{"id":39294,"date":"2019-12-29T03:20:16","date_gmt":"2019-12-29T00:20:16","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/?p=39294"},"modified":"2019-12-28T21:06:35","modified_gmt":"2019-12-28T18:06:35","slug":"2019-yilinda-andigimiz-bilimin-onculeri","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2019\/12\/29\/2019-yilinda-andigimiz-bilimin-onculeri","title":{"rendered":"2019 y\u0131l\u0131nda and\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z “Bilimin \u00d6nc\u00fcleri”"},"content":{"rendered":"

2019 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131 geride b\u0131rak\u0131p 2020 y\u0131l\u0131na girerken y\u0131l i\u00e7inde “Bilimin \u00d6nc\u00fcleri” k\u00f6\u015fesinde yer verdi\u011fimiz biliminsanlar\u0131ndan baz\u0131lar\u0131na yer verdi\u011fimiz bir derleme haz\u0131rlad\u0131k. Yeni y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131z Bilim ve Gelecek ile ge\u00e7sin!<\/p>\n

1) Archimedes (Ar\u015fimet) (M\u00d6 287-212)<\/strong><\/h3>\n

Se\u00e7kin bilim insanlar\u0131 \u00e7o\u011funluk kimi \u00e7arp\u0131c\u0131 imajlarla haf\u0131zalarda yer etmi\u015ftir: Engizisyon \u00f6n\u00fcnde sorgulanan Galileo; dal\u0131ndan kopan el\u00adman\u0131n yere d\u00fc\u015fmesiyle, ay\u0131n d\u00fcnya \u00e7evresinde\u00adki devinimini birle\u015ftiren Newton; gemi \u00fczerinde be\u015f y\u0131l s\u00fcren do\u011fa incelemesi gezisine \u00e7\u0131kan Darwin; Bern patent ofisinde s\u0131radan bir g\u00f6rev\u00adliyken, E = mc denklemini olu\u015fturan Einstein; banyodan kendini soka\u011fa at\u0131p \u201cBuldum, bul\u00addum!\u201d diyerek sokakta \u00e7\u0131plak ko\u015fan Archime\u00addes.(Ar\u015fimet)<\/p>\n

Ar\u015fimet neyi bulmu\u015ftu? Neyin co\u015fkusu i\u00e7indeydi?<\/p>\n

Devam\u0131n\u0131 okumak i\u00e7in: https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2019\/06\/16\/bilimin-onculeri-archimedes-arsimet-mo-287-212\/<\/a><\/p>\n

\n

2) Euclides (\u00d6klid)<\/strong><\/h3>\n

R\u00f6nesans sonras\u0131 Avrupa\u2019da, Kopernik\u2019le ba\u015flayan, Kepler, Galileo ve Newton\u2019la 17. y\u00fczy\u0131lda doru\u011funa ula\u015fan bilim\u00adsel devrim, k\u00f6kleri Helenistik D\u00f6nem\u2019e uzanan bir olayd\u0131r. O d\u00f6nemin se\u00e7kin bilginlerinden Aristarkus, G\u00fcne\u015f-merkezli ast\u00adronomi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesinde Kopernik\u2019i \u00f6ncelemi\u015fti; Ar\u015fimet yakla\u015f\u0131k i\u00adki biny\u0131l sonra gelen Galileo\u2019ya esin kayna\u011f\u0131 olmu\u015ftu; \u00d6klid \u00e7a\u011flar boyu yaln\u0131z matematik d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131n de\u011fil, matematikle yak\u0131ndan ilgilenen hemen herkesin g\u00f6z\u00fcnde \u00f6zenilen, yetkin bir \u00f6rnekti. \u00d6klid, M\u00d6 300 s\u0131ralar\u0131nda yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 13 ciltlik yap\u0131t\u0131yla \u00fcnl\u00fcd\u00fcr. Bu yap\u0131t, geometriyi (dolay\u0131s\u0131yla matemati\u011fi) ispat ba\u011flam\u0131nda aksiyomatik bir dizge olarak i\u015fleyen, ilk kapsaml\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmad\u0131r. 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l sonlar\u0131na gelinceye kadar alan\u0131nda tek ders kitab\u0131 olarak akademik \u00e7evrelerde okunan, okutulan Elementler\u2019in, kimi yeter\u00adsizliklerine kar\u015f\u0131n, de\u011ferini bug\u00fcn de s\u00fcrd\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc s\u00f6ylenebilir.<\/p>\n

Devam\u0131n\u0131 okumak i\u00e7in: https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2019\/06\/23\/bilimin-onculeri-euclides-oklid\/<\/a><\/p>\n

\n

3) Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519)<\/strong><\/h3>\n

E\u015fsiz ressam, se\u00e7kin yontucu ve filozof, ya\u015fa\u00add\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6nemin en b\u00fcy\u00fck mucit ve deneyci bilim insan\u0131.<\/p>\n

\u2026 i\u015fte insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 sanata, bilgiye ve do\u011faya a\u00e7an R\u00f6nesans\u2019\u0131n simgesi Leonardo da Vinci!<\/p>\n

\u201cMona Lisa\u201d ve \u201cSon Yemek\u201d tablolar\u0131n\u0131n ya\u00adrat\u0131c\u0131s\u0131 Leonardo\u2019nun sanat d\u00fcnyas\u0131ndaki y\u00fcce konumu hemen herkes\u00e7e bilinen bir ger\u00e7ek. Ama bilim insan\u0131 kimli\u011fi i\u00e7in ayn\u0131 \u015fey s\u00f6yle\u00adnemez. Bir kez, y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131m\u0131za gelinceye dek bu kimlik sanat\u00e7\u0131 ki\u015fili\u011finin g\u00f6lgesinde ya g\u00f6zden ka\u00e7m\u0131\u015f, ya da, \u00f6nemsenmedi\u011fi i\u00e7in unutulmu\u015f\u00adtur. Sonra, bu unutulmu\u015flukta Leonardo\u2019nun kendi s\u0131ra d\u0131\u015f\u0131 tutumunun da pay\u0131 vard\u0131r. Bilim\u00adsel \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 yay\u0131mlamaktan \u00f6zenle ka\u00e7\u0131nd\u0131\u00ad\u011f\u0131 gibi, tuttu\u011fu notlar\u0131 d\u00fcped\u00fcz okumaya elvermeyen kendine \u00f6zg\u00fc bir y\u00f6ntemle kaleme alm\u0131\u015f\u00adt\u0131 (400 y\u0131l mahzende kalan, \u00e7izimleriyle birlikte yakla\u015f\u0131k 5000 sayfa tutan bu notlar sa\u011fdan sola do\u011fru yaz\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in ancak aynada yans\u0131t\u0131larak okunabilmi\u015ftir).<\/p>\n

Devam\u0131n\u0131 okumak i\u00e7in: https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2019\/07\/07\/bilimin-onculeri-leonardo-da-vinci-1452-1519\/<\/a><\/p>\n

\n

4) Nicolaus Copernicus (Kopernik) (1473 -1543)<\/strong><\/h3>\n

D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce tarihinde etkisi y\u00f6n\u00fcnden Copernicus (Kopernik) devrimiyle boy \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fc\u015febilecek pek az d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm vard\u0131r. Son d\u00f6rty\u00fcz y\u0131lda tan\u0131k oldu\u011fumuz bilimsel geli\u015fmenin astronomide yer alan bu devrimle ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6ylenebilir.<\/p>\n

Dinsel ba\u011fnazl\u0131kla \u00f6zg\u00fcr d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce hemen her d\u00f6nemde \u00e7at\u0131\u015fma i\u00e7inde olmu\u015ftur. Orta\u00e7a\u011f d\u00fc-\u015f\u00fcnce gelene\u011fini k\u0131ran ilk bilimsel at\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n astronomide ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131 bir bak\u0131ma do\u011fald\u0131. Birkez, astronomide hi\u00e7 bir alanda olmayan bir bilgi birikimi vard\u0131. Babilliler\u2019in g\u00f6ksel nesnelerin devinimlerine ili\u015fkin g\u00f6zlemlerini, kuramsal d\u00fczeyde i\u015fleyen eski Yunanl\u0131lar\u0131n astronomide b\u00fcy\u00fck ilerleme kaydettikleri bilinmektedir. 17. y\u00fczy\u0131la gelinceye dek egemenli\u011fini s\u00fcrd\u00fcren Ptolemy (Batlamyus) sistemi bu birikimin \u00fcr\u00fc\u00acn\u00fcd\u00fcr. Sonra, R\u00f6nesans\u2019la birlikte, astronomide ivedi \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm gerektiren pratik sorunlar a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131k kazanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bu sorunlardan biri denizde boylam hesaplanmas\u0131na ili\u015fkindi. Bu ise, \u00f6ncelikle, g\u00fcne\u015fin izler g\u00f6r\u00fcnd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc yolun do\u011fru belirlenmesini gerektiriyordu. \u00c7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fc aranan bir di\u011fer sorun takvime ili\u015fkindi. M.\u00d6. 46\u2019da olu\u015fturulan y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fckteki takvim yetersizdi. \u00d6rne\u011fin, o takvime g\u00f6re, bir y\u0131l 365 g\u00fcnden olu\u015fuyordu (Oysa, \u015fimdi bildi\u011fimiz gibi y\u0131l\u0131n s\u00fcresi bundan 11 dakika 14 saniye daha k\u0131sad\u0131r).<\/p>\n

Devam\u0131n\u0131 okumak i\u00e7in: https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2019\/07\/14\/bilimin-onculeri-nicolaus-copernicus-kopernik-1473-1543\/<\/a><\/p>\n

\n

5) Francis Bacon (1561 -1626)<\/strong><\/h3>\n

Bilime katk\u0131lar\u0131 g\u00f6z\u00f6n\u00fcne al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda bilimin \u00f6nc\u00fclerin kabaca \u00fc\u00e7 grupta toplanabilir. \u201cKaba\u00adca\u201d diyoruz, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc bilim insanlar\u0131n\u0131n en az\u0131ndan bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc i\u00e7in b\u00f6yle bir s\u0131n\u0131flama yapay olmak\u00adtan ileri ge\u00e7mez.<\/p>\n

1) \u00c7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 deneysel a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131kl\u0131 olanlar (Faraday, Marie Curie, Rutherford, vb.);<\/p>\n

2) Kuramsal d\u00fczeyde devrim niteli\u011fini ta\u015f\u0131\u00adyan at\u0131l\u0131mlar\u0131yla tan\u0131nanlar (Newton, Darwin, Maxwell, Einstein, vb.);<\/p>\n

3) \u00c7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131nda pratik sorunlar\u0131n \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fc\u00adne a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131k verenler (Archimedes, Pasteur, vb.).<\/p>\n

Katk\u0131s\u0131 bu \u00fc\u00e7 t\u00fcr \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmadan hi\u00e7 birine girme\u00adyen, ama bilimsel y\u00f6ntem anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131, bilimin uy\u00adgar ya\u015fam i\u00e7in \u00f6nemini, uygulamaya y\u00f6nelik bil\u00adginin g\u00fc\u00e7 ve de\u011ferini i\u015fleyen yap\u0131tlar\u0131; \u201ck\u0131s\u0131r\u201d di\u00adye niteledi\u011fi skolastik d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce gelene\u011fine kar\u015f\u0131 y\u00fcreklice ortaya koydu\u011fu tepkisiyle bilim tarihi\u00adne y\u00f6n \u00e7izen bir \u00f6nc\u00fc vard\u0131r: Francis Bacon.<\/p>\n

Devam\u0131n\u0131 okumak i\u00e7in: https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2019\/07\/21\/bilimin-onculeri-francis-bacon-1561-1626\/<\/a><\/p>\n

\n

6) Gelileo Galilei (1564-1642)<\/strong><\/h3>\n

Modern bilimin olu\u015fumunda ilk at\u0131l\u0131mlar astronomide kendini g\u00f6sterdi; ama daha kapsaml\u0131 devrim 17. y\u00fczy\u0131lda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti. Temeli Galileo\u2019nun dinamik konusundaki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131yla at\u0131lan bu devrim, Newton mekani\u011fiyle yetkinli\u011fe ula\u015ft\u0131. Fizi\u011fin \u201cbabas\u0131\u201d diye an\u0131lan Galileo, ayn\u0131 zamanda, G\u00fcne\u015f-merkezli sistem i\u00e7in s\u00fcrd\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc m\u00fccadele ile d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fck etmi\u015ftir. Onun d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncemize b\u00fcy\u00fck bir katk\u0131s\u0131 da, deney sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 ile matemati\u011fi birle\u015ftirmesi, \u00f6ylece bilimsel y\u00f6ntemi bug\u00fcnk\u00fc anlamda i\u015flemi\u015f olmas\u0131d\u0131r. \u015eu s\u00f6zleri ilgin\u00e7tir:<\/p>\n

Felsefe (bilim demek istiyor) g\u00f6zlerimiz \u00f6n\u00fcnde a\u00e7\u0131k duran \u201cevren\u201d dedi\u011fimiz o g\u00f6rkemli kitapta yaz\u0131l\u0131d\u0131r. Ancak yaz\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 dili ve alfabesini \u00f6\u011frenmedik\u00e7e bu kitab\u0131 okuyamay\u0131z. Kitab\u0131n yaz\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 dil, matemati\u011fin dilidir; harfleri \u00fc\u00e7gen, daire ve di\u011fer geometrik \u015fekillerdir. Bu dil ve harfler olmaks\u0131z\u0131n, kitab\u0131n bir tek s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc anlamaya olanak yoktur.<\/p>\n

Devam\u0131n\u0131 okumak i\u00e7in: https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2019\/07\/28\/bilimin-onculeri-gelileo-galilei-1564-1642\/<\/a><\/p>\n

\n

7) Johannes Kepler (1571-1630)<\/strong><\/h3>\n

Newton,\u201cDaha ileriyi g\u00f6rebildiysem, bunu omuzlar\u0131ndan bakt\u0131\u011f\u0131m devlere bor\u00e7luyum\u201d demi\u015fti. Bu devlerden biri Galileo ise, di\u011feri Kepler\u2019dir. Kepler\u2019e gelinceye dek Kopernik sistemine dayanaks\u0131z bir hipotez ya da i\u015fe yarar matematiksel bir ara\u00e7 g\u00f6z\u00fcyle bak\u0131l\u0131yordu. Kepler, sistemin kimi d\u00fczeltmelerle bilimsel do\u011frulu\u011funu kan\u0131tlamakla kalmad\u0131, astronomiye mekanik bir kimlik kazand\u0131rd\u0131. Gen\u00e7lik co\u015fkusuyla i\u015fe koyuldu\u011funda amac\u0131 mistik inanc\u0131 do\u011frultusunda, \u201cg\u00f6ksel alemin m\u00fczikal uyumunu\u201d geometrik olarak belirlemekti; \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 noktalad\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, astronomi matematiksel d\u00fczenlemenin \u00f6tesinde fiziksel bir ger\u00e7eklik kazanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Ders kitaplar\u0131nda daha \u00e7ok \u00fc\u00e7 yasas\u0131yla bilinen Kepler, uzay fizi\u011finde sonraki kimi \u00f6nemli bulu\u015flar\u0131n ipu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 da ortaya koymu\u015ftu. Bunlar\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda eylemsizlik ilkesiyle \u00e7ekim kavram\u0131 g\u00f6sterilebilir.<\/p>\n

Devam\u0131n\u0131 okumak i\u00e7in: https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2019\/08\/04\/bilimin-onculeri-johannes-kepler-1571-1630\/<\/a><\/p>\n

\n

8) Isaac Newton (1642-1727)<\/strong><\/h3>\n

Bilimin \u00f6nc\u00fclerini tarih s\u00fcrecinde bir dizi y\u0131ld\u0131z olarak d\u00fc\u00ad\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcrsek, dizide konum ve parlakl\u0131\u011f\u0131yla hepsini bast\u0131ran iki y\u0131ld\u0131z vard\u0131r: Newton ve Einstein. Yakla\u015f\u0131k iki y\u00fczy\u0131l arayla ikisi de fizi\u011fin en temel sorunlar\u0131n\u0131 ele ald\u0131lar; ikisinin de getirdi\u011fi \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmlerin madde ve enerji d\u00fcnyas\u0131na bak\u0131\u015f\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 k\u00f6k\u00adten de\u011fi\u015ftirdi\u011fi s\u00f6ylenebilir. Newton Galileo ile Kepler\u2019in; Eins\u00adtein, Newton ile Maxwell\u2019in omuzlar\u0131nda y\u00fckselmi\u015ftir. Newton \u00e7ok yanl\u0131 bir ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131yd\u0131: matematik, mekanik, gravitasyon ve optik alanlar\u0131n\u0131n her birindeki ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131 tek ba\u015f\u0131na bir bilim insan\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6l\u00fcms\u00fcz yapmaya yeterdi. Y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131m\u0131za gelinceye dek her alanda bilime model olu\u015fturan fiziksel d\u00fcnyan\u0131n mekanik a\u00e7\u0131klamas\u0131n\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde ona bor\u00e7luyuz.<\/p>\n

Isaac Newton \u0130ngiltere\u2019de s\u0131radan bir \u00e7ift\u00e7i ailesinin \u00e7ocu\u011fu olarak d\u00fcnyaya geldi. Babas\u0131 do\u011fumundan \u00f6nce \u00f6lm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. Pre\u00admat\u00fcre do\u011fan, c\u0131l\u0131z ve sa\u011fl\u0131ks\u0131z bebek ya\u015fama umudu vermiyor\u00addu, ama t\u00fcm olumsuzluklara kar\u015f\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fcmekten geri kalmad\u0131. \u00c7ocuk daha k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck ya\u015flar\u0131nda a\u011fa\u00e7tan mekanik modeller yap\u00admaya koyulmu\u015ftu; eline ge\u00e7irdi\u011fi testere, \u00e7eki\u00e7 ve benzer ara\u00e7\u00adlarla a\u011fa\u00e7tan yel de\u011firmeni, su saati, g\u00fcne\u015f saati gibi oyuncaklar yap\u0131yordu. El becerisi dikkat \u00e7eken bir incelik sergiliyordu.<\/p>\n

Devam\u0131n\u0131 okumak i\u00e7in: https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2019\/09\/01\/bilimin-onculeri-isaac-newton-1642-1727\/<\/a><\/p>\n

\n

9) Antoine Laurent Lawoisier (1743-1794)<\/strong><\/h3>\n

Lavoisier ya\u015fam d\u00f6neminde olu\u015fan iki devrimin payla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir ki\u015fidir. Devrimlerden biri, y\u00fczy\u0131llar boyunca \u201csimya\u201d ad\u0131 alt\u0131nda s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclen \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n, bug\u00fcnk\u00fc anlamda, kimya bilimine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmesidir. Lavoisier bu devrimin kahrama\u00adn\u0131d\u0131r. \u0130kinci devrim, \u201c1789 Frans\u0131z \u0130htilali\u201d diye bilinir. Lavoisi\u00ader bu devrimin getirdi\u011fi ter\u00f6r\u00fcn kurban\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier, Parisli zengin bir ailenin \u00e7ocu\u011fu olarak d\u00fcnyaya gelir. Daha k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck ya\u015f\u0131nda iken annesini yitiren Lavoisier babas\u0131n\u0131n yak\u0131n ilgi ve bak\u0131m\u0131yla b\u00fcy\u00fcr; ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta belki de onun etkisiyle hukuk\u00e7u olmaya y\u00f6nelir. Ancak bu arada uyanan deneysel bilim merak\u0131 \u00e7ok ge\u00e7meden bir tutkuya d\u00f6n\u00fc\u00ad\u015f\u00fcr. 21 ya\u015fma yeni bast\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, Paris Sokaklar\u0131n\u0131 Ayd\u0131nlatma Proje Yar\u0131\u015fmas\u0131\u2019nda birincili\u011fi al\u0131r, Frans\u0131z Bilim Akademisi\u2019nce alt\u0131n madalya ile \u00f6d\u00fcllendirilir. 25 ya\u015f\u0131na geldi\u011finde, \u00f6zellikle kimya alan\u0131ndaki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcne al\u0131narak Akademi\u2019ye \u00fcye se\u00e7ilir. Bu arada h\u00fck\u00fcmetin \u00f6zel bir komisyonunda g\u00f6\u00adrevlendirilen gen\u00e7 bilim adam\u0131, metrik sistemin olu\u015fturulmas\u0131, Fransa\u2019n\u0131n jeolojik haritas\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmas\u0131 gibi etkinliklerden tar\u0131mda verimin y\u00fckseltilmesine uzanan pek \u00e7ok uygulamal\u0131 bilim \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 d\u00fczenler. Ayr\u0131ca o s\u0131rada bir t\u00fcr abluka alt\u0131nda olan \u00fclkesinin savunma ihtiyac\u0131 olan barutun \u00fcretim sorum\u00adlulu\u011funu \u00fcstlenir. Gen\u00e7 bilim adam\u0131 bu kadarla da yetinmez; ileride ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131 yitirmesine yol a\u00e7an bir i\u015fe, \u00fclkenin bozuk vergi sistemini d\u00fczeltme i\u015fine el atar. Ama t\u00fcm bu u\u011fra\u015flar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n Lavoisier kendisini as\u0131l ilgilendiren bilimden kopmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r; her f\u0131rsatta \u00f6zel laboratuvar\u0131na \u00e7ekilip deneylerini s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmekten geri kalmaz.<\/p>\n

Devam\u0131n\u0131 okumak i\u00e7in: https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2019\/09\/08\/bilimin-onculeri-antoine-laurent-lawoisier-1743-1794\/<\/a><\/p>\n

\n

10) John Dalton (1766-1844)<\/strong><\/h3>\n

\u0130nsano\u011flu maddenin temel par\u00e7ac\u0131k fikrine \u00e7ok eskiden ula\u015f\u00adm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Antik Yunan d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcrleri i\u00e7in toprak, hava, su ve ate\u015f t\u00fcm di\u011fer maddeleri olu\u015fturan asal nesnelerdi. Aristoteles bunlara \u201cyetkin g\u00f6ksel nesne\u201d dedi\u011fi bir be\u015fincisini eklemi\u015fti. Atom kavram\u0131m ilk kez ortaya atan Democritus ise bir par\u00e7a\u00adc\u0131\u011f\u0131n belli bir k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fckl\u00fckle s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 kald\u0131\u011f\u0131, daha fazla b\u00f6l\u00fcnmeye elvermedi\u011fi savmdayd\u0131. Ona g\u00f6re, t\u00fcm maddeleri olu\u015fturan a\u00adtomlar tek t\u00fcrden nesnelerdi. Maddelerin g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcrdeki farkl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 atomlar\u0131n sadece de\u011fi\u015fik d\u00fczenlenmelerinden ileri gelmekteydi.<\/p>\n

19. y\u00fczy\u0131la gelinceye dek bu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncede belli bir ilerleme g\u00f6z\u00adlenmez, ilk kez John Dalton modern atom teorisine yol a\u00e7an bir at\u0131l\u0131m i\u00e7ine girer. Atom, molek\u00fcl, element ve bile\u015fiklere ili\u015fkin kimya alan\u0131nda g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze de\u011fin s\u00fcren ba\u015fl\u0131ca geli\u015fmelerin bu at\u0131l\u0131mdan kaynakland\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6ylenebilir.<\/p>\n

Devam\u0131n\u0131 okumak i\u00e7in: https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2019\/09\/15\/bilimin-onculeri-john-dalton-1766-1844\/<\/a><\/p>\n

\n

11) Michael Faraday (1791-1867)<\/strong><\/h3>\n

Bilimin \u00f6nc\u00fcleri aras\u0131nda, modern ya\u015fam ko\u015fullar\u0131 \u00fczerindeki etkisi bak\u0131m\u0131ndan, Faraday ile boy \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fc\u015fe\u00adbilecek bir ba\u015fka ad kolayca g\u00f6sterilemez. \u201cDeneysel Bilimin Prensi\u201d Faraday, bir \u00f6mre s\u0131\u011fmayacak say\u0131da \u00f6nemli pek \u00e7ok \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ortaya koydu: Kimya, elektrokimya, metal\u00fcrji alanlar\u0131nda pratik sonu\u00e7lar\u0131ndan bug\u00fcn de yararland\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z de\u00adneyler yapt\u0131. Maden ocaklar\u0131nda kullan\u0131lan Davy lambas\u0131n\u0131 ge\u00adli\u015ftirmede katk\u0131lar\u0131 oldu. Elektrokimyadaki deneyleriyle kendi ad\u0131yla bilinen elektroliz yasalar\u0131na ula\u015ft\u0131. Deneysel olarak, bir maddeden ge\u00e7en belli miktarda elektrik ak\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n, o maddenin bile\u015fenlerinde belli miktarda bir \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcl\u00fcme yol a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6ster\u00addi. Bu sonu\u00e7 ilk elektrik saya\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n \u00fcretimine olanak verir. Faraday\u2019\u0131n bir ba\u015fka \u00f6nemli katk\u0131s\u0131 da \u201camper\u201d denilen ak\u0131m biriminin kesin tan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 vermi\u015f olmas\u0131d\u0131r. Elektrolizde ge\u00e7en \u201celektrot\u201d, \u201canot\u201d, \u201ckatot\u201d, \u201celektrolit\u201d, \u201ciyon\u201d vb. terimleri de ona bor\u00e7luyuz.<\/p>\n

Devam\u0131n\u0131 okumak i\u00e7in: https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2019\/09\/22\/bilimin-onculeri-michael-faraday-1791-1867\/<\/a><\/p>\n

\n

12) Charles Darwin (1809-1882)<\/strong><\/h3>\n

D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce tarihinde pek az bilim adam\u0131 Darwin \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcs\u00fcnde tepki \u00e7ekmi\u015ftir. Evrim kuram\u0131n\u0131 i\u00e7ine sindiremeyenler onu hi\u00e7bir zaman ba\u011f\u0131\u015flamam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6nem\u00adde, \u201cMaymunla akrabal\u0131k ba\u011f\u0131n annen taraf\u0131ndan m\u0131, baban taraf\u0131ndan m\u0131?\u201d diye alaya al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde ise daha ileri giden, onu bir \u201c\u015farlatan\u201d, dahas\u0131 bir \u201c\u015feytan\u201d diye karalamak isteyen \u00e7evreler vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Bir biliminsan\u0131na g\u00f6sterilen bu tepkinin nedeni neydi? Dar\u00adwin kimdir, ne yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131?<\/p>\n

Devam\u0131n\u0131 okumak i\u00e7in: https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2019\/09\/29\/bilimin-onculeri-charles-darwin-1809-1882\/<\/a><\/p>\n

\n

13) Johann Gregor Mendel (1822-1884)<\/strong><\/h3>\n

\u2018Bilim insan\u0131\u2019 deyince \u00e7o\u011fumuzun g\u00f6z\u00fcnde laboratuvar\u00adda deneylerine g\u00f6m\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f, ak \u00f6nl\u00fckl\u00fc, g\u00f6zl\u00fckl\u00fc biri canlan\u0131r. Oysa bilimin \u00f6nc\u00fcleri aras\u0131nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 kum \u00fczerinde (Ar\u015fimet), e\u011fik kulede (Galileo), \u00e7iftlikte (New\u00adton), do\u011fa ara\u015ft\u0131rma gemisinde (Darwin), patent b\u00fcrosunda (Einstein) yapanlar\u0131 biliyoruz. Bilim d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnsel bir etkinliktir; ye\u00adri laboratuvarla de\u011fil, zek\u00e2, imgelem ve isten\u00e7 g\u00fcc\u00fcyle s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131d\u0131r. Bunun \u00e7arp\u0131c\u0131 bir \u00f6rne\u011fini \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 aral\u0131ks\u0131z 20 y\u0131l manast\u0131r bah\u00e7esinde s\u00fcrd\u00fcren Ke\u015fi\u015f Mendel vermi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Genetik biliminin kurucusu Gregor Mendel, Avusturya \u0130mpa\u00adratorlu\u011fu\u2019na dahil \u00c7ekoslavakya\u2019da yoksul bir k\u00f6yl\u00fc \u00e7ocu\u011fu ola\u00adrak d\u00fcnyaya gelir. O zaman k\u0131rsal kesimde h\u00e2l\u00e2 bir t\u00fcr derebey\u00adlik d\u00fczeni egemendi. Topraks\u0131z k\u00f6yl\u00fcler i\u00e7in bo\u011faz toklu\u011funa \u0131rgatl\u0131k d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda fazla bir se\u00e7enek yoktu; tek kurtulu\u015f yolu belki de e\u011fitimdi. Ne var ki, e\u011fitim de \u00e7o\u011funluk ilkokulla s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 kal\u00admaktayd\u0131; daha ilerisi i\u00e7in halk\u0131n parasal g\u00fcc\u00fc yoktu. Herkes gi\u00adbi Gregor\u2019un da do\u011fu\u015ftan al\u0131n yaz\u0131s\u0131 babas\u0131 gibi ren\u00e7ber olmakt\u0131. Ama hay\u0131r, bu \u00e7ocuk d\u00fczenin koydu\u011fu engeli a\u015facak, kendine \u00f6zg\u00fc kararl\u0131l\u0131k i\u00e7inde yetene\u011fini ortaya koyacakt\u0131, ilkokuldaki ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131 g\u00f6z kama\u015ft\u0131r\u0131c\u0131yd\u0131. \u00d6\u011fretmenlerinin \u0131srar\u0131 \u00fczerine aile, sonunda \u00e7ocu\u011fun orta\u00f6\u011frenimi i\u00e7in izin verir. Gregor, evinden uzakta alt\u0131 y\u0131l bir yurtta yetersiz bak\u0131m ve beslenme ko\u015fullar\u0131na g\u00f6\u011f\u00fcs gererek okur; ama, ac\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 uzun y\u0131llar \u00e7ekece\u011fi yorgun, c\u0131l\u0131z ve sa\u011fl\u0131ks\u0131z bir bedenle mezun olur.<\/p>\n

Devam\u0131n\u0131 okumak i\u00e7in: https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2019\/10\/06\/bilimin-onculeri-johann-gregor-mendel-1822-1884\/<\/a><\/p>\n

\n

14) Louis Pasteur (1822-1895)<\/strong><\/h3>\n

Bilim tarihinde pek az bilim adam\u0131 Louis Pasteur \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00adde insan ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131 do\u011frudan etkileyen bulu\u015flar ortaya koymu\u015ftur. G\u00fcnl\u00fck dilimize bile ge\u00e7en \u201cpast\u00f6rizasyon\u201d terimi onun bulu\u015flar\u0131ndan yaln\u0131zca birini dile getirmektedir. Kristaller \u00fczerindeki kuramsal \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra kimi hastal\u0131klara ba\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131k sa\u011flama yolundaki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131, bu arada \u00f6zellikle \u201c\u015farbon\u201d (ya da antraks) denilen koyun ve s\u0131\u011f\u0131rlarda g\u00f6r\u00fclen bula\u015f\u0131c\u0131 hastal\u0131kla kuduza kar\u015f\u0131 geli\u015ftirdi\u011fi a\u015f\u0131 y\u00f6ntemi ona d\u00fcnya \u00e7ap\u0131nda \u00fcn kazand\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bug\u00fcn Fransa\u2019da pek \u00e7ok bulvar ve alan onun ad\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131maktad\u0131r. Kendi kurdu\u011fu \u201cPasteur Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc\u201d d\u00fcnyan\u0131n \u00f6nde gelen ara\u015ft\u0131rma merkezlerinden biri\u00addir. Frans\u0131zlar\u2019\u0131n g\u00f6z\u00fcnde Pasteur ulusal bir kahramansa, bunun nedeni onun yaln\u0131zca b\u00fcy\u00fck bir bilim adam\u0131 olmas\u0131 de\u011fil, ayn\u0131 zamanda, ya\u015fam\u0131 boyunca ortaya koydu\u011fu \u00f6zveri ve insanl\u0131\u011fa hizmet tutkusuydu.<\/p>\n

Louis, Frans\u0131z Devrimi\u2019yle \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne kavu\u015fan bir k\u00f6lenin torunuydu. Babas\u0131, Napolyon Ordusu\u2019nda \u00fcst\u00fcn at\u0131l\u0131m g\u00fcc\u00fcyle \u201cLegion de Honour\u201d alan bir astsubayd\u0131. Baba Pasteur\u2019\u00fcn, Na\u00adpolyan\u2019un d\u00fc\u015fmesiyle ordudan ayr\u0131lmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n Imparator\u2019un an\u0131s\u0131na besledi\u011fi derin ba\u011fl\u0131l\u0131k duygusu, ilerde o\u011flu Louis\u2019in ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc diren\u00e7 ve yeteneklerini de y\u00f6nlendiren kat\u0131ks\u0131z yurt\u00adseverli\u011fe d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc.<\/p>\n

Devam\u0131n\u0131 okumak i\u00e7in: https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2019\/10\/13\/bilimin-onculerilouis-pasteur-1822-1895\/<\/a><\/p>\n

\n

15) Marie Curie (1867-1934)<\/strong><\/h3>\n

\u201cArt\u0131k dayanamad\u0131\u011f\u0131m bu a\u015fa\u011f\u0131l\u0131k d\u00fcnyaya veda etmek istiyorum. Neyse ki yoklu\u011fum b\u00fcy\u00fck bir kay\u0131p olmayacak!\u201d Bu s\u00f6zler gen\u00e7 ya\u015f\u0131nda sevgilisine kavu\u015famayan g\u00fczel bir k\u0131z\u0131n mutsuzluk \u00e7\u0131\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131. Bu k\u0131z 17 ya\u015f\u0131nda iken ilerde iki kez Nobel \u00d6d\u00fcl\u00fc kazanan t\u00fcm zamanlar\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck bilim kad\u0131n\u0131 olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 nas\u0131l bilebilirdi ki. Hem de do\u011fup b\u00fcy\u00fcd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc \u00fclkesinde de\u011fil, \u00f6\u011frenim i\u00e7in gitti\u011fi yabanc\u0131 bir \u00fclkede!<\/p>\n

Manya Sklodowska, Polonya\u2019n\u0131n ba\u015fkenti Var\u015fova\u2019da d\u00fcnyaya geldi. K\u00f6y k\u00f6kenli ana-babas\u0131 salt e\u011fitim tutkusuyla gen\u00e7 ya\u015flar\u0131nda ba\u015fkente g\u00f6\u00e7m\u00fc\u015flerdi. Babas\u0131 lisede fizik ve matematik \u00f6\u011fretmeni, annesi usta bir piyanist olmu\u015ftu. Manya 10 ya\u015f\u0131na geldi\u011finde, annesinin \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcyle ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131n ilk derin ac\u0131s\u0131na g\u00f6m\u00fcld\u00fc. O d\u00f6nemde Polonya, \u00c7arl\u0131k Rusya\u2019n\u0131n egemenli\u011fi alt\u0131ndayd\u0131. \u00d6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck aray\u0131\u015flar\u0131na olanak tan\u0131nmamakta, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir k\u0131p\u0131rdama \u201cisyan\u201d diye ac\u0131mazs\u0131zca bast\u0131r\u0131lmaktayd\u0131. Yabanc\u0131 boyunduru\u011funda olmay\u0131 i\u00e7ine sindiremeyen toplumun ayd\u0131n kesiminde yer alan Manya\u2019n\u0131n babas\u0131 \u00e7ok ge\u00e7meden okuldaki g\u00f6revinden uzakla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131. D\u00f6rt \u00e7ocuklu aile i\u00e7in s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 g\u00fcnler ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131 ama, baba kararl\u0131yd\u0131. \u00c7ocuklar\u0131n\u0131n e\u011fitimi i\u00e7in hi\u00e7bir \u00f6zveriden geri kalmayacakt\u0131. Manya, liseyi birincilikle bitirdi ve alt\u0131n madalyayla \u00f6d\u00fcllendirildi. Kendisinden \u00f6nce iki karde\u015fi de ayn\u0131 \u00f6d\u00fcl\u00fc alm\u0131\u015flard\u0131. Y\u00fcksek\u00f6\u011frenim olana\u011f\u0131 bulamayan Manya baba oca\u011f\u0131 k\u00f6ye g\u00f6nderildi; ilerde \u00f6zlemini hep duydu\u011fu, bir y\u0131l s\u00fcren g\u00fczel bir tatil ya\u015fad\u0131. En \u00e7ok ho\u015fland\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u015fey de, gece yar\u0131lar\u0131na uzanan dansl\u0131 e\u011flencelere kat\u0131lmakt\u0131.<\/p>\n

Devam\u0131n\u0131 okumak i\u00e7in: https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2019\/11\/02\/bilimin-onculeri-marie-curie-1867-1934\/<\/a><\/p>\n

\n

16) Max Planck (1858-1947)<\/strong><\/h3>\n

\u00dcnl\u00fc deneysel fizik bilgini Rutherford, 1923\u2019te \u0130ngiliz Bilimler Akademisi\u2019nde ortal\u0131\u011f\u0131 bast\u0131ran g\u00fcr sesiyle, \u201cFizi\u011fin \u015fahland\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir \u00e7a\u011fda ya\u015f\u0131yoruz!\u201d diyordu. Bu \u015fahlan\u0131\u015f\u0131n \u00f6nc\u00fclerinden biri Einstein, biri de Planck\u2019t\u0131 ku\u015fku\u00adsuz. Einstein, g\u00f6recelik kuramlar\u0131yla klasik mekani\u011fin temel ilkelerini a\u015fm\u0131\u015f; uzay, zaman ve gravitasyon kavramlar\u0131na yeni boyutlar kazand\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Planck ise enerji ve radyasyon \u00fczerin\u00addeki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131yla kuvantum teorisinin temellerini atm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n

Max Planck, Almanya\u2019da entelekt\u00fcel bir aile \u00e7evresinde b\u00fc\u00ady\u00fcr. Babas\u0131 hukuk dal\u0131nda, se\u00e7kin bir profes\u00f6rd\u00fc. Orta\u00f6\u011freni\u00admini M\u00fcnih\u2019te Max Millian Jimnazyumu\u2019nda tamamlayan Max, bilime g\u00f6n\u00fcl vermi\u015f bir \u00f6\u011fretmenin etkisinde fizi\u011fe \u00f6zel bir il\u00adgiyle ba\u011flan\u0131r; bir yandan da ailesinin sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 olanakla piyano dersleri al\u0131r. Fizik \u00f6\u011frenimi i\u00e7in \u00fcniversiteye ba\u015fvurdu\u011funda, d\u00f6nemin b\u00fcy\u00fck fizik\u00e7isi Hermann Helmholtz (1821 \u2013 1894), \u201cFizikte art\u0131k yap\u0131lacak fazla bir \u015fey kalmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r; ilerlemeye a\u00e7\u0131k ba\u015fka bir bilim dal\u0131n\u0131 se\u00e7sen daha iyi olur\u201d demi\u015fti. Ama Max, \u00e7ocukluk hayalinden kopmamaya kararl\u0131yd\u0131. \u00dcstelik, \u00fcniversite \u00f6\u011freniminde, Helmholtz ve Kirchof gibi ger\u00e7ekten se\u00e7kin profe\u00ads\u00f6rlerin \u00f6\u011frencisi olman\u0131n kendisi i\u00e7in ka\u00e7\u0131r\u0131lmaz bir f\u0131rsat oldu\u00ad\u011funu biliyordu. M\u00fcnih ve Berlin \u00dcniversiteleri\u2019nde \u00f6\u011frenimini s\u00fcrd\u00fcren gen\u00e7 fizik\u00e7inin hidrojen \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcl\u00fcm\u00fcne ili\u015fkin doktora tezi, t\u00fcm meslek ya\u015fam\u0131ndaki tek deneysel \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 olarak ka\u00adlacakt\u0131. As\u0131l ilgi alan\u0131 matematiksel fizik olan Planck, ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc yetene\u011fiyle k\u0131sa s\u00fcrede meslek \u00e7evresinin dikkatini \u00e7eker; daha 30 ya\u015f\u0131nda iken Berlin \u00dcniversitesi fizik k\u00fcrs\u00fcs\u00fcne atan\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Devam\u0131n\u0131 okumak i\u00e7in: https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2019\/11\/10\/bilimin-onculeri-max-planck-1858-1947\/<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

2019 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131 geride b\u0131rak\u0131p 2020 y\u0131l\u0131na girerken y\u0131l i\u00e7inde “Bilimin \u00d6nc\u00fcleri” k\u00f6\u015fesinde yer verdi\u011fimiz biliminsanlar\u0131ndan baz\u0131lar\u0131na yer verdi\u011fimiz bir derleme haz\u0131rlad\u0131k. Yeni y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131z Bilim ve Gelecek ile ge\u00e7sin! 1) Archimedes (Ar\u015fimet) (M\u00d6 287-212) Se\u00e7kin bilim insanlar\u0131 \u00e7o\u011funluk kimi \u00e7arp\u0131c\u0131 imajlarla haf\u0131zalarda yer etmi\u015ftir: Engizisyon \u00f6n\u00fcnde sorgulanan Galileo; dal\u0131ndan kopan el\u00adman\u0131n yere d\u00fc\u015fmesiyle, ay\u0131n d\u00fcnya \u00e7evresinde\u00adki […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":429,"featured_media":39295,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[19],"tags":[5696,5527,4017,5387,2375],"class_list":["post-39294","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-bilim-gundemi","tag-5696","tag-bilimin-onculeri","tag-charles-darwin","tag-johann-gregor-mendel","tag-marie-curie"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t