{"id":38972,"date":"2019-12-14T03:53:35","date_gmt":"2019-12-14T00:53:35","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/?p=38972"},"modified":"2019-12-11T15:10:40","modified_gmt":"2019-12-11T12:10:40","slug":"hirosima-ve-nagasakiye-atilan-bombalarin-etkisi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2019\/12\/14\/hirosima-ve-nagasakiye-atilan-bombalarin-etkisi","title":{"rendered":"Hiro\u015fima ve Nagasaki\u2019ye at\u0131lan bombalar\u0131n etkisi"},"content":{"rendered":"

“Her \u015fey iyi olacak Yaeko-San!”<\/strong><\/p>\n

6 A\u011fustos 1945 sabah\u0131, saat sekizi \u00e7eyrek ge\u00e7iyordu. G\u00fcne\u015f Hiro\u015fima \u00fcst\u00fcnde masmavi bir g\u00f6ky\u00fcz\u00fcnde y\u00fckselmi\u015f, s\u0131cak, g\u00fczel bir g\u00fcn\u00fcn ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131n\u0131 m\u00fcjdeliyordu. G\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc\u015fe bak\u0131l\u0131rsa bu g\u00fcn \u00f6ncekilerden farkl\u0131 olmayacakt\u0131. Ama bu g\u00fcn \u00e7ok daha farkl\u0131 bir g\u00fcnd\u00fc. \u00d6nce yo\u011fun bir \u0131\u015f\u0131k g\u00fcne\u015fi karartt\u0131, muazzam bir s\u0131cakl\u0131k dalgas\u0131 o g\u00fczelim sabah\u0131 cehenneme \u00e7evirdi, tek bir u\u00e7aktan at\u0131lan tek bir bomba, yerden 580 m y\u00fckseklikte patlad\u0131. Patlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 yerin iki kilometrelik yar\u0131\u00e7ap\u0131 i\u00e7inde kalan her \u015feyi hemen tamamen yok etti. \u00d6nce beyaz olan \u0131\u015f\u0131k seli, sonradan portakal rengini ald\u0131, ate\u015ften bir top saniyede 100 metrelik bir h\u0131zla y\u00fckseldi, geni\u015fleyip so\u011fudu. Radyoaktif buharla\u015fman\u0131n olu\u015fturdu\u011fu tipik bir mantar bulutu yerden10 km kadar y\u00fckselmi\u015fti. Bulutun g\u00f6lgeledi\u011fi alanda hemen her \u015fey buharla\u015f\u0131p yok olmu\u015ftu.<\/p>\n

\u0130nsanl\u0131k maalesef bu sabah atom \u00e7a\u011f\u0131n\u0131n korkun\u00e7 y\u00fcz\u00fcyle tan\u0131\u015f\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n

Michihiko Hachiya\u2019n\u0131n g\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnden<\/strong><\/p>\n

A\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki sat\u0131rlar Hiro\u015fima\u2019ya at\u0131lan bomban\u0131n d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fc noktadan yakla\u015f\u0131k 1.5 km kadar uzakta, \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 hastanenin yak\u0131n\u0131nda bir evde ya\u015fayan Dr. Michihiko Hachiya\u2019n\u0131n yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00fcnl\u00fckten al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Sabah\u0131n erken saatleriydi, g\u00fcne\u015fli bir g\u00fcn ba\u015fl\u0131yor, a\u011fa\u00e7larda oyna\u015fan yapraklar bulutsuz g\u00f6ky\u00fcz\u00fcnden s\u00fcz\u00fcl\u00fcp gelen g\u00fcne\u015f \u0131\u015f\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 yans\u0131t\u0131yor, bah\u00e7edeki g\u00f6lgelere nefis bir tezat olu\u015fturuyordu. \u00d6nceki gece hastanede n\u00f6bet\u00e7i oldu\u011fum i\u00e7in yorgunluktan hen\u00fcz \u00fcst\u00fcm\u00fc de\u011fi\u015ftirememi\u015f, oturma odas\u0131ndaki hal\u0131n\u0131n \u00fczerine uzanm\u0131\u015f, aral\u0131k kap\u0131dan bah\u00e7eye bak\u0131yordum.<\/p>\n

Birdenbire g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir \u0131\u015f\u0131k parlamas\u0131 oldu, pe\u015finden bir daha… Bah\u00e7edeki g\u00f6lgeler kayboldular, saniyeler \u00f6nce \u00f6n\u00fcmde, zevkle bakt\u0131\u011f\u0131m g\u00fcne\u015fli p\u0131r\u0131lt\u0131larla dolu g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fc birdenbire karard\u0131, ortal\u0131\u011f\u0131 kal\u0131n bir toz bulutu kaplam\u0131\u015f, her \u015fey bir toz perdesinin arkas\u0131na saklanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Oldu\u011fum yerden evimin bir k\u00f6\u015fesindeki kal\u0131n a\u011fa\u00e7tan yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f s\u00fctunun yana yatm\u0131\u015f, evimin \u00e7at\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n hemen tamamen \u00e7\u00f6km\u00fc\u015f oldu\u011funu g\u00f6rd\u00fcm…<\/p>\n

\"\"
Hiro\u015fima katliam\u0131n\u0131 anlatan bir resim.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

\u0130\u00e7g\u00fcd\u00fcm hemen buradan ka\u00e7mam\u0131 hayk\u0131r\u0131yordu. K\u0131m\u0131ldamakta zorluk \u00e7ekiyordum; \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fcnt\u00fc ve y\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131lar y\u00fcr\u00fcmemi engelliyordu.<\/p>\n

B\u00fcy\u00fck zorluklarla az \u00f6nce bah\u00e7em olup da \u015fimdi i\u00e7indeki her \u015feyin yok oldu\u011fu a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131\u011fa \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131m. G\u00fcc\u00fcm\u00fc toplamak i\u00e7in bir an durdum. Birdenbire tamamen \u00e7\u0131plak oldu\u011fumu fark ettim; elbiselerime ne olmu\u015ftu ki?<\/p>\n

V\u00fccudumun sa\u011f taraf\u0131 tamamen kesiklerle kaplanm\u0131\u015f, b\u00fcy\u00fck bir odun k\u0131ym\u0131\u011f\u0131, kanayan bir yaran\u0131n ortas\u0131nda, kas\u0131\u011f\u0131ma batm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Birden a\u011fz\u0131mda \u0131l\u0131k, tuzlu bir s\u0131v\u0131 hissettim, elimin tersiyle a\u011fz\u0131m\u0131 silmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131m, elim kana buland\u0131; kocaman bir cam par\u00e7as\u0131 boynuma saplanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131, yara \u015fiddetli bir \u015fekilde kan\u0131yordu. \u0130\u00e7g\u00fcd\u00fcsel bir davran\u0131\u015fla cam par\u00e7as\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7abucak \u00e7ekip \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131m; \u015fokun yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u015fa\u015fk\u0131nl\u0131k i\u00e7inde ellerime bula\u015fan kana bak\u0131yor, ne oldu\u011funu anlamaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yordum…<\/p>\n

Birdenbire kar\u0131m geldi akl\u0131ma.<\/p>\n

\u201cYaeko-san! Yaeko-san\u201d diye ba\u011f\u0131rmaya ba\u015flad\u0131m.<\/p>\n

Boynumdaki yaradan kan f\u0131\u015fk\u0131rarak akmaya ba\u015flad\u0131; acaba cam\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131rken \u015fahdamar\u0131m\u0131 m\u0131 zedelemi\u015ftim, kan kayb\u0131ndan \u00f6lecek miydim? Korku ve \u015fok i\u00e7inde ba\u011f\u0131rmaya devam ettim.<\/p>\n

\u201cYaeko-san neredesin, sak\u0131n korkma sadece be\u015f y\u00fcz tonluk bir bomba d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc, hepsi o kadar…\u201d<\/p>\n

Birden y\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131lar aras\u0131ndan onun \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6rd\u00fcm, \u00e7\u0131plakl\u0131\u011f\u0131na ve yan\u0131p buharla\u015fm\u0131\u015f derisine ra\u011fmen rahatlad\u0131m.<\/p>\n

\u201cHer \u015fey iyi olacak Yaeko-san, sak\u0131n korkma, sadece be\u015f y\u00fcz tonluk bir bomba…\u201d<\/p>\n

Ne bomba be\u015f y\u00fcz tonluk normal bir bombayd\u0131, ne de her \u015fey iyi olacakt\u0131…<\/p>\n

Hik\u00e2yenin ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n

2 A\u011fustos 1939 y\u0131l\u0131nda, 2. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n ba\u015flamas\u0131ndan az \u00f6nce, Almanya\u2019dan ka\u00e7arak Amerika Birle\u015fik Devletleri\u2019ne (ABD) s\u0131\u011f\u0131nan \u00fcnl\u00fc fizik\u00e7i Albert Einstein, ba\u015fkan Franklin Roosevelt\u2019e bir mektup yazarak, Nazi Almanya\u2019s\u0131n\u0131n bir bomba yapmak amac\u0131yla Uranyum 235 (U235<\/sup>) elementini zenginle\u015ftirme \u00e7abas\u0131n\u0131 ve ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 olurlarsa bunun getirebilece\u011fi tehlikeleri anlat\u0131rken, acaba ABD\u2019nin Almanya\u2019y\u0131 durdurmak yerine, \u00f6ne ge\u00e7mek i\u00e7in b\u00fcy\u00fck bir hamle ve yat\u0131r\u0131mlar yaparak h\u0131zl\u0131 bir ara\u015ft\u0131rma program\u0131 ba\u015flataca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 biliyor muydu?<\/p>\n

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Bombaland\u0131ktan sonra Hiro\u015fima.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

ABD 1939 y\u0131l\u0131nda n\u00fckleer silahlar geli\u015ftirmek amac\u0131yla Manhattan Projesi\u2019ni ba\u015flatt\u0131. Projenin y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fcc\u00fcs\u00fc Robert Oppenheimer\u2019d\u0131. Oppenheimer g\u00fcn\u00fcn en iyi bilinen bilim insanlar\u0131n\u0131 bir araya getirtip, 6 y\u0131l i\u00e7inde, o g\u00fcn\u00fcn paras\u0131yla 2 milyar dolarl\u0131k muazzam bir b\u00fct\u00e7eyle, insanl\u0131\u011fa kar\u015f\u0131 i\u015flenmi\u015f en b\u00fcy\u00fck su\u00e7u i\u015fledi; atom bombas\u0131n\u0131 yaratt\u0131. Atom bombas\u0131 i\u00e7in gerekli olan uranyum 235 metalinin \u00f6nce uranyum mineralinden safla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekiyordu ki, bu \u00e7ok emek isteyen bir i\u015fti; \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc her 500 kg\u2019lik do\u011fal uranyum mineralinden ancak 1 kg kadar uranyum metali \u00fcretilebilir. Uranyumun iki izotopu vard\u0131r: U235<\/sup> ve U238<\/sup>.\u00a0 U235<\/sup> saf do\u011fal uranyumun ancak y\u00fczde 1\u2019i kadard\u0131r. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla U235<\/sup>\u2019in zenginle\u015ftirilmesi bomba i\u00e7in hi\u00e7bir yarar\u0131 olmayan U238<\/sup>\u2019den ayr\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekir ki, bu Manhattan Projesi\u2019ni en \u00e7ok u\u011fra\u015ft\u0131ran konu olmu\u015ftur. Uzun \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar sonunda, nihayet Columbia \u00dcniversitesi\u2019nden H. C. Urey\u2019in geli\u015ftirdi\u011fi, gazlar\u0131n dif\u00fczyonu prensibine dayanan bir teknikle, Kaliforniya Berkeley \u00dcniversitesi\u2019nde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan ve cyclotronun mucidi olan \u00fcnl\u00fc fizik\u00e7i Ernest Lawrence\u2019\u0131n bu iki izotopu manyetik y\u00f6ntemlerle ayr\u0131\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131 tekni\u011fi bir araya getirilince, zincirleme reaksiyonun gerektirdi\u011fi miktarda (minimum 50 kg) U235<\/sup> saf olarak elde edilebilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Manhattan Projesi 16 Temmuz 1945 g\u00fcn\u00fc saat 5:29\u2019da, New Mexico Eyaleti\u2019nde Alamogordo \u00c7\u00f6l\u00fc\u2019nde 30 metrelik \u00e7elik bir kulenin \u00fcst\u00fcne yerle\u015ftirilen atom bombas\u0131n\u0131n deneme amac\u0131yla patlat\u0131lmas\u0131yla sona erdi.<\/p>\n

U235<\/sup> kullanarak iki t\u00fcrl\u00fc atom bombas\u0131 yap\u0131labilir. Bunlardan ilki Hiro\u015fima\u2019ya at\u0131lan bombada uygulanan fizyon reaksiyonuna dayan\u0131r. Burada y\u00fcksek enerjili n\u00f6tronlar\u0131n atom \u00e7ekirde\u011fini zincirleme olarak (chain reaction) b\u00f6lmeleri s\u0131ras\u0131nda bir k\u0131s\u0131m \u00e7ekirdek k\u00fctlesi enerjiye d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr. Einstein\u2019\u0131n \u00fcnl\u00fc E=mc2<\/sup> e\u015fitli\u011fi gere\u011fince, muazzam bir enerji a\u00e7\u0131\u011fa \u00e7\u0131kar. (Bu e\u015fitlikte E enerji: Joule; m enerjiye d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fen k\u00fctle; c, \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131n bo\u015flukta yay\u0131lma h\u0131z\u0131d\u0131r, c=300.000.000 m\/sn).<\/p>\n

Zincirleme f\u00fczyon olay\u0131nda ise zincirleme reaksiyonun ba\u015flat\u0131labilmesi b\u00fcy\u00fck bir ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 enerjisini gerektirir ki, bu b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fckte bir enerji ancak U235<\/sup> fizyonuyla elde edilir. Zincirleme reaksiyonda hidrojen atomlar\u0131 birle\u015ferek (f\u00fczyon) helyum atomuna d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrler (hidrojen bombas\u0131). Bu birle\u015fme s\u0131ras\u0131nda fizyon olay\u0131na k\u0131yasla, daha b\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u00fctle enerjiye d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr, dolay\u0131s\u0131yla hidrojen bombas\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131kan enerji ve bu bomban\u0131n y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131 etkisi \u00e7ok, \u00e7ok daha b\u00fcy\u00fckt\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

N\u00fckleer fizyon olay\u0131 i\u00e7in mutlaka U235<\/sup> gerekli de\u011fildir. U238<\/sup>\u2019in n\u00fckleer reakt\u00f6rlerde i\u015flenmesi sonucu a\u00e7\u0131\u011fa \u00e7\u0131kan son derece karars\u0131z pl\u00fctonyum 239 (Pu239<\/sup>) atomu da bomba yap\u0131m\u0131nda kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Hiro\u015fima\u2019ya at\u0131lan \u201cLittle boy\u201d takma ad\u0131 verilen bombada U235<\/sup>, Nagasaki\u2019ye at\u0131lan \u201cFat man\u201d adl\u0131 bombada Pu239<\/sup> kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Hiro\u015fima bombas\u0131 16.000 ton TNT\u2019nin (dinamit) patlamas\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda \u00e7\u0131kan enerjiye \u00f6zde\u015f bir enerji a\u00e7\u0131\u011fa \u00e7\u0131kartm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ayn\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7 Nagasaki bombas\u0131nda 21.000 ton TNT olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

Atom bombas\u0131n\u0131n, konvansiyonel bombalar gibi y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131 etkisi d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda, \u0131s\u0131 ve radyasyon etkileri de vard\u0131r. Y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131 etkisi normal bombalar\u0131n binlerce kat\u0131d\u0131r. \u00c7\u0131kan \u0131s\u0131 bomban\u0131n d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fc merkezden \u00e7ok uzak yerlere kadar yay\u0131labilir, ikincil yang\u0131nlara yol a\u00e7ar. Hiro\u015fima\u2019da patlaman\u0131n etkisiyle \u00e7\u0131kan r\u00fczg\u00e2r\u0131n h\u0131z\u0131, merkezde saatte 510 km, iki kilometre uzakta saatte 216 km idi. Bomban\u0131n patlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 merkezden 2 km uzakl\u0131ktaki bir noktada bu r\u00fczg\u00e2r\u0131n uygulad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bas\u0131n\u00e7 cm2<\/sup> ba\u015f\u0131na 300 gr olmu\u015ftur ki, bu 10 m2<\/sup>\u2019lik bir evin duvar\u0131na 30 tonluk bir toplam kuvvet uygulanmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k gelir.<\/p>\n

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Hiro\u015fima bombas\u0131n\u0131n patlama merkezinden itibaren y\u0131k\u0131m ve \u0131s\u0131 etkisi
1) Merkez. %98 \u00f6l\u00fcm (ani buharla\u015fma).
R\u00fczg\u00e2r h\u0131z\u0131 > 500 km\/saat. Bas\u0131n\u00e7 2,5 kg\/cm2.
2) Tamamen y\u0131k\u0131m,
buharla\u015fma. %90 \u00f6l\u00fcm.
R\u00fczg\u00e2r h\u0131z\u0131 > 450 km\/saat.
3) \u015eiddetli y\u0131k\u0131m,
yang\u0131n. %65 \u00f6l\u00fcm.
R\u00fczg\u00e2r h\u0131z\u0131 > 400 km\/saat.
4) \u015eiddetli \u0131s\u0131. Yanabilir her \u015fey yand\u0131. \u00d6l\u00fcm %50 (oksijen yetersizli\u011finden ve yanarak).
R\u00fczg\u00e2r h\u0131z\u0131 > 230 km\/saat.
5) \u015eiddetli yang\u0131n ve r\u00fczg\u00e2r. \u00d6l\u00fcm %15 (yanarak).
R\u00fczg\u00e2r h\u0131z\u0131 > 150 km\/saat. Bas\u0131n\u00e7 0,3 kg\/cm2.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Dr. Michihiko Hachiya\u2019n\u0131n g\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnden al\u0131nan sat\u0131rlarda anlatt\u0131klar\u0131, Hiro\u015fima bombas\u0131n\u0131n y\u0131k\u0131m ve \u0131s\u0131 etkisinin sonu\u00e7lar\u0131d\u0131r. Bomban\u0131n patlamas\u0131ndan hemen sonra \u00e7\u00f6ken karanl\u0131k ise, radyoaktif bulutlar\u0131n g\u00f6lgesiydi. Bu bulutlar \u015fiddetli \u0131s\u0131 etkisiyle aniden olu\u015fan hava ak\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131n h\u0131zla g\u00f6\u011fe y\u00fckselmesiyle olu\u015fmu\u015f ve yeterince so\u011fuyunca da ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131klar\u0131 son derece radyoaktif tozlarla birlikte kara ya\u011fmur olarak yere d\u00f6n\u00fcp topra\u011fa kar\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Hiro\u015fima\u2019da 350.000 ki\u015fi, \u00fc\u00e7 g\u00fcn sonra, 9 A\u011fustos\u2019ta ikinci bomban\u0131n at\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 Nagasaki\u2019de 270.000 ki\u015fi bombalar\u0131n y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131, \u0131s\u0131 ve radyoaktif etkilerine maruz kald\u0131. \u0130lk anda Hiro\u015fima\u2019da 140.000 Nagasaki\u2019de 70.000 ki\u015fi \u00f6ld\u00fc. Bomban\u0131n d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fc yeri merkez alan iki kilometre yar\u0131\u00e7apl\u0131 bir daire i\u00e7indeki hemen t\u00fcm canl\u0131lar \u00f6ld\u00fc, binalar y\u0131k\u0131ld\u0131 veya yand\u0131.<\/p>\n

Atom bombas\u0131n\u0131n \u0131s\u0131 ve y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131 etkileri konvensiyonel silahlarla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, tabii ki d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclemeyecek kadar korkun\u00e7tur, ama k\u0131sa surede ortadan kaybolurlar. Kaybolmayan etki, atom bombas\u0131n\u0131n radyasyon etkisidir. Bu, bomban\u0131n patlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 an ba\u015flar, y\u0131llarca s\u00fcrer, genler arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla bir sonraki nesile ge\u00e7er. Nitekim Hiro\u015fima ve Nagasaki\u2019de kara ya\u011fmur ve dolay\u0131s\u0131yla ya\u011fmurun ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131 n\u00f6tron tozlar\u0131n\u0131n topra\u011fa n\u00fcfuz edip y\u0131llar sonra bile bu \u015fehirlere girenleri radyasyonla zehirlemesi y\u00fcz\u00fcnden toplam \u00f6l\u00fc say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n asl\u0131nda 280.000\u2019den fazla oldu\u011fu tahmin edilmektedir.<\/p>\n

Radyoaktivite ve radyasyon<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00c7ekirdeklerindeki proton ve n\u00f6tron say\u0131lar\u0131 e\u015fit olmayan atomlar karars\u0131z elementleri olu\u015fturur. Karars\u0131zl\u0131k derecesi, n\u00f6tron ve proton say\u0131s\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki farkla artar. \u00d6rne\u011fin n\u00f6tron say\u0131s\u0131 76, proton say\u0131s\u0131 54 olan iyot, n\u00f6tron say\u0131s\u0131 35, proton say\u0131s\u0131 30 olan bak\u0131rdan daha karars\u0131zd\u0131r. Bu t\u00fcr elementlerin \u00e7ekirdekleri daha kararl\u0131 bir hale gelebilmek i\u00e7in herhangi bir d\u0131\u015f etki olmadan bir par\u00e7ac\u0131k yayarak bozunabilirler. Bu t\u00fcr elementlere radyoaktif madde denir. Radyoaktivite radyoaktif maddelerin (radyoaktif izotoplar\u0131n) radyasyon dedi\u011fimiz enerji y\u00fckl\u00fc par\u00e7ac\u0131k \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131 yayabilme kapasitesidir.<\/p>\n

I\u015f\u0131ma, atom \u00e7ekirde\u011finden \u00e7\u0131kan par\u00e7ac\u0131\u011fa ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak \u00fc\u00e7 \u015fekilde olabilir: Alfa (a), beta (b) ve gamma (g) \u0131\u015f\u0131mas\u0131. Bu par\u00e7ac\u0131klar\u0131n t\u00fcm\u00fc, i\u00e7inden ge\u00e7tikleri maddenin atomlar\u0131n\u0131 iyonla\u015ft\u0131rma, yani atomlarla etkile\u015ferek onlar\u0131n elektronlar\u0131n\u0131 koparma ve atomlar\u0131 elektrikle y\u00fckleme \u00f6zelli\u011fine sahiptir. Bu par\u00e7ac\u0131klar\u0131n canl\u0131lar \u00fczerindeki etkilerinin \u015fiddeti ve etki s\u00fcresi ise iyonla\u015ft\u0131rma derecelerine ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak de\u011fi\u015fir. Bunlar\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda n\u00fckleer reakt\u00f6rlerde ve n\u00fckleer bombalar\u0131n patlamas\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda a\u00e7\u0131\u011fa \u00e7\u0131kan n\u00f6tron demetleri vard\u0131r ki, bunlar da dolayl\u0131 olarak iyonla\u015fmaya neden olur.<\/p>\n

Alfa par\u00e7ac\u0131\u011f\u0131 k\u00fctlesi nispeten ve iyonla\u015ft\u0131rma d\u00fczeyi \u00e7ok y\u00fcksek, iki proton ve iki n\u00f6tron i\u00e7eren helyum atomunun \u00e7ekirde\u011fidir. A\u011f\u0131r olmas\u0131 ve y\u00fck\u00fcn\u00fcn (pozitif iki elektron y\u00fck\u00fcne e\u015fit = 2 x 1,6 10-19<\/sup> Coulomb) fazla olmas\u0131 nedeniyle madde i\u00e7inden ge\u00e7erken yolu \u00fczerindeki atomlarla ve di\u011fer y\u00fckl\u00fc par\u00e7ac\u0131klarla \u00e7arp\u0131\u015fmalara u\u011frayarak enerjisini \u00e7ok \u00e7abuk kaybeder, havada birka\u00e7 cm i\u00e7inde so\u011furulur, ince bir k\u00e2\u011f\u0131ttan bile ge\u00e7emez.<\/p>\n

\u0130nsan derisine d\u00fc\u015fen alfa par\u00e7ac\u0131klar\u0131 derinin en \u00fcst d\u00fczeyinde birka\u00e7 h\u00fccre kal\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda bir tabakada so\u011furulacaklar\u0131 i\u00e7in bir tehlike olu\u015fturmazlar. Ancak herhangi bir \u015fekilde solunum veya sindirim yollar\u0131na girecek olurlarsa, y\u00fcksek k\u00fctle ve y\u00fckleri nedeniyle \u00e7evrelerindeki h\u00fccreleri \u00e7ok y\u00fcksek d\u00fczeyde iyonla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r, \u015fiddetli bir radyasyon zehirlenmesi, h\u00fccrelerdeki kromozomlar\u0131n par\u00e7alanmas\u0131, akci\u011fer, sindirim ve idrar yollar\u0131 kanserlerine neden olurlar.<\/p>\n

Beta \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131 y\u00fcksek enerjili elektron ve pozitron demetleridir. K\u00fctleleri k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck (elektron k\u00fctlesi =
\n9.1 10-31<\/sup> kg), y\u00fckleri \u00b1 bir elektron y\u00fck\u00fcne e\u015fit olan par\u00e7ac\u0131klard\u0131r. Beta \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131 madde i\u00e7inde so\u011furulmadan \u00e7ok uzun yol alabilir, ancak yollar\u0131 \u00fczerine konacak kal\u0131nca a\u011f\u0131r metal levhalar taraf\u0131ndan durdurulabilirler. \u0130yonla\u015ft\u0131rma d\u00fczeyleri alfa par\u00e7ac\u0131klar\u0131 kadar y\u00fcksek olmamakla birlikte, so\u011furulmadan madde i\u00e7inde uzun yollar alabilmeleri nedeniyle canl\u0131lar i\u00e7in tehlikelidirler. Beta \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131 baz\u0131 kanser t\u00fcrlerinin tedavisinde, kalite kontrol\u00fcnde, maddelerin kal\u0131nl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm\u00fcnde kullan\u0131labilir.<\/p>\n

Gamma \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131 elektromanyetik dalga spektrumunun ek k\u0131sa dalga boyu veya en y\u00fcksek frekans ve enerji b\u00f6lgesinde bulunan, k\u00fctlesi s\u0131f\u0131r olan foton dedi\u011fimiz dalgalard\u0131r. Y\u00fcksek enerjileri nedeniyle canl\u0131lar\u0131n v\u00fccudunda b\u00fcy\u00fck tahribata neden olurlar. Gamma \u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 elektriksel olarak y\u00fcks\u00fcz oldu\u011fundan do\u011frudan iyonla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 de\u011fildir, fakat atomlardan kopard\u0131klar\u0131 elektronlar iyonla\u015ft\u0131rmay\u0131 yapar. Gama \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131n etki g\u00fcc\u00fc \u00e7ok y\u00fcksektir. Beta \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131na g\u00f6re 100 kat daha fazla n\u00fcfuz etme \u00f6zelli\u011fine sahiptirler. Gama \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131 birka\u00e7 santimetre kal\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndaki kur\u015fundan ge\u00e7ebilir.\"\"<\/p>\n

N\u00f6tron \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131 serbest n\u00f6tron par\u00e7ac\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 i\u00e7eren demetlerdir. Enerjilerinin b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne g\u00f6re, termal (yava\u015f) ve s\u0131cak (h\u0131zl\u0131) n\u00f6tronlar olarak bilinirler. N\u00f6tronlar\u0131n y\u00fckleri olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in alfa veya beta par\u00e7ac\u0131klar\u0131ndan daha farkl\u0131 bir \u015fekilde \u201cdolayl\u0131\u201d iyonla\u015ft\u0131rmaya neden olurlar. Bu iyonla\u015ft\u0131rma d\u00fczeyi \u00e7ok y\u00fcksektir. \u00d6rne\u011fin bir n\u00f6tron so\u011furulmas\u0131, gamma \u0131\u015f\u0131mas\u0131na, bu da atomdan bir elektron sal\u0131nmas\u0131na (beta \u0131\u015f\u0131mas\u0131) neden olur. N\u00f6tronlar y\u00fcks\u00fcz olduklar\u0131 i\u00e7in madde i\u00e7inde alfa ve beta par\u00e7ac\u0131klar\u0131ndan \u00e7ok daha fazla yol al\u0131rlar. D\u00fc\u015f\u00fck yo\u011funluktaki maddeler i\u00e7inde so\u011furulmadan alabildikleri yol, gamma \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131yla hemen ayn\u0131 d\u00fczeydedir. N\u00f6tronlar\u0131n canl\u0131lar i\u00e7in en tehlikeli \u00f6zelliklerinden birisi, kendilerini so\u011furan atom \u00e7ekirdeklerini ki, bunun i\u00e7ine do\u011fal olarak h\u00fccrelerdeki atom \u00e7ekirdekleri de dahildir,\u00a0 transmutasyona u\u011frat\u0131p radyoaktif hale d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrmeleridir. N\u00f6tronlar\u0131n di\u011fer bir \u00f6zelli\u011fi de metal gibi kat\u0131 maddelerin yap\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirip onlar\u0131n daha k\u0131r\u0131lgan olmalar\u0131na neden olmas\u0131d\u0131r ki, bu reakt\u00f6rlerin \u00f6mr\u00fcn\u00fc k\u0131saltan en \u00f6nemli fakt\u00f6rlerden birisidir. N\u00fckleer silahlar\u0131n, so\u011furulmas\u0131 \u00e7ok zor olan n\u00f6tron demetlerini daha yo\u011fun bir \u015fekilde \u00fcretebilmeleri ve dolay\u0131s\u0131yla daha \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fc olmalar\u0131 i\u00e7in, n\u00fckleer yak\u0131t i\u00e7ine berilyum gibi n\u00f6tronlar\u0131 yans\u0131t\u0131c\u0131 baz\u0131 katk\u0131 maddeleri koyularak yap\u0131lan \u201cn\u00f6tron bombalar\u0131\u201dn\u0131n \u00fcretimi 1970\u2019li y\u0131llardan beri s\u00fcrmektedir.<\/p>\n

Radyoaktivitenin canl\u0131lar \u00fczerindeki etkileri<\/strong><\/p>\n

Canl\u0131 dokular\u0131n fonksiyonlar\u0131 molek\u00fcller taraf\u0131ndan kontrol edilir. Molek\u00fcller farkl\u0131 tiplerde atomlar\u0131n birbirlerine kimyasal ba\u011flarla ba\u011flanmas\u0131 ile olu\u015fmu\u015ftur. Bu molek\u00fcllerin gerekti\u011fi gibi fonksiyonlar\u0131n\u0131 yerine getirmesi bile\u015fimlerine ve yap\u0131lar\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r. Kimyasal ba\u011flardaki de\u011fi\u015fiklik molek\u00fcl yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n bile\u015fimini de\u011fi\u015ftirir. \u0130yonla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 radyasyon bunu yapmak i\u00e7in yeterince g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fcd\u00fcr. \u00d6rne\u011fin, tipik bir iyonla\u015fma iki karbon atomu aras\u0131ndaki kimyasal ba\u011f\u0131 bozmak i\u00e7in gereken enerjinin alt\u0131-yedi kat daha fazlas\u0131na sahiptir. \u0130nsan v\u00fccudu \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011funu karbon, hidrojen, oksijen ve azotun olu\u015fturdu\u011fu atom y\u0131\u011f\u0131nlar\u0131ndan olu\u015fmu\u015ftur.\u00a0 V\u00fccudumuzdaki en yayg\u0131n molek\u00fcl ise su molek\u00fcl\u00fcd\u00fcr ve i\u00e7erisinde \u015feker, ya\u011f, protein ve genetik kod molek\u00fcl\u00fcn\u00fc (DNA) ta\u015f\u0131r. Bu molek\u00fcllerden baz\u0131lar\u0131 olduk\u00e7a karma\u015f\u0131kt\u0131r ve milyonlarca atomdan olu\u015fmu\u015ftur. Radyasyon, atomlar\u0131n sahip oldu\u011fu elektronlar\u0131n baz\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n atomdan uzakla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 ile v\u00fccudumuzdaki h\u00fccrelere etki eder ve kolayca elektronlar\u0131n ba\u011fl\u0131 olduklar\u0131 atomlardan uzakla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131na neden olabilir. Bu olaya iyonla\u015ft\u0131rma ad\u0131 verilir. \u0130yonla\u015ft\u0131rma sonucunda, elektronik olarak y\u00fcks\u00fcz atomlar y\u00fckl\u00fc iyonlara d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrler. \u00d6rne\u011fin, bir atom elektronlar\u0131ndan birini kaybederse pozitif bir iyona d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr, e\u011fer bu elektron n\u00f6tr bir atomun yap\u0131s\u0131na kat\u0131l\u0131rsa, bu atom negatif y\u00fckl\u00fc hale ge\u00e7er. Pozitif bir iyonda bir elektron bo\u015flu\u011fu di\u011fer bir elektron ile kolayca doldurulur ve negatif y\u00fckl\u00fc bir iyon da kolayca bu fazla elektronunu kaybedebilir. \u0130yonla\u015fman\u0131n verdi\u011fi zarar\u0131 onarma i\u015flemi bir metal i\u00e7erisinde olduk\u00e7a h\u0131zl\u0131d\u0131r, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc metalde b\u00fct\u00fcn atomlar hareketli bir elektron denizindedirler.<\/p>\n

\"\"
\u0130nsanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n a\u011f\u0131r utanc\u0131.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Organik maddelerde ve ya\u015fayan dokularda ise bu zarar daha kal\u0131c\u0131d\u0131r. Bu durumda kaybedilen elektronlar\u0131n yer alm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu ba\u011flardaki zay\u0131flama nedeniyle molek\u00fcllerde bozulmalar g\u00f6zlenebilir. Kimyasal olarak bozulmu\u015f olan molek\u00fcller, yeni bir kimyasal molek\u00fcl olu\u015fturmak \u00fczere ba\u015fka molek\u00fcllerle birle\u015febilirler. Molek\u00fcllerin bu bozulma ve yeniden d\u00fczenlenme i\u015flemi, iyonla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131n biyolojik etkiler do\u011furmas\u0131 ile sonu\u00e7lan\u0131r. \u00c7o\u011fu durumda, canl\u0131 doku bu tip de\u011fi\u015fmelerde zarar g\u00f6rmeden kal\u0131r, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc h\u00fccre i\u00e7erisinde \u00e7ok say\u0131da yer alan molek\u00fcller i\u00e7in birka\u00e7 molek\u00fcl\u00fcn yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n bozulmas\u0131 ya da yeni bir molek\u00fcle d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmesi ihmal edilebilir bir etkidir. Ayr\u0131ca ya\u015fayan bir h\u00fccre ayn\u0131 zamanda yap\u0131s\u0131ndaki bozukluklar\u0131 onarmak i\u00e7in yeterince kayna\u011fa sahiptir. As\u0131l tehlike, h\u00fccrenin yapmas\u0131 gereken fonksiyonlar\u0131nda kilit rol oynayan molek\u00fcller zarar g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar. Bunun en \u00f6nemli \u00f6rne\u011fi bu tip h\u00fccrelerin yeniden \u00fcretimi i\u00e7in gerekli genetik bilgiyi ta\u015f\u0131yan DNA molek\u00fcl\u00fcd\u00fcr. DNA molek\u00fcl\u00fcnde olu\u015facak bir hasar h\u00fccrenin \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcne ya da genetik bir bozuklu\u011fun gelecek ku\u015faklara ge\u00e7mesine neden olacakt\u0131r. DNA yap\u0131s\u0131ndaki bir bozukluk h\u00fccre b\u00f6l\u00fcnmesinin kontrol\u00fcn\u00fcn kaybolmas\u0131na ve h\u00fccrenin kontrols\u00fcz olarak \u00e7o\u011falmas\u0131na neden olur.\u00a0 Bunun sonucunda olu\u015fan genetik etkilerin ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131 ise sonraki nesillerde olabilir.<\/p>\n

Peki, ne kadar radyasyon bu etkileri yaratmak i\u00e7in yeterlidir? Radyasyonun miktar\u0131n\u0131 tan\u0131mlamak i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan birimlere k\u0131saca bir g\u00f6z atmak, daha sonradan s\u00f6z edece\u011fimiz miktarlar hakk\u0131nda d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce sahibi olmak a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan yararl\u0131 olacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u0130yonla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 radyasyonun insanlar \u00fczerindeki biyolojik etkisi Rem ya da Sievert (Sv) birimiyle \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclmektedir. 100 Rem, 1 Sv\u2019e e\u015fittir. Rem, X \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131n 1 rad\u2019\u0131na e\u015fit olan, insano\u011flunda biyolojik etkiler yaratan radyasyondan kaynaklanan dozdur. Rad birimi ise, 1 gr dokuda 100 erg enerjinin depo edildi\u011fi dozdur. Gamma \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131, madde i\u00e7erisinde derinlere ilerleyebilme \u00f6zelliklerine sahip olduklar\u0131ndan ilerledi\u011fi yol boyunca iyonla\u015fm\u0131\u015f alanlar b\u0131rak\u0131r. Y\u00fcksek enerjili bir elektron da \u00e7ok hafif bir par\u00e7ac\u0131k oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in madde i\u00e7inde benzer \u015fekilde davran\u0131r. Alfa par\u00e7ac\u0131\u011f\u0131 ise \u00e7ok daha a\u011f\u0131rd\u0131r ve bu nedenle nispeten \u00e7ok daha yava\u015f hareket eder. Y\u00fckl\u00fc bir par\u00e7ac\u0131k oldu\u011fundan da, daha b\u00fcy\u00fck elektrik kuvveti yarat\u0131r. Sonu\u00e7 olarak k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir b\u00f6lgede fazla say\u0131da iyonla\u015fm\u0131\u015f atom olu\u015fturur ve bu nedenle gamma ya da beta \u0131\u015f\u0131mas\u0131n\u0131n 1 rad\u2019\u0131 1 rem\u2019lik etki yarat\u0131rken, alfa \u0131\u015f\u0131mas\u0131n\u0131n 1 rad\u2019\u0131 10 rem radyasyona neden olur.<\/p>\n

Radyasyonun etkilerini belirleyebilmek i\u00e7in hayvanlar \u00fczerinde sistematik deneyler yap\u0131lmakta ve bu deney sonu\u00e7lar\u0131ndan elde edilen verilerle istatistikler haz\u0131rlanmaktad\u0131r.\"\"<\/p>\n

Radyasyonun etkileri iki grupta incelenebilir: \u00c7ok a\u011f\u0131r dozlar\u0131n k\u0131sa s\u00fcre sonra ortaya \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131\u011f\u0131 k\u0131sa zamanl\u0131 etkiler ve daha az dozlar\u0131n neden oldu\u011fu uzun zamanl\u0131 etkiler.\u00a0 Uzun zamanl\u0131 etkiler \u00e7e\u015fitli kanser tipleri, \u00f6zellikle kan kanseri ve \u00e7ok uzun y\u0131llar sonra ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan genetik etkilere neden olur. K\u0131sa zamanl\u0131 etkiler birka\u00e7 saat i\u00e7inde belirtilerini g\u00f6stermeye ba\u015flar ve bu a\u011f\u0131r dozlar\u0131n sonucu g\u00f6r\u00fclen etkiler radyasyon hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131 olarak adland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r. Radyasyon hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131 hakk\u0131ndaki bilgilerimiz, Hiro\u015fima ve Nagasaki kurbanlar\u0131ndan kaynaklanmaktad\u0131r. Radyasyon hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131, h\u00fccre zarlar\u0131na b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde zarar verir ve i\u00e7 kanamaya, a\u011f\u0131r anemiye ve ciddi olarak enfeksiyona kar\u015f\u0131 v\u00fccudun direncinin d\u00fc\u015fmesine neden olur.<\/p>\n

1000 rem\u2019den daha fazla gamma \u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 alanlar bir hafta i\u00e7inde, 700 rem gamma \u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 alm\u0131\u015f olanlar ise iki ay i\u00e7inde \u00f6ld\u00fcler. Genellikle 600 rem civar\u0131ndan daha b\u00fcy\u00fck, ani bir radyasyon dozunun haftalar ya da g\u00fcnler i\u00e7erisinde \u00f6l\u00fcme yol a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. 300 rem civar\u0131nda radyasyon alm\u0131\u015f di\u011fer kurbanlar\u0131n ise ciddi radyasyon hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131na sahip olsalar da ya\u015famda kalma \u015fanslar\u0131 vard\u0131r. 200 rem\u2019in alt\u0131ndaki dozlar ise uzun s\u00fcreli hastal\u0131\u011fa, \u00f6zellikle anemiye neden olacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u0130nsanl\u0131k su\u00e7u<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00d6lenlerin hepsi sava\u015f\u00e7\u0131 de\u011fildi; siviller, \u00e7ocuklar, ya\u015fl\u0131lar yeni do\u011fmu\u015f, hen\u00fcz do\u011fmam\u0131\u015f bebekler de \u00f6ld\u00fc. Bir\u00e7o\u011fu hemen \u00f6ld\u00fc, bir\u00e7o\u011fu y\u0131llarca ac\u0131 \u00e7ekti. Nesiller ge\u00e7ti, h\u00e2l\u00e2 bomban\u0131n etkileri kaybolmad\u0131, ac\u0131lar dinmedi.<\/p>\n

2.D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n bitiminde Japonya\u2019n\u0131n liderlerini ve sava\u015f su\u00e7lular\u0131n\u0131 yarg\u0131lamak i\u00e7in kurulan askeri mahkemede ABD\u2019nin savunma avukatlar\u0131ndan Ben Bruce Blakeny, Hiro\u015fima ve Nagasaki\u2019ye atom bombas\u0131n\u0131n at\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n insanl\u0131k su\u00e7u oldu\u011funu ilk kez ileri s\u00fcrebilme cesaretini g\u00f6sterdi.<\/p>\n

Atom bombas\u0131n\u0131n geli\u015ftirilmesi, yap\u0131lmas\u0131 ve at\u0131lmas\u0131nda rol ve karar sahibi herkesin insanl\u0131\u011fa kar\u015f\u0131 i\u015fledikleri su\u00e7lardan dolay\u0131 kanun \u00f6n\u00fcne \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmalar\u0131 gerekmez miydi? Maalesef bu su\u00e7lular, sava\u015f\u0131 kazanan tarafta olduklar\u0131 i\u00e7in bu ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmedi.<\/p>\n

Kaynaklar:<\/strong><\/p>\n

1) Hachiya, Michihiko, Hiroshima Diary (1955); Hersey, John, Hiroshima (1963).
\n2) \u201cSurviving the Atomic Attack on Hiroshima, 1945,\u201d EyeWitness to History, www.eyewitnesstohistory.com (2001).
\n3) A. Cottrell, How Safe is Nuclear Energy?, Heinemann, London, 1981.
\n4) M. Mansfield, C. O\u2019Sullivan, Understanding Physics, John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, 1998.
\n5) How Does Radiation Affect Humans?
\nhttp:\/\/tis.eh.doe.gov\/ohre\/roadmap\/achre\/intro_9_5.html
\n6) \u00c7evremizdeki Fizik, N. Balkan, A. Erol, T\u00fcbitak Yay\u0131nlar\u0131 2004
\n7) http:\/\/www.fas.org\/nuke\/intro\/nuke\/index.html
\n8) http:\/\/www.nrdc.org<\/p>\n

Kaynak:<\/strong> Bilim ve Gelecek, Say\u0131:42, A\u011fustos 2007, s.63-67<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

“Her \u015fey iyi olacak Yaeko-San!” 6 A\u011fustos 1945 sabah\u0131, saat sekizi \u00e7eyrek ge\u00e7iyordu. G\u00fcne\u015f Hiro\u015fima \u00fcst\u00fcnde masmavi bir g\u00f6ky\u00fcz\u00fcnde y\u00fckselmi\u015f, s\u0131cak, g\u00fczel bir g\u00fcn\u00fcn ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131n\u0131 m\u00fcjdeliyordu. G\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc\u015fe bak\u0131l\u0131rsa bu g\u00fcn \u00f6ncekilerden farkl\u0131 olmayacakt\u0131. Ama bu g\u00fcn \u00e7ok daha farkl\u0131 bir g\u00fcnd\u00fc. \u00d6nce yo\u011fun bir \u0131\u015f\u0131k g\u00fcne\u015fi karartt\u0131, muazzam bir s\u0131cakl\u0131k dalgas\u0131 o g\u00fczelim sabah\u0131 cehenneme […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":235,"featured_media":38973,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[19],"tags":[579,2513,580,693,1600,743,578],"class_list":["post-38972","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-bilim-gundemi","tag-abd","tag-atom-bombasi","tag-emperyalizm","tag-japonya","tag-radyasyon","tag-radyoaktivite","tag-savas"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t