c\u00fcmlesinin son kelimesinde yaln\u0131zca bir kez ge\u00e7er. Stephen Jay Gould\u2019a g\u00f6re Darwin, evrim kelimesinden \u201chem kendi inan\u00e7lar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131t olan teknik anlam\u0131 y\u00fcz\u00fcnden hem de konu\u015fulan dildeki anlam\u0131n\u0131n i\u00e7erdi\u011fi ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmaz ilerleme d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesinden rahats\u0131z oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in\u201d uzak durmu\u015ftur.(26) Ama alt\u0131nc\u0131 bask\u0131ya gelindi\u011finde kuram\u0131na olan g\u00fcveni daha da artan Darwin, G. Jackson Mivart\u2019\u0131n do\u011fal se\u00e7ilim ilkesinin metafizik \u00f6\u011feler i\u00e7erdi\u011fi y\u00f6n\u00fcndeki ele\u015ftirilerine de cevaben, hem mevcut arg\u00fcmanlar\u0131n\u0131 geli\u015ftirerek kitaba \u00f6nemli eklemeler yapm\u0131\u015f hem de ilk kez evrim (iki kez evrimci, alt\u0131 kez evrimle\u015fmek, sekiz kez evrim) kelimesini kullanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca bir\u00e7ok okurun kitapta ge\u00e7en baz\u0131 terimleri anlayamad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan yak\u0131nmas\u0131 \u00fczerine, be\u015finci bas\u0131ma W. S. Dallas taraf\u0131ndan haz\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015f kapsaml\u0131 bir s\u00f6zl\u00fck (Temel Bilimsel Terimler S\u00f6zl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc) de eklemi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Darwin\u2019in kuram\u0131 ve arg\u00fcman\u0131, hayat\u0131n\u0131 kaybetti\u011fi 1882 y\u0131l\u0131nda, b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcyle de\u011filse de b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde kabul edilmi\u015f durumdayd\u0131. Ama evrimsel s\u00fcre\u00e7lerin nas\u0131l i\u015fledi\u011fi, genlerin kimyasal temeli olan kromozomal DNA\u2019n\u0131n tan\u0131mlanmas\u0131na kadar tam olarak anla\u015f\u0131lamayacakt\u0131.<\/p>\n

Darwin\u2019in \u00e7izdi\u011fi yol haritas\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n

Gezegenimizdeki t\u00fcm canl\u0131lar\u0131n uzaktan veya yak\u0131ndan birbirleriyle akraba olmas\u0131 fikri, bug\u00fcn bile \u00e7o\u011fu insan kabullenmekte zorlansa da bir do\u011fa ger\u00e7e\u011fini yans\u0131t\u0131r ve bu \u00f6zelli\u011fiyle insanl\u0131k i\u00e7in \u00e7ok y\u00f6nl\u00fc bir esin kayna\u011f\u0131d\u0131r. Do\u011fal se\u00e7ilim yoluyla evrim kuram\u0131 ve ona e\u015flik eden de\u011fi\u015ferek t\u00fcreme,<\/em> kademeli de\u011fi\u015fme, ge\u00e7i\u015f t\u00fcr\u00fc, ortak ata, karakter \u0131raksamas\u0131, e\u015feysel se\u00e7ilim, k\u00f6relmi\u015f organlar vb yeni kavramlar, biyolojiye ve evrene dair yepyeni bir bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131 sunmu\u015ftur. Bu kavramlar, Darwin\u2019in \u00e7a\u011fda\u015flar\u0131 i\u00e7in al\u0131\u015f\u0131lmad\u0131kt\u0131r ve ki\u015fisel inan\u00e7lar\u0131 zedeleyebilece\u011fi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclen, hatta bug\u00fcn bile ki\u015fisel tepkilere yol a\u00e7abilen keskin anlamlar i\u00e7erir. Bu nedenle d\u00f6nemin yayg\u0131n kan\u0131lar\u0131na meydan okuyarak biyolojiyi yepyeni bir temele oturtan evrim kuram\u0131, ortaya kondu\u011fu g\u00fcnden bu yana bilim d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131n en \u00e7ok alk\u0131\u015flanan, ama ayn\u0131 zamanda da en \u00e7ok sald\u0131r\u0131ya u\u011frayan fikirlerinden biri olmu\u015ftur. Ya\u015fayan en \u00fcnl\u00fc filozoflardan biri olan Daniel Dennett, bunu \u015f\u00f6yle \u00f6zetler: \u201cDo\u011fal se\u00e7ilim yoluyla evrim fikri, tek bir darbeyle ya\u015fam\u0131n anlam ve amac\u0131n\u0131 uzay ve zaman, neden ve sonu\u00e7, d\u00fczenek ve fizik yasas\u0131 alanlar\u0131 ile birle\u015ftirmi\u015ftir. Bu yaln\u0131zca harikulade bir bilimsel d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce de\u011fil, ayn\u0131 zamanda da tehlikeli bir d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncedir.\u201d(27)<\/p>\n

Darwin, \u201cBir varsay\u0131m ne kadar ho\u015fuma giderse gitsin (ki her konuyla ilgili bir varsay\u0131m \u00fcretmekten kendimi alamam), ger\u00e7ekler bu varsay\u0131m\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda ne zaman yer alsa, ondan vazge\u00e7ebilmek i\u00e7in zihnimi her zaman \u00f6zg\u00fcr k\u0131lmaya \u00e7abalam\u0131\u015f\u0131md\u0131r.\u201d(28) diyerek, kuram\u0131na y\u00f6neltilebilecek her t\u00fcrl\u00fc ele\u015ftiriye a\u00e7\u0131k oldu\u011funu ifade etmi\u015ftir. Bu ba\u011flamda kendisinin de yan\u0131tlayamad\u0131\u011f\u0131 baz\u0131 sorular\u0131, kitab\u0131n\u0131n \u201cKurama \u0130li\u015fkin S\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131lar\u201d adl\u0131 6. b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde ele alm\u0131\u015f ve t\u00fcm bu s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131n nas\u0131l a\u015f\u0131labilece\u011fini anlatarak, gelece\u011fin biliminsanlar\u0131na bir yol haritas\u0131 \u00e7izmi\u015ftir. Onun \u00f6ne s\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc varsay\u0131mlardan bir\u00e7o\u011fu g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde do\u011frulanm\u0131\u015f, baz\u0131 hatal\u0131 varsay\u0131mlar\u0131 g\u00fcncel bilgilerin \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131nda d\u00fczeltilmi\u015f ve ortaya koydu\u011fu \u00e7o\u011fu arg\u00fcman, \u00fczerlerine eklenen yeni bilgilerin \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131nda bilimin kolektif \u00e7at\u0131s\u0131 alt\u0131nda geli\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir. T\u00fcrlerin K\u00f6keni<\/em>\u2019nin son b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde \u00f6zellikle yeni yeti\u015fecek biliminsanlar\u0131na seslenerek, \u201cUzak gelecekte, \u00e7ok daha ilgin\u00e7 ara\u015ft\u0131rmalara y\u00f6nelik yeni alanlar\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131laca\u011f\u0131na inan\u0131yorum.\u201d(29) diyen Darwin, bu konuda da hakl\u0131 \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u015eimdi, bu s\u00fcrece k\u0131saca g\u00f6z atal\u0131m.<\/p>\n

Genetik bilimi do\u011fuyor<\/strong><\/p>\n

Gregor Mendel\u2019in, bitki melezlenmesi ve genetik kal\u0131t\u0131m \u00fczerine yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 1866 tarihli makalesi, ancak 1900\u2019de (yani Darwin\u2019in \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden on sekiz y\u0131l sonra) tan\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131k kazand\u0131; dolay\u0131s\u0131yla ne Darwin ne de Mendel birbirlerinin \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131ndan haberdar olabildi. Bu d\u00f6nemde, karakterlerin kal\u0131t\u0131m\u0131 ve bir aile, kabile veya t\u00fcr kapsam\u0131ndaki da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 g\u00f6zlemlenebilmi\u015f olsa da, bu olgular bilimsel terimlerle a\u00e7\u0131klanam\u0131yor; canl\u0131lar aras\u0131ndaki embriyolojik benzerliklerin ve k\u00f6kende\u015f yap\u0131lar\u0131n neden ayn\u0131 \u015fablona g\u00f6re yap\u0131land\u0131\u011f\u0131 bilinmiyordu. Bu d\u00fc\u011f\u00fcmler, ancak genetik yasalar\u0131n\u0131n ortaya konmas\u0131yla \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmlenecekti. \u201cKavramaya yarayan insan elinin, kazmaya yarayan k\u00f6stebek elinin, bir musurun k\u00fcreksi y\u00fczgecinin, bir at\u0131n baca\u011f\u0131n\u0131n ve bir yarasan\u0131n kanad\u0131n\u0131n ayn\u0131 \u015fablona g\u00f6re yap\u0131lanm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131ndan ve ayn\u0131 g\u00f6reli konumlarda benzer kemikler i\u00e7ermesinden daha hayret verici ne olabilir?\u201d(30) diye sorgulayan ve do\u011fal se\u00e7ilimin bir kal\u0131t\u0131m mekanizmas\u0131na ihtiya\u00e7 duydu\u011funu bilen Darwin, DNA\u2019n\u0131n ke\u015ffini adeta \u00f6ng\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc.<\/p>\n

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Gregor Mendel\u2019i bah\u00e7esinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rken g\u00f6steren bir \u00e7izim.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

1920\u2019de Ronald Fisher, J. B. S. Haldane ve Sewall Wright gibi pop\u00fclasyon genetik\u00e7ileri, Darwin\u2019in do\u011fal se\u00e7ilime dayanan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 Mendel\u2019in geneti\u011fi ile birle\u015ftirerek, Modern Evrimsel Sentezi (Neo-Darwinizm) ortaya koydu. Modern sentez kapsam\u0131nda, G. G. Simpson gibi paleontologlar\u0131n makroevrimi belgelemesiyle, makroevrimin k\u0131sa s\u00fcreli mikroevrimsel s\u00fcre\u00e7lerle nas\u0131l uyumlu oldu\u011fu anla\u015f\u0131ld\u0131.(31) \u0130lk kez 1869\u2019da F. Miescher taraf\u0131ndan ayr\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lan ve 1953\u2019te de \u00e7ift sarmal yap\u0131s\u0131 ke\u015ffedilen DNA, evrim kuram\u0131 i\u00e7in g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir destek sa\u011flad\u0131. Bu ba\u011flamda J. Watson, R. Franklin ve M. Wilkins ile birlikte bu ke\u015ffe imza atarak 1962 Nobel Fizyoloji veya T\u0131p \u00d6d\u00fcl\u00fcn\u00fc kazanan Francis Crick\u2019in s\u00f6zleri, hi\u00e7bir \u00e7arp\u0131tmaya veya yanl\u0131\u015f anla\u015f\u0131lmaya mahal vermeyecek kadar a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131: \u201cBence DNA\u2019n\u0131n en \u00f6nemli \u00f6zelli\u011fi, do\u011fal se\u00e7ilim yoluyla evrim kuram\u0131na kan\u0131t te\u015fkil ediyor olmas\u0131d\u0131r.\u201d<\/p>\n

B\u00f6ylece T\u00fcrlerin K\u00f6keni, <\/em>genetik bilimine ve ondan beslenen t\u00fcm bilim dallar\u0131na, Darwin\u2019in \u00f6ng\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ve de umdu\u011fu gibi ilham kayna\u011f\u0131 oldu.<\/p>\n

\u015eiir gibi bir bilim kitab\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n

Darwin, T\u00fcrlerin K\u00f6keni<\/em>\u2019nin d\u00fcnyadaki t\u00fcm biliminsanlar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan okunabilecek bir kaynak olmas\u0131n\u0131 istiyordu. Onun ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6nemde on bir dile (Danca, Felemenk\u00e7e, Frans\u0131zca, Almanca, Macarca, \u0130talyanca, Leh\u00e7e, Rus\u00e7a, S\u0131rp\u00e7a, \u0130spanyolca ve \u0130sve\u00e7\u00e7e) terc\u00fcme edilen dev eseri, \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden sonra on sekiz dile daha \u00e7evrildi ve biraz \u00f6nce de\u011findi\u011fim gibi, \u00f6nemli geli\u015fmelere \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fck etti.<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrlerin K\u00f6keni<\/em>, 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l \u0130ngiliz edebiyat\u0131n\u0131n belirgin izlerini ta\u015f\u0131yan ve dolay\u0131s\u0131yla anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131 hayli zorla\u015ft\u0131ran uzun, karma\u015f\u0131k c\u00fcmleler i\u00e7ermektedir. Yaz\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6nemde bilimin ve bilim dilinin bug\u00fcnk\u00fc kadar geli\u015fmi\u015f olmamas\u0131 ve bilimsel terimlerin t\u00fcmel tan\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131n bulunmamas\u0131, kitab\u0131n \u00e7evirisini de okunmas\u0131n\u0131 da zorla\u015ft\u0131ran etkenlerdir. O d\u00f6nemde s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131rma uzmanlar\u0131 aras\u0131nda familya, cins, s\u0131n\u0131f, t\u00fcr, varyete, \u0131rk gibi takson basamaklar\u0131 konusunda fikir ayr\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131 ya\u015fanm\u0131\u015f; canl\u0131lar y\u00fcksek, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck, \u00fcst\u00fcn ve a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 gibi, anlam\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131k olmayan kelimelerle tan\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Darwin, \u00e7ok belirsiz buldu\u011fu bu kavramlar\u0131, ele\u015ftirdi\u011fi halde kullanmak durumunda kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00dcstelik baz\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131rmalar ve Latince isimler de zamanla de\u011fi\u015fmi\u015ftir. \u00d6rne\u011fin Darwin\u2019in ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6nemde \u201ccins\u201d basama\u011f\u0131na yerle\u015ftirilmi\u015f, ama g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde \u201ct\u00fcr\u201d basama\u011f\u0131na indirilmi\u015f canl\u0131lar vard\u0131r. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla \u00e7evirmenler, \u00e7eviri s\u0131ras\u0131nda benim de s\u0131k s\u0131k yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131m gibi, bu de\u011fi\u015fiklikleri belirten ve bilimsel terimleri a\u00e7\u0131klayan bol miktarda dipnot yerle\u015ftirme gere\u011fi duymu\u015ftur. Dahas\u0131 baz\u0131 dillerde, \u00f6zellikle T\u00fcrkiye gibi bilimin az geli\u015fti\u011fi \u00fclkelerin dillerinde, bir\u00e7ok bitki ve hayvan t\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn (ve bilimsel terminolojiye ait \u00e7o\u011fu terimin) \u00a0kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 da yoktur. Bu anlamda bu \u00f6nemli eseri, bilginin \u015fimdiki gibi kolay ula\u015f\u0131l\u0131r olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve internetin bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir d\u00f6nemde T\u00fcrk\u00e7eye kazand\u0131rm\u0131\u015f olan Say\u0131n \u00d6ner \u00dcnalan\u2019\u0131 sayg\u0131yla an\u0131yorum. Kendi \u00e7eviri s\u00fcrecimde, hem yabanc\u0131 kaynaklardan ve \u00dcnalan \u00e7evirisinden hem de T\u00fcrlerin K\u00f6keni<\/em>\u2019nin birinci bas\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n James T. Costa taraf\u0131ndan eklenen a\u00e7\u0131klamalarla d\u00fczenlenmi\u015f versiyonu olan \u201cThe Annotated Origin: A Facsimile of the First Edition of On the Origin of Species<\/em>\u201d(32) adl\u0131 de\u011ferli kaynaktan \u00e7ok\u00e7a yararland\u0131m. Bunlar\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda mesle\u011fimi ilgilendiren t\u0131p kitaplar\u0131ndan, dan\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131m \u00e7e\u015fitli uzmanlar\u0131n g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerinden ve ku\u015f g\u00f6zlemcili\u011fi hobimden dolay\u0131 elimde bulunan kaynaklardan da faydaland\u0131m.<\/p>\n

\"\"
DNA\u2019n\u0131n \u00e7ift sarmal yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 ke\u015ffedenlerden J. Watson ve F. Crick.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Kitab\u0131n \u00e7eviri ve okuma s\u00fcrecini zorla\u015ft\u0131ran bir di\u011fer etken de, onun a\u011fdal\u0131 bir dile ve devrik c\u00fcmle yap\u0131s\u0131na sahip olan Victoria d\u00f6nemi edebiyat\u0131yla yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131d\u0131r. Darwin, bir d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce zinciri halinde \u00fcretti\u011fi arg\u00fcmanlar\u0131n\u0131, bolca noktal\u0131 virg\u00fcl kullanarak ay\u0131rmay\u0131 uygun bulmu\u015ftur. Bunlar, sonuna geldi\u011finizde ba\u015f\u0131n\u0131 unutabilece\u011finiz kadar uzun ve \u00e7evirmeni olarak da, okura kolayl\u0131k olsun diye b\u00f6lmek isteyebilece\u011finiz t\u00fcrden c\u00fcmlelerdir. Ama Darwin buna izin vermez. T\u00fcrlerin K\u00f6keni<\/em>\u2019nde yer alan \u201c\u00c7evirmenin Notu\u201dnda da belirtti\u011fim gibi, Darwin eserini matematik diliyle yazar gibi yazm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r ve kendinizi vererek okudu\u011funuzda, kusursuz bir matematik form\u00fcl\u00fc gibi size do\u011fru sonucu verecektir. \u00d6zellikle ar\u0131lar ve pop\u00fclasyonlar ile ilgili yaz\u0131lar\u0131nda matemati\u011fe olan ilgisini a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a g\u00f6rebildi\u011fimiz, ama kendisini asla iyi bir matematik\u00e7i saymayan Darwin, bu yetene\u011fini yaz\u0131m diline ge\u00e7irmeyi ba\u015farm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 her kelimenin, her virg\u00fcl\u00fcn bir anlam\u0131 vard\u0131r ve o \u00e7at\u0131da en ufak bir de\u011fi\u015fiklik yaparsan\u0131z, c\u00fcmlenin t\u00fcm t\u0131n\u0131s\u0131 bozulur. Kendi ad\u0131ma bu hatay\u0131 birka\u00e7 kez yapt\u0131ktan sonra, Darwin\u2019in s\u00f6z\u00fcnden \u00e7\u0131kmamay\u0131 \u00f6\u011frendi\u011fimi s\u00f6yleyebilirim. Kitab\u0131n bu kendine has d\u00fczeni, onun hem \u00e7evirisini kolayla\u015ft\u0131ran hem de Darwin\u2019in edebi ustal\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ortaya koyan bir y\u00f6n\u00fcd\u00fcr. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla kitab\u0131n dilini a\u011f\u0131r bulabilecek okurlar\u0131n, bahsetti\u011fim bu ayr\u0131nt\u0131y\u0131 da hesaba kataca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 umuyorum. Matematiksel bir titizli\u011fin \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc olan bu altyap\u0131n\u0131n \u00fczerine, Victoria d\u00f6nemi edebiyat\u0131n\u0131n o \u015fiirsel \u00fcslubu eklendi\u011finde, Darwin her ne kadar eserini bir bilim kitab\u0131 olarak g\u00f6rmese de, ortaya \u015fiir gibi bir bilim kitab\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kar.<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de T\u00fcrlerin K\u00f6keni<\/strong><\/p>\n

T\u0131pk\u0131 d\u00fcnyada oldu\u011fu gibi T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de de 1850\u2019lerin sonunda tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lmaya ba\u015flanan evrim kuram\u0131, Osmanl\u0131 ve Cumhuriyet T\u00fcrkiye\u2019sinde \u00e7etrefilli s\u00fcre\u00e7lerden ge\u00e7ti; ama burada tarihsel ayr\u0131nt\u0131lara girmeden, g\u00fcncel bir \u00f6rne\u011fi payla\u015fmakla yetinece\u011fim. Darwin\u2019in do\u011fumundan 199 y\u0131l sonraki 2008 y\u0131l\u0131nda ilgin\u00e7 bir geli\u015fme oldu ve Anglikan Kilisesi, yay\u0131mlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir yaz\u0131yla Darwin\u2019den \u00f6z\u00fcr diledi. Kilise, bu yaz\u0131da \u00f6zet olarak insanlar\u0131n ve kurumlar\u0131n hata yapabilece\u011fini, kilisenin de bundan muaf olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, toplumu ve insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirecek \u00f6nemli fikirlerin ge\u00e7mi\u015fte sald\u0131r\u0131ya u\u011frad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131; bu ba\u011flamda Katolik Kilisesi\u2019nin 1633\u2019te Galileo\u2019nun astronomisi konusunda yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 hatan\u0131n bir benzerini (1992\u2019de Papa II. John Paul, Kilisenin hatas\u0131n\u0131 kabul etti\u011fini belirten bir bildiri yay\u0131nlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r) 1860\u2019ta da Darwin\u2019e yapm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011funu itiraf ediyor ve Darwin\u2019den \u00f6z\u00fcr diliyordu. Bat\u0131 d\u00fcnyas\u0131ndan gelen bu \u00f6z\u00fcrden bir y\u0131l sonra, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de tam tersi bir geli\u015fme oldu. UNESCO, 200. do\u011fum y\u0131ld\u00f6n\u00fcm\u00fc nedeniyle t\u00fcm d\u00fcnyada 2009 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131 \u201cDarwin Y\u0131l\u0131\u201d ilan etmi\u015f; T\u00dcB\u0130TAK, Bilim ve Teknik<\/em> dergisinin Mart say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n on be\u015f sayfas\u0131n\u0131 ve kapa\u011f\u0131n\u0131 evrim kuram\u0131na ve Darwin\u2019e ay\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Ama acele bir kararla, o kapak ve on be\u015f sayfal\u0131k \u201cDarwin ve Evrim\u201d eki dergiden kald\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131 ve derginin genel yay\u0131n y\u00f6netmeni i\u015ften al\u0131nd\u0131. Bu, evrimin e\u011fitim m\u00fcfredat\u0131ndan t\u00fcm\u00fcyle \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 ama\u00e7layan ve T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de bilim e\u011fitimine yap\u0131lan b\u00fcy\u00fck bir darbeydi.\"\"<\/p>\n

Her \u015feye ra\u011fmen…<\/strong><\/p>\n

K\u00f6keni ge\u00e7mi\u015fe dayanan ve g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde de varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcren bilim d\u00fc\u015fmanl\u0131\u011f\u0131na ra\u011fmen T<\/em>\u00fcrlerin K\u00f6keni<\/em>, \u00d6ner \u00dcnalan\u2019\u0131n \u0130ngilizce asl\u0131ndan Almanca \u00e7evirisiyle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rarak yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 de\u011ferli \u00e7evirisiyle 1970\u2019te Sol Yay\u0131nlar\u0131\u2019ndan, 1976\u2019da da Onur Yay\u0131nlar\u0131\u2019ndan yay\u0131mland\u0131. \u00dcnalan \u00e7evirisi, T\u00fcrlerin K\u00f6keni<\/em>\u2019nin 1872\u2019deki son bask\u0131s\u0131 olan alt\u0131nc\u0131 bas\u0131m\u0131ndan; 2017\u2019de Alfa Yay\u0131nlar\u0131\u2019ndan \u00e7\u0131kan benim \u00e7evirim ise, Darwin\u2019in ilk bas\u0131m\u0131ndaki birka\u00e7 k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck dizgi hatas\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fczelttikten sonra yay\u0131mlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ikinci bas\u0131m\u0131ndan ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir. Kitap sonradan yine \u00dcnalan \u00e7evirisiyle Evrensel Yay\u0131nlar\u0131\u2019ndan (2009) da yay\u0131mland\u0131. Daha \u00f6nce de belirtti\u011fim gibi Say\u0131n \u00dcnalan\u2019\u0131, bilgiye eri\u015fimin g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczdekiyle k\u0131yas kabul etmeyecek kadar zor oldu\u011fu bir d\u00f6nemde bu kitab\u0131 T\u00fcrk\u00e7eye kazand\u0131rm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131ndan dolay\u0131 kutlamak gerekir. Ama 70\u2019li y\u0131llardan bu yana zenginle\u015fen T\u00fcrk\u00e7eyi, bilimsel terminolojideki geli\u015fmeyi ve toplumun her \u015feye ra\u011fmen bilime biraz daha yakla\u015fm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131n\u0131 hesaba katarak, ben de Alfa Yay\u0131nlar\u0131\u2019n\u0131n T\u00fcrlerin K\u00f6keni <\/em>i\u00e7in yeni bir \u00e7evirinin gerekli oldu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesine kat\u0131l\u0131yordum. Bu ba\u011flamda hem mesle\u011fimden hem de ki\u015fisel ilgimden dolay\u0131 yak\u0131n oldu\u011fum biyoloji biliminin bu \u00f6nemli eserini, modern terimlerle ve kullanmaktan ka\u00e7\u0131namad\u0131\u011f\u0131m \u00e7ok say\u0131da a\u00e7\u0131klay\u0131c\u0131 dipnotla; Darwin\u2019e olabildi\u011fince sad\u0131k kalarak, ama okuru da d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnerek, elimden geldi\u011fince anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131r bir dille T\u00fcrk\u00e7eye aktarabilmi\u015f oldu\u011fumu umuyorum.<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrlerin K\u00f6keni<\/em>\u2019nin yay\u0131mlan\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n 159. y\u0131l\u0131nda kaleme ald\u0131\u011f\u0131m bu yaz\u0131y\u0131, Darwin\u2019in kitab\u0131n son b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde ge\u00e7en s\u00f6zlerinden bir al\u0131nt\u0131yla noktalamak isterim:<\/p>\n

\u201cMiza\u00e7lar\u0131 gere\u011fi, a\u00e7\u0131klanamayan s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131 belirli bulgular\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131klanabiliyor olmas\u0131ndan daha \u00f6nemli sayan kimseler, benim kuram\u0131m\u0131 kesinlikle reddedecektir. Bu kitap, k\u0131vrak bir zek\u00e2yla donat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve t\u00fcrlerin de\u011fi\u015fmezli\u011finden ku\u015fku duymaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f birka\u00e7 do\u011fa bilginine ilham verebilir; ama sorunun her iki y\u00fcz\u00fcne de tarafs\u0131zca bakabilen gen\u00e7 ve yeni nesil do\u011fa bilginlerinin yeti\u015fece\u011fi bir gelece\u011fe de g\u00fcvenle bak\u0131yorum.\u201d(33)\"\"<\/p>\n

Dipnotlar<\/strong><\/p>\n

1) Charles Darwin, On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life, <\/em>John Murray, Londra 1859. (Do\u011fal Se\u00e7ilim veya Ayr\u0131cal\u0131kl\u0131 Irklar\u0131n Korunmas\u0131 Yoluyla T\u00fcrlerin K\u00f6keni,<\/em> \u00e7ev. Bahar K\u0131l\u0131\u00e7, Alfa Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul 1. bs. Eyl\u00fcl 2017, 4. bs. Mart 2018.) Yaz\u0131da verilen al\u0131nt\u0131lar bu bas\u0131mdan aktar\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

2)www.darwin-online.org.uk Yararland\u0131\u011f\u0131m bu web sitesinden, Darwin\u2019in bug\u00fcne kadar yay\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015f t\u00fcm \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131na, bir\u00e7ok elyazmas\u0131na ve ilave dok\u00fcmana ula\u015f\u0131labilir.<\/p>\n

3) Charles Darwin, The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex<\/em> (\u0130nsan\u0131n T\u00fcreyi\u015fi ve E\u015feye Ba\u011fl\u0131 Se\u00e7ilim<\/em>), C. 2, John Murray, Londra 1871, s.103.<\/p>\n

4) Darwin \u201c\u0131rk\u201d kelimesini, bir t\u00fcr\u00fcn i\u00e7erdi\u011fi varyeteleri tan\u0131mlayan biyolojik bir terim olarak kullan\u0131r.<\/p>\n

5) Henrika Kuklick, New History of Anthropology<\/em>, Blackwell, 2007, s.227. Ayr\u0131ca bkz<\/em>. Darwin Correspondence Project<\/em>, \u201c206. Mektup,\u201d Cambridge University Press, 27 Mart 2018, http:\/\/www.darwinproject.ac.uk\/DCP-LETT-206<\/p>\n

6) Charles Darwin, The Autobiography of Charles Darwin, <\/em>Barlow, Nora (ed.), New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1993 (1958\u2019den tekrar bs.), s.73.<\/p>\n

7) Charles Darwin, Journal of Researches Into the Natural History and Geology of the Countries Visited During the Voyage of H.M.S. Beagle Round the World, <\/em>John Murray, Londra1845, s.499.<\/p>\n

8) Charles Darwin, The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex<\/em> (\u0130nsan\u0131n T\u00fcreyi\u015fi ve E\u015feye Ba\u011fl\u0131 Se\u00e7ilim<\/em>), John Murray, Londra 1871.<\/p>\n

9) T\u00fcrlerin K\u00f6keni<\/em>, s.433 ve 436.<\/p>\n

10) Charles Darwin, Voyages of the Adventure and Beagle<\/em>, C. 3, Henry Colburns, Londra 1839, s.454.<\/p>\n

11) Charles Darwin, Selected Letters on Evolution and Origin of Species,<\/em> ed. Francis Darwin, Courier Corporation, 1958, s.60.<\/p>\n

12) T\u00fcrlerin K\u00f6keni<\/em>, s.361.<\/p>\n

13) Darwin Correspondence Project<\/em>, \u201c282. Mektup,\u201d Cambridge University Press, 27 Mart 2018, http:\/\/www.darwinproject.ac.uk\/DCP-LETT-282<\/p>\n

Darwin Correspondence Project<\/em>, 1974 y\u0131l\u0131nda Cambridge \u00dcniversitesinde F. Burkhardt ve S. Smith taraf\u0131ndan kurulmu\u015ftur. \u00dcniversitenin kendi ar\u015fivinde 9000 ve \u00f6zel koleksiyonlardan derlenmi\u015f 6000 adet mektup bulunmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

14) T\u00fcrlerin K\u00f6keni<\/em>, s.425.<\/p>\n

15) T\u00fcrlerin K\u00f6keni<\/em>, s.27-28.<\/p>\n

16) Charles Darwin, Narrative of the Surveying Voyages of His Majesty\u2019s Ships Adventure and Beagle,<\/em> Journal and Researches, C.3, Henry Colburn, Londra 1839.<\/p>\n

17) Charles Darwin, The Structure and Distribution of <\/em>Coral Reefs<\/em> (Mercan Resiflerinin Yap\u0131s\u0131 ve Da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131<\/em>), Smith, Elder and Co., Cornhill 1842.<\/p>\n

18) Richard Dawkins, Ancestor\u2019s Tale<\/em>, \u0130ngiltere, Houghton Mifflin ve Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2004 (Atalar\u0131n Hikayesi<\/em>, \u00e7ev. Ahmet Fethi, 2. bas\u0131m, Hil Yay\u0131n, \u0130stanbul 2008, s. 474-475).<\/p>\n

19) Copley Madalyas\u0131 t\u00fcm disiplinlerden biliminsanlar\u0131 i\u00e7in \u0130ngiltere merkezli Royal Society taraf\u0131ndan verilen bilim \u00f6d\u00fcl\u00fcd\u00fcr. Royal Society taraf\u0131ndan halen verilen en eski \u00f6d\u00fcl olan madalya, muhtemelen d\u00fcnyan\u0131n da en eski bilim \u00f6d\u00fcl\u00fc unvan\u0131na sahiptir. 1731 y\u0131l\u0131ndan beri her y\u0131l biliminsanlar\u0131na verilmektedir. (bkz<\/em>. Wikipedia, Copley madalyas\u0131<\/em>.)<\/p>\n

20) – T\u00fcrlerin K\u00f6keni<\/em>, s.125.<\/p>\n

21) Darwin, kitaplar\u0131nda Wallace\u2019tan hep \u00f6vg\u00fcyle s\u00f6z etmi\u015ftir. Ama sonradan spiritualizme kayan ve \u201cevrenin insan ruhunu desteklemek i\u00e7in var oldu\u011funu\u201d \u00f6ne s\u00fcren Wallace, Darwin\u2019i hayal k\u0131r\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131na u\u011fratm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

22) Darwin\u2019in \u00f6nerdi\u011fi isim, An abstract of an Essay on the Origin of Species and Varieties Through Natural Selection <\/em>(T\u00fcrlerin ve Varyetelerin Do\u011fal Se\u00e7ilim Yoluyla K\u00f6keni \u00dczerine Bir Deneme \u00d6zeti) olmu\u015ftu.<\/p>\n

23) T\u00fcrlerin K\u00f6keni<\/em>, s.140.<\/p>\n

24) Luca Basso, Marx and the Common – From Capital to the Late Writings<\/em>, \u0130ng. \u00e7ev. David Broder, Brill, Boston 2015, s.65.<\/p>\n

25) \u201cYarat\u0131c\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta birka\u00e7 veya tek bir forma \u00fcflenmi\u015f \u00e7e\u015fitli g\u00fc\u00e7lere sahip oldu\u011funu anlayan; ve bu gezegen sabit k\u00fctle\u00e7ekim yasas\u0131na g\u00f6re d\u00f6nmeyi s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fcrken, b\u00f6ylesine basit bir ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7tan, s\u0131n\u0131rs\u0131z say\u0131da en g\u00fczel ve en \u015fa\u015f\u0131rt\u0131c\u0131 formun evrimle\u015fmi\u015f ve evrimle\u015fmekte oldu\u011funu kavrayan bu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fte ihti\u015fam vard\u0131r.\u201d T\u00fcrlerin K\u00f6keni<\/em>, s.438.<\/p>\n

26) Stephen Jay Gould, Ever Since Darwin<\/em>, W. W. Norton & Company, New York 1977 (Darwin ve sonras\u0131<\/em>, \u00e7ev. Ceyhan Tem\u00fcrc\u00fc, T\u00dcB\u0130TAK Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, 3. bs., Ankara 2002, s.21-22).<\/p>\n

Evrim kuram\u0131n\u0131n anla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 hem ortaya kondu\u011fu d\u00f6nemde hem de g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde zorla\u015ft\u0131ran etkenlerden biri, evrimin ilerleme ile \u00f6zde\u015f tutulmas\u0131d\u0131r; oysa do\u011fal se\u00e7ilim bir ilerleme doktrini de\u011fildir. Gould bunu \u015f\u00f6yle a\u00e7\u0131klar: \u201cDo\u011fal se\u00e7ilim kuram\u0131, de\u011fi\u015fen \u00e7evrelere yerel olarak uyum sa\u011flama kuram\u0131d\u0131r. Ne kusursuzla\u015fma ilkeleri ne de genel bir iyile\u015fme g\u00fcvencesi i\u00e7erir\u2026 Darwin i\u00e7in \u2018geli\u015fmi\u015f\u2019 demek, yaln\u0131zca \u2018yerel \u00e7evreye daha uygun bir tasar\u0131ma sahip olmak\u2019 demektir. Yerel \u00e7evreler s\u00fcrekli olarak de\u011fi\u015fir: Daha s\u0131cak ya da so\u011fuk, daha nemli ya da kuru, \u00e7imenlik ya da ormanl\u0131k olur. Do\u011fal se\u00e7ilimin y\u00f6nlendirdi\u011fi evrim, kendi \u00e7evreleri i\u00e7in daha iyi tasar\u0131ma sahip organizmalar\u0131n ku\u015faklar boyu korunmas\u0131ndan ba\u015fka bir \u015fey de\u011fildir.\u201d A. g. e., s.32.<\/p>\n

27) Daniel Dennett, Darwin\u2019s Dangerous Idea<\/em>: Evolution and the Meanings of Life<\/em>, Simon & Schuster, New York, 1995 (Darwin\u2019in Tehlikeli Fikri: Evrim ve Hayat\u0131n Anlam\u0131<\/em>, \u00e7ev. Aybey Eper ve Bahar K\u0131l\u0131\u00e7, Alfa Bilim, \u0130stanbul 2013, s.23).<\/p>\n

28) Charles Darwin, The Life and Letters of Charles Darwin<\/em>; ed. F. Darwin, John Murray, Londra 1887, s.42.<\/p>\n

29) T\u00fcrlerin K\u00f6keni<\/em>, s.436.<\/p>\n

30) T\u00fcrlerin K\u00f6keni<\/em>, s.390.<\/p>\n

31) Peter Gluckman, Mark Hanson, Alan Beedle, Principles of Evolutionary Medicine,<\/em> Oxford University Press, ABD, 2009. <\/em>(Evrimsel T\u0131bb\u0131n \u0130lkeleri<\/em>, \u00e7ev: O\u011fuz Kerim Ba\u015fkurt, Hilmi Uysal, Battal \u00c7\u0131plak, Palme Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, Ankara 2012, s.25-26.)<\/p>\n

32) Charles Darwin, James T. Costa, The Annotated Origin: A Facsimile of the First Edition of On the Origin of Species, <\/em>The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts ve Londra 2009.<\/p>\n

33) T\u00fcrlerin K\u00f6keni<\/em>, s.431.<\/p>\n

Kaynaklar<\/strong><\/p>\n

1) AnaBritannica Genel K\u00fclt\u00fcr Ansiklopedisi, Darwin, Charles (Robert),<\/em> C. 6, \u0130stanbul 1986, s.622-625.<\/p>\n

2) Basso, Luca, Marx and the Common – From Capital to the Late Writings<\/em>, \u0130ng. \u00e7ev. David Broder, Brill, Boston 2015.<\/p>\n

3) Darwin, Charles, On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life, <\/em>John Murray, Londra, 1859 (Do\u011fal Se\u00e7ilim veya Ayr\u0131cal\u0131kl\u0131 Irklar\u0131n Korunmas\u0131 Yoluyla T\u00fcrlerin K\u00f6keni,<\/em> \u00e7ev. Bahar K\u0131l\u0131\u00e7, Alfa Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul, 1. bs. Eyl\u00fcl 2017, 4. bs. Mart 2018).<\/p>\n

4) Darwin, Charles, The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex,<\/em> John Murray, Londra 1871.<\/p>\n

5) Darwin, Charles, The Autobiography of Charles Darwin<\/em>, Barlow, Nora (ed.), New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1993.<\/p>\n

6) Darwin, Charles, Journal of Researches Into the Natural History and Geology of the Countries Visited During the Voyage of H.M.S. Beagle Round the World<\/em>, John Murray, Londra 1845.<\/p>\n

7) Darwin, Charles, Voyages of the Adventure and Beagle<\/em>, C. 3, Henry Colburns, Londra 1839.<\/p>\n

8) Darwin, Charles, Selected Letters on Evolution and Origin of Species<\/em>, ed. Francis Darwin, Courier Corporation, New York 1958.<\/p>\n

9) Darwin Correspondence Project, <\/em>Cambridge University Press, https:\/\/www.darwinproject.ac.uk\/<\/p>\n

10) Dawkins, Richard, Ancestor\u2019s Tale,<\/em> Houghton Mifflin ve Weidenfeld & Nicolson, \u0130ngiltere 2004 (Atalar\u0131n Hikayesi<\/em>, \u00e7ev. Ahmet Fethi, 2. bas\u0131m, Hil Yay\u0131n, \u0130stanbul 2008).<\/p>\n

11) Dennett, Daniel, Darwin\u2019s Dangerous <\/em>Idea: Evolution and the Meanings of Life<\/em>, Simon & Schuster, New York, 1995 (Darwin\u2019in Tehlikeli Fikri: Evrim ve Hayat\u0131n Anlam\u0131<\/em>, \u00e7ev. Aybey Eper ve Bahar K\u0131l\u0131\u00e7, Alfa Bilim, \u0130stanbul 2013).<\/p>\n

12) Gluckman, Hanson, Beedle, Principles of Evolutionary Medicine, <\/em>Oxford University Press, ABD, 2009 (Evrimsel T\u0131bb\u0131n \u0130lkeleri<\/em>, \u00e7ev: O\u011fuz Kerim Ba\u015fkurt, Hilmi Uysal, Battal \u00c7\u0131plak, Palme Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, Ankara 2012).<\/p>\n

13) Gould, Stephen Jay, Ever Since Darwin<\/em>, W. W. Norton & Company, New York 1977 (Darwin ve sonras\u0131<\/em>, \u00e7ev. Ceyhan Tem\u00fcrc\u00fc, T\u00dcB\u0130TAK Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, 3. bs., Ankara 2002).<\/p>\n

14) Kuklick, Henrika, New History of Anthropology<\/em>, Blackwell, 2007.<\/p>\n

15) Mayr, Ernst, One Long Argument: Charles Darwin and the Genesis of Evolutionary Thought<\/em>, Harvard University Press, ABD 1991.<\/p>\n

16) Stetoff, Rebecca, Charles Darwin – And the Evolution Revolution<\/em> (Charles<\/em> Darwin – Evrim Devrimi<\/em>, \u00e7ev. \u0130nci Kal\u0131nyazgan, T\u00dcB\u0130TAK Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, Ankara 2004).<\/p>\n

17) Thompson, Bert, The Origin Of Species and Darwin\u2019s Reference to \u201cthe Creator\u201d<\/em>, Apologetics Press, 2003, http:\/\/apologeticspress.org\/apcontent.aspx?category=9&article=1111<\/p>\n

18) Wyhe, John van ed., The Complete Work of Charles Darwin Online,<\/em> 2002, http:\/\/darwin-online.org.uk\/<\/p>\n

19) Wikipedia, https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Darwin\u2019in yirmi y\u0131ll\u0131k eme\u011finin \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc olan \u201cT\u00fcrlerin K\u00f6keni\u201d, 24 Kas\u0131m 1859\u2019da yay\u0131mland\u0131. Asl\u0131nda b\u00fcy\u00fck bir bilimsel devrimin yakla\u015fmakta oldu\u011fu hissediliyordu; \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc do\u011fan\u0131n sundu\u011fu veriler, kutsal kitaplarda anlat\u0131lanlarla \u00f6rt\u00fc\u015fm\u00fcyordu. B\u00f6yle bir d\u00f6nemde ortaya at\u0131lan evrim kuram\u0131n\u0131n ve onun mekanizmas\u0131 olarak \u00f6nerilen do\u011fal se\u00e7ilimin, insan\u0131n do\u011faya, canl\u0131l\u0131\u011fa ve en \u00f6nemlisi kendisine bak\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 k\u00f6kten ve kal\u0131c\u0131 olarak de\u011fi\u015ftirece\u011fi […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":516,"featured_media":38528,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[19],"tags":[461,200,292,2093,575,1474],"class_list":["post-38527","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-bilim-gundemi","tag-darwin","tag-evrim","tag-genetik","tag-mendel","tag-tubitak","tag-turlerin-kokeni"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t