{"id":39333,"date":"2019-12-29T13:02:20","date_gmt":"2019-12-29T10:02:20","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/?p=39333"},"modified":"2019-12-29T13:02:20","modified_gmt":"2019-12-29T10:02:20","slug":"21-soru-ve-yanitlari-ile-istanbul-kanali","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2019\/12\/29\/21-soru-ve-yanitlari-ile-istanbul-kanali","title":{"rendered":"21 soru ve yan\u0131tlar\u0131 ile \u0130stanbul Kanal\u0131"},"content":{"rendered":"

Kanal projesinin (uygulanma\u011fa kalk\u0131\u015f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 takdirde) kara ve deniz ekosistemlerini yok edece\u011fi, halk\u0131n g\u00f6\u00e7 etmesine sebep olaca\u011f\u0131, b\u00f6lgeyi ya\u015fanamaz bir \u00e7\u00f6le d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrece\u011fi ve de Trakya\u2019y\u0131 savunulamaz duruma getirece\u011fi a\u00e7\u0131k ve se\u00e7ik olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. Bu boyuttaki bir kanaldan akan suyun h\u0131z\u0131 da dikkate al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, b\u00fcy\u00fck tonajl\u0131 gemilerin ge\u00e7irilmesi de m\u00fcmk\u00fcn g\u00f6r\u00fcnmemektedir. Do\u011fal suyolu olan Karadeniz Bo\u011faz\u0131 varken bu kanaldan para ile gemi ge\u00e7irme\u011fe kalk\u0131\u015fmak anlams\u0131zd\u0131r. \u00d6zetle, b\u00f6yle bir kanala T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin ihtiyac\u0131 yoktur.<\/em><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong>SORU 1. <\/strong>\u0130STANBUL KANALI NEREDE A\u00c7ILACAKTIR?
\n<\/strong>Karadeniz-Marmara Kanal\u0131 i\u00e7in farkl\u0131 g\u00fczerg\u00e2hlar \u00fczerinde de\u011ferlendirmeler yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00c7ED Ba\u015fvuru Dosyas\u0131nda 3 ayr\u0131 ge\u00e7i\u015f yolu aras\u0131nda \u00f6nerilen g\u00fczerg\u00e2h; Durusu G\u00f6l\u00fc\u2019n\u00fcn do\u011fusundan ba\u015flat\u0131l\u0131p, Sazl\u0131dere Baraj\u0131 \u00fczerinden K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck \u00c7ekmece G\u00f6l\u00fc\u2019ne ula\u015fmaktad\u0131r (Harita1.)<\/p>\n

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Harita 1. Trakya\u2019n\u0131n arazi yap\u0131s\u0131, do\u011falgaz boru hatt\u0131 ile \u0130stanbul Kanal\u0131<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

SORU 2. <\/strong>KARADEN\u0130Z \u0130LE MARMARA DEN\u0130Z\u0130 ARASINDA B\u0130R KANAL A\u00c7MAK F\u0130KR\u0130 NEREDEN GELMEKTED\u0130R?
\n<\/strong>\u0130kinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019ndan sonra Demirperde \u00fclkelerinin Avrupa ve T\u00fcrkiye \u00fczerine yapabilecekleri askeri sald\u0131r\u0131 harek\u00e2t\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 ABD\u2019de baz\u0131 savunma projeleri geli\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir. Bu \u00e7er\u00e7evede \u0130stanbul\u2019un bat\u0131dan gelecek bir z\u0131rhl\u0131 birlik sald\u0131r\u0131s\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 savunulmas\u0131 i\u00e7in de \u201cSu kanal\u0131\u201d olu\u015fturulmas\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f ve buna ait bir de harita yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (Harita 2.). Bu projedeki kanal\u0131n g\u00fczerg\u00e2h\u0131 Durusu (Terkos) G\u00f6l\u00fc\u2019n\u00fcn bat\u0131s\u0131ndan, B\u00fcy\u00fck \u00c7ekmece G\u00f6l\u00fc\u2019ne uzanan al\u00e7ak arazi ile vadiyi izlemektedir. Ancak ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmesi \u00e7ok g\u00fc\u00e7 ve pahal\u0131 oldu\u011fu gibi, Trakya\u2019n\u0131n savunulmas\u0131n\u0131 imk\u00e2ns\u0131zla\u015ft\u0131raca\u011f\u0131 (savunma, geri \u00e7ekilme, takviye ve kar\u015f\u0131 h\u00fccum) ve yarataca\u011f\u0131 di\u011fer olumsuz etkiler de\u011ferlendirilerek, proje g\u00fcndem d\u0131\u015f\u0131 b\u0131rak\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

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Harita 2. ABD\u2019de 1950 y\u0131l\u0131nda Marmara Denizi ve \u0130stanbul\u2019un savunulmas\u0131 amac\u0131 ile \u00c7atalca
Yar\u0131madas\u0131 ve Gelibolu Yar\u0131madas\u0131-Evre\u015fe Ovas\u0131\u2019nda a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131 \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f olan kanallar<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

SORU 3. <\/strong>\u0130STANBUL KANALININ BOYUTLARI NASILDIR?
\n<\/strong>Kanal\u0131n boyu 45 km, eni y\u00fczeyde 360 m, tabanda 275 m ve derinli\u011fi 25 m olarak belirlenmi\u015ftir. Kanal derinli\u011fi Ekim 2019 \u00c7ED raporunda 17 m\u2019dir. Ge\u00e7irilmesi \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclen gemilerin su \u00e7ekimi 17 m olup, hesaplar\u0131m\u0131zda kanal derinli\u011fi i\u00e7in 25 m kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Kanal\u0131n<\/p>\n

35 km\u2019lik b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc arazide, 10 km\u2019lik b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc ise K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck \u00c7ekmece G\u00f6l\u00fc\u2019ndedir. Kanal\u0131n geni\u015fli\u011fi, Sazl\u0131dere baraj g\u00f6l\u00fcnde artacak ve K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck \u00c7ekmece G\u00f6l\u00fc\u2019nde 1000 m\u2019ye ula\u015facakt\u0131r (Tablo 1). Ancak tuzlu su K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck \u00c7ekmece G\u00f6l\u00fc\u2019n\u00fcn tamam\u0131n\u0131 etkileyecektir.<\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n

SORU 4. <\/strong>\u0130STANBUL KANALININ A\u00c7ILACA\u011eI ARAZ\u0130N\u0130N \u015eEKL\u0130 NASILDIR?
\n<\/strong>\u0130stanbul Kanal\u0131\u2019n\u0131n kaz\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 arazi Dursunk\u00f6y-Sazl\u0131dere Baraj\u0131 – K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck \u00c7ekmece G\u00f6l\u00fc do\u011frultusunda y\u00fckseltisi 10-120 m aras\u0131nda olan al\u00e7ak tepelik yap\u0131dad\u0131r (Kesit 1). Bu arazide deniz seviyesinde bir kanal kazmak i\u00e7in kal\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131 70 m kadar olan kire\u00e7 ta\u015f\u0131ndan olu\u015fmu\u015f kayalar\u0131 patlatma ile gev\u015fetmek ve kaz\u0131p ta\u015f\u0131mak gerekecektir.<\/p>\n

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Kesit 1. Karadeniz \u2013 Dursun K\u00f6y \u2013 Sazl\u0131dere Baraj\u0131 \u2013 K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck \u00c7ekmece G\u00f6l\u00fc \u2013 Marmara Denizi
kesitinde kanal. (1\/200 000 \u00f6l\u00e7ekli haritadan al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

SORU 5. <\/strong>\u0130STANBUL KANALI \u0130\u00c7\u0130N NE KADAR KAZI YAPILACAKTIR?
\n<\/strong>Kanalda sadece su kesiti i\u00e7in kara alan\u0131nda 277,812 milyon m\u00b3 kayan\u0131n ve materyalin kaz\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 hesaplanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck \u00c7ekmece G\u00f6l\u00fc taban\u0131nda da 115 milyon m\u00b3 \u00e7amurun kaz\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 bildirilmi\u015ftir. Yan ve alt beton kaplamalar\u0131 ve \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmada kullan\u0131lacak ara\u00e7lar\u0131n manevra alan\u0131 i\u00e7in yap\u0131lacak kaz\u0131 hacmi ve kanal \u00fcst\u00fcndeki arazi de g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcne al\u0131narak, yap\u0131lacak ger\u00e7ek kaz\u0131 2,249-2,425 milyar m3<\/sup> aras\u0131nda hesaplanmaktad\u0131r. Bu materyal kaz\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda % 40 kadar hac\u0131m art\u0131\u015f\u0131 olaca\u011f\u0131 da hesaba kat\u0131l\u0131rsa, ta\u015f\u0131nmas\u0131 ve y\u0131\u011f\u0131lmas\u0131 gereken kaz\u0131 materyali hacminin yo\u011funlu\u011fa ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak 4,851-6,063 milyar m3<\/sup>\u2019e ula\u015faca\u011f\u0131 sonucuna var\u0131lmaktad\u0131r (Tablo 2.1. ve 2.2.).<\/p>\n

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SORU 6. <\/strong>KANALIN \u00c7EVRES\u0130NDEK\u0130 ARAZ\u0130N\u0130N KULLANIMI NASIL OLACAKTIR?
\n<\/strong>Kanal \u00e7evresinde arazi kullan\u0131m\u0131na, ula\u015f\u0131ma ve \u00e7evresine olacak baz\u0131 olumsuz etkiler \u015f\u00f6yle \u00f6zetlenebilir (\u015eekil 1).<\/p>\n

1) Kanal\u0131n \u00e7evresindeki tar\u0131m, otlak ve orman alanlar\u0131 yerle\u015fime (kentle\u015fmeye) a\u00e7\u0131lacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

2) Kanal kaz\u0131 ve in\u015faat alan\u0131 ile \u00e7evresindeki k\u00f6yler de yok olacakt\u0131r. Arazisi kamula\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lan veya sat\u0131n al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f olan halk, ge\u00e7im kaynaklar\u0131 da yok edildi\u011fi i\u00e7in, g\u00f6\u00e7 etmek zorunda kalacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

3) \u0130stanbul\u2019un su kaynaklar\u0131ndan Sazl\u0131dere Baraj\u0131 yok olacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

4) Kire\u00e7 ta\u015f\u0131 arazisinde kaz\u0131 i\u00e7in yap\u0131lacak patlatmalar binlerce y\u0131ll\u0131k su s\u0131z\u0131nt\u0131 sistemini (\u00e7atlak sistemi) yok edecektir. Kire\u00e7 ta\u015f\u0131 \u00e7atlak sisteminden s\u0131z\u0131p, kaynaklar\u0131 besleyen sular\u0131n yollar\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fecektir. Bu patlatmalar\u0131n yarataca\u011f\u0131 yer sars\u0131nt\u0131s\u0131 etkileri sadece kanal \u00e7evresinde de\u011fil, b\u00fct\u00fcn \u00c7atalca Yar\u0131madas\u0131\u2019nda (Durusu G\u00f6l\u00fc ile B\u00fcy\u00fck \u00c7ekmece G\u00f6l\u00fc\u2019n\u00fc besleyen yeralt\u0131 suyu kaynaklar\u0131) ve Ergene Havzas\u0131 i\u00e7in ge\u00e7erlidir. S\u00f6n\u00fcml\u00fc patlatmalar yap\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 yaz\u0131l\u0131p s\u00f6ylense de geni\u015f ve \u00fcst\u00fc a\u00e7\u0131k alanda uygulanamayacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

5) Kanaldan akacak olan Karadeniz suyu K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck\u00e7ekmece G\u00f6l\u00fc\u2019n\u00fc (tatl\u0131 su g\u00f6l\u00fc) dolduracak, dip \u00e7amurunu Marmara Denizi\u2019ne ta\u015f\u0131yacakt\u0131r. Marmara Denizi daha da kirlenecektir.<\/p>\n

6) Kanalda olacak bir petrol veya gaz tankeri yang\u0131n\u0131, \u00e7evresindeki yerle\u015fim alanlar\u0131n\u0131n da yanmas\u0131na veya dumandan bo\u011fulmas\u0131na sebep olacakt\u0131r. Geminin yan d\u00f6nmesi halinde tuzlu su ta\u015facak, Durusu G\u00f6l\u00fc\u2019ne, havaalan\u0131na ve \u00e7evredeki araziye akacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

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\u015eekil 1. \u0130stanbul Kanal\u0131 ve \u00e7evresi ile havaliman\u0131n\u0131n g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fc<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

SORU 7. <\/strong>KANAL \u00c7EVRES\u0130NDEK\u0130 ARAZ\u0130 KULLANIMINDA OLACAK DE\u011e\u0130\u015e\u0130M.
\n<\/strong>Arazi kullan\u0131m\u0131 tamamen de\u011fi\u015ftirilecektir. \u00d6zetle:<\/p>\n

1) Kanal ve \u00e7evresindeki mevcut arazi kullan\u0131m\u0131 tablo 3 (1)\u2019de verilmi\u015ftir. Bu verilere g\u00f6re 7915,96 ha tar\u0131m alan\u0131, 448,71 ha \u00e7ay\u0131r, 641,74 ha mera, 1217,1 ha orman [445,3 ha orman+771,8 \u00e7al\u0131la\u015fm\u0131\u015f orman (Fundal\u0131k)] ve 1199,72 ha yerle\u015fim alan\u0131 bulunmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

2) Tablo 3 (2)\u2019de tar\u0131m alan\u0131 3567,29 ha olarak verilmi\u015ftir. Di\u011fer alanlarda da azalmalar vard\u0131r (\u00c7ED raporu, Ekim 2019).<\/p>\n

3) Tablo 3 (2)\u2019de tar\u0131m alan\u0131nda % 52,16 oran\u0131ndaki azalma dikkat \u00e7ekicidir. \u0130ki proje de\u011ferlendirmesi aras\u0131nda bu kadar fark olamaz. Bu fark b\u00f6lgede sat\u0131n al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f olan tar\u0131m alanlar\u0131 tapular\u0131n\u0131 kaps\u0131yor olabilir. Ciddi bir ara\u015ft\u0131rma yap\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekmektedir.<\/p>\n

4) \u00d6te yandan \u00c7evre ve \u015eehircilik Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan Dursunk\u00f6y ile Arnavutk\u00f6y arazisinde 1\/100 000 \u00f6l\u00e7ekli plan de\u011fi\u015ftirilip (2018) 279,66 ha alan imara a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu giri\u015fim y\u00f6redeki di\u011fer arazilerin gelece\u011fi hakk\u0131nda da fikir vermektedir (Bkz. \u015eekil 2).<\/p>\n

SORU 8. <\/strong>KANALDAN GE\u00c7\u0130R\u0130LMES\u0130 \u00d6NG\u00d6R\u00dcLEN GEM\u0130 BOYUTLARI NED\u0130R?
\n<\/strong>Kanaldan ge\u00e7irilmesi \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclen gemiler ba\u015fl\u0131ca; akaryak\u0131t tankerleri ve konteyn\u0131r gemileri olarak 2 s\u0131n\u0131fa ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Akaryak\u0131t tankerlerinin y\u00fck\u00fc 145 000 DWT i\u00e7in se\u00e7ilmi\u015ftir. Bu tankerlerin boyu 275 m, eni 48 m, su \u00e7ekimi 17,2 m olarak verilmi\u015ftir. Kanaldan ge\u00e7irilebilecek en b\u00fcy\u00fck konteyn\u0131r gemileri 120 000 DWT y\u00fck boyutunda olup, bunlar\u0131n boyu 340 m, eni 48,2 (do\u011frusu 42,8) m, su \u00e7ekimi 15 (do\u011frusu 14,5) m olarak verilmi\u015ftir. Gemi boyutlar\u0131n\u0131n SUEZMAX boyutlar\u0131na g\u00f6re belirlendi\u011fi anla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r (Tablo 4). Daha sonraki \u00c7ED dosyas\u0131nda kanal su derinli\u011finin 17,2 ve 20 m verilmesi ger\u00e7ek de\u011ferlere uymamaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

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Tablo 3: \u0130stanbul Kanal\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma alan\u0131nda arazi kullan\u0131m\u0131<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

SORU 9. <\/strong>\u0130STANBUL BO\u011eAZI\u2019NDAN GE\u00c7EN GEM\u0130LER\u0130N SAYISI NED\u0130R?
\n<\/strong>\u0130stanbul Bo\u011faz\u0131\u2019ndan 17 t\u00fcr gemi ge\u00e7mektedir. 2006-2017 d\u00f6neminde ge\u00e7en gemi say\u0131s\u0131 y\u0131lda ortalama 45575-56886 aras\u0131nda belirlenmi\u015ftir. G\u00fcnl\u00fck ortalama gemi ge\u00e7i\u015fi 122-160 aras\u0131nda hesaplanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bunlar\u0131n tonajlar\u0131 ve boyutlar\u0131 farkl\u0131d\u0131r. En \u00e7ok ge\u00e7en gemi t\u00fcrleri; d\u00f6kme y\u00fck gemisi, genel kargo gemisi, konteyn\u0131r gemisi, petrol tankerleri, kimyasal y\u00fck tankerleri ve s\u0131v\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f gaz tankerleridir.<\/p>\n

SORU 10. <\/strong>\u0130STANBUL BO\u011eAZI\u2019NDAK\u0130 TANKER YANGINI KAZALARININ SAYISI NED\u0130R?
\n<\/strong>\u0130stanbul Bo\u011faz\u0131\u2019nda 3 \u00f6nemli tanker yang\u0131n\u0131 olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

1) 14.12.1960 saat 02.30\u2019da Yunan bayrakl\u0131 gemi World Harmony ile Yugoslav petrol tankeri<\/p>\n

Peter Zoranic \u00e7arp\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015f ve yanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

2) 14-15.11.1979 Libya\u2019dan ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 96 bin tonluk ham petrol\u00fc K\u00f6stence Liman\u0131\u2019na g\u00f6t\u00fcrmekte olan 150 bin grostonluk Rumen tankeri \u0130ndependenta, Karadeniz y\u00f6n\u00fcnden gelen Yunan kosteri Evriali\u2019yle saat 05.30\u2019da \u00e7arp\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Tanker Haydarpa\u015fa Dalgak\u0131ran\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131\u011f\u0131nda yanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

3) 13 Mart 1994 saat 22:20\u2019de Karadeniz\u2019den Marmara Denizi\u2019ne ge\u00e7mek \u00fczere \u0130stanbul Bo\u011faz\u0131\u2019na giren K\u0131br\u0131s Rum Bayrakl\u0131 Nassia adl\u0131 ham petrol y\u00fckl\u00fc tanker ile Marmara Denizi\u2019nden Karadeniz\u2019e \u00e7\u0131kmakta olan ayn\u0131 \u00fclke bayrakl\u0131 Shipbroker adl\u0131 kuru y\u00fck gemisi, Bo\u011faz\u2019\u0131n Hamsi Liman\u0131-Filburnu hatt\u0131nda \u00e7arp\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015f ve yanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

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\u015eekil 2. \u00c7evre ve \u015eehircilik Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131, Dursunk\u00f6y ile Arnavutk\u00f6y arazisinde 1\/100000 \u00f6l\u00e7ekli
plan\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirdi (2018)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

SORU 11. <\/strong>\u0130STANBUL BO\u011eAZI\u2019NDA TANKER YANGINI KAZALARINI \u00d6NLEYECEK TEDB\u0130RLER ALINMI\u015e MIDIR? TANKER YANGINI TEHL\u0130KES\u0130 DEVAM ETMEKTE M\u0130D\u0130R?
\n<\/strong>\u0130stanbul Bo\u011faz\u0131\u2019nda 1994 tanker yang\u0131n\u0131 kazas\u0131ndan beri 200 m\u2019den daha uzun tankerler (dolu veya bo\u015f) gece ge\u00e7irilmemektedir. G\u00fcnd\u00fcz ge\u00e7ti\u011finde de bu tankerlere 1 veya 2 r\u00f6mork\u00f6r e\u015flik etmektedir. Ayr\u0131ca bu tankerlerde 2 makinan\u0131n bulunmas\u0131 ve ikisinin de \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r durumda olmas\u0131 \u015fartt\u0131r. Bo\u011faz\u2019da al\u0131nan tedbirler sonucunda 1994 y\u0131l\u0131ndan beri yang\u0131nl\u0131 kaza olmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. B\u00fcy\u00fck ve idaresi g\u00fc\u00e7 gemilerde d\u00fcmen ar\u0131zas\u0131ndan olan baz\u0131 kazalar vard\u0131r. \u0130leri teknoloji kullan\u0131larak gerekli ek tedbirler al\u0131n\u0131rsa Bo\u011fazi\u00e7i\u2019nde gemi kazas\u0131 olmaz.<\/p>\n

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\u015eekil 3. Bo\u011fazi\u00e7i\u2019ndeki gemi kazas\u0131 (7.4.2018) Kanal\u2019da olursa.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Kaptan Saim O\u011fuz\u00fclgen\u2019in g\u00f6nderdi\u011fi a\u00e7\u0131klama:
\n<\/strong>1) 1979\u2019da 43 denizcinin hayat\u0131n\u0131 kaybetti\u011fi ve 60 bin ton petrol\u00fcn \u00e7evre felaketi olu\u015fturdu\u011fu \u0130ndependenta tankeri kazas\u0131ndan sonra \u0130stanbul Bo\u011faz\u0131 i\u00e7in al\u0131nan ilk emniyet tedbiri, 1982\u2019de sol trafik d\u00fczeninden sa\u011f trafik d\u00fczenine ge\u00e7i\u015f olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

2) 1994\u2019de 28 denizcinin hayat\u0131n\u0131 kaybetti\u011fi ve 15 bin ton ham petrol\u00fcn \u00e7evre felaketi olu\u015fturdu\u011fu Nassia tankeri kazas\u0131ndan sonra al\u0131nan emniyet tedbiri ise 200 metrenin \u00fczerindeki tankerlerin \u0130stanbul Bo\u011faz\u0131\u2019ndan gece ge\u00e7emeyece\u011fi olmu\u015f olup, 1936 tarihli T\u00fcrk Bo\u011fazlar\u0131 Montreux S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi\u2019nden 58 y\u0131l sonra haz\u0131rlay\u0131p 1 Temmuz 1994\u2019de y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe koydu\u011fumuz \u201cT\u00fcrk Bo\u011fazlar\u0131 Deniz Trafik D\u00fczeni T\u00fcz\u00fc\u011f\u00fc\u201d ve \u201cDeniz Trafik Ay\u0131r\u0131m D\u00fczenleri\u201d olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

3) Bir di\u011fer tedbir ise 30 Aral\u0131k 2003\u2019de faaliyete ba\u015flayan ve T\u00fcrk Bo\u011fazlar\u0131ndaki deniz trafi\u011fini \u0130stanbul Bo\u011faz\u0131 kuzey giri\u015finden, \u00c7anakkale Bo\u011faz\u0131 g\u00fcney giri\u015fine kadar, planlayan, g\u00f6zetleyen ve denetleyen, riskli g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc gemilerle ilgili ilave emniyet tedbirlerinin olu\u015fturulmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayan, d\u00fcnyadaki en geli\u015fmi\u015f teknolojilerle donat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f \u201cT\u00fcrk Bo\u011fazlar\u0131 Gemi Trafik Hizmetlerini\u201d faaliyete ba\u015flatmam\u0131z olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

4) Bir di\u011fer emniyet tedbirimiz ise 2005 y\u0131l\u0131nda, 250 metrenin \u00fczerindeki tankerlerin \u0130stanbul Bo\u011faz\u0131\u2019ndan g\u00fcnd\u00fcz ge\u00e7i\u015fleri esnas\u0131nda \u201ck\u0131lavuz kaptan almalar\u0131 ve r\u00f6mork\u00f6r refakati hizmeti\u201d verilmesi olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

Al\u0131nan emniyet tedbirleri ile olas\u0131 bir\u00e7ok kazan\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcne ge\u00e7ilmi\u015f bulunmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

5) Bo\u011fazlardan gemiler gidi\u015f-geli\u015f olarak \u00e7ift \u015feritli ge\u00e7i\u015f yapmaktayd\u0131lar. \u0130stanbul Bo\u011faz\u0131\u2019nda Marmaray denizalt\u0131 t\u00fcneli yap\u0131l\u0131rken, gemilerin ge\u00e7i\u015fi tek \u015feride indirilmi\u015ftir. Marmaray bitti\u011fi halde gemi ge\u00e7i\u015fi \u00e7ift \u015feride d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fclmemi\u015ftir. Tankerlerin denizde beklemelerinin sebebi \u0130stanbul Bo\u011faz\u0131 ge\u00e7i\u015finin h\u00e2l\u00e2 tek \u015feritte devam ettirilmesidir. \u00c7anakkale Bo\u011faz\u0131\u2019nda ge\u00e7i\u015f \u00e7ift \u015feritten yap\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. \u0130stanbul Bo\u011faz\u0131\u2019nda da \u00e7ift \u015feride d\u00f6n\u00fclmelidir.<\/p>\n

Son emniyet tedbiri olarak, \u0130stanbul Bo\u011faz\u0131\u2019na \u00f6zg\u00fc bir emniyet tedbiri olarak \u201c\u0130stanbulmaks\u201d isimli bir gemi modelinin olu\u015fturulmas\u0131 ve \u0130stanbul Bo\u011faz\u0131\u2019ndan ge\u00e7ecek tankerlerin bu niteliklere haiz olmas\u0131 istenmelidir. Bu konuda haz\u0131rl\u0131klar yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Son olarak;<\/p>\n

Al\u0131nan bu emniyet tedbirleri ile \u0130stanbul Bo\u011faz\u0131\u2019nda kaza ihtimali en aza indirilmi\u015ftir. Bu tedbirler al\u0131nd\u0131ktan sonra \u0130stanbul kanal\u0131 i\u00e7in g\u00f6sterilen \u201cb\u00fcy\u00fck tankerlerin ve tehlikenin \u0130stanbul\u2019dan uzakla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131\u201d gerek\u00e7esi de ortadan kalkacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

SORU 12. <\/strong>\u0130STANBUL KANALINDAN B\u00dcY\u00dcK GEM\u0130LER GE\u00c7\u0130R\u0130LEB\u0130L\u0130R M\u0130?
\n<\/strong>\u0130stanbul Kanal\u0131n\u0131n boyutlar\u0131 \u00fcstte 360 m, altta 275 m ve derinli\u011fi 25 m olan bir yamuk olarak verilmi\u015ftir (Tablo 1, \u015eekil 1). \u0130stanbul Bo\u011faz\u0131ndan ge\u00e7en tankerler ile kuru y\u00fck gemilerinin boyutlar\u0131 da Tablo 3\u2019te verilmi\u015ftir. \u0130stanbul Bo\u011faz\u0131\u2019n\u0131n en dar yeri (Hisarlar aras\u0131) 598 m\u2019dir. Karadeniz-Marmara Denizi kanal\u0131ndan ge\u00e7ecek su debisinin 600-800 m\u00b3\/sn olaca\u011f\u0131 tahmin edilmektedir. Bu \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclerde (dar bir kanalda), bu ak\u0131\u015f h\u0131z\u0131nda, bu boyuttaki gemilerin idaresi m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fildir. Gemilerin eni 48 m olup, kanal\u0131n kavisine g\u00f6re d\u00f6nerken ba\u015f ile k\u0131\u00e7 aras\u0131ndaki geni\u015flik 100 m\u2019ye ula\u015f\u0131r. Kanal kesitinin ortas\u0131 317,5 m olup, gemi ile kanal betonu aras\u0131nda (yanlarda) 100-115 m\u2019lik mesafe kal\u0131r. Y\u00fcksek h\u0131zla akan su gemiyi s\u00fcr\u00fckler ve beton kenara s\u00fcrt\u00fcnmesine veya bindirmesine sebep olur. Bu durumda ya geminin sac\u0131 y\u0131rt\u0131l\u0131r veya kanal betonu k\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r. Her iki durum da felaketle sonu\u00e7lan\u0131r.<\/p>\n

SORU 13. <\/strong>KANALINDA GEM\u0130 KAZASI OLURSA \u00c7EVREYE ZARARI NED\u0130R?
\n<\/strong>\u0130stanbul Kanal\u0131n\u0131n boyutlar\u0131 \u00fcstte 360 m, altta 275 m ve derinli\u011fi 25 m\u2019dir. Su ak\u0131\u015f h\u0131z\u0131 600-800 m\/sn olan kanalda boyu 200-280 m olan bir gemi yan d\u00f6nerse (\u015eekil 3.) deniz suyu geminin arkas\u0131nda \u015fi\u015fer ve yanlara ta\u015far. \u00c7evredeki araziye yay\u0131l\u0131r. Toprak tuzlan\u0131r ve \u00e7orakla\u015f\u0131r. Bu toprakta bitki yeti\u015fmez. Topra\u011fa s\u0131zan su yeralt\u0131 suyunun da tuzlanmas\u0131na sebep olur. Yeralt\u0131 sular\u0131 i\u00e7ilemez ve sulama veya evde, sanayide kullan\u0131lamaz. Ta\u015fan tuzlu su Terkoz G\u00f6l\u00fc\u2019ne ula\u015f\u0131rsa (arazi al\u00e7ak) g\u00f6l\u00fcn suyu tuzlan\u0131r. \u0130stanbul\u2019un i\u00e7me ve kullanma suyu kayna\u011f\u0131 yok olur (felaket). Ayr\u0131ca ta\u015fan su \u0130stanbul hava alan\u0131n\u0131 da basar.<\/p>\n

SORU 14. <\/strong>KANALINDA GEM\u0130 KAZASI OLURSA \u0130NSANLARA ZARARI NED\u0130R?
\n<\/strong>\u0130stanbul Kanal\u0131n\u0131n boyutlar\u0131 \u00fcstte 360 m, altta 275 m ve derinli\u011fi 25 m, su ak\u0131\u015f h\u0131z\u0131 600-800 m\/sn olan kanalda boyu 280-340 m olan bir gemi kaza veya sabotaj sonucunda yanma\u011fa ba\u015flarsa veya ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131 gaz (do\u011fal gaz\/metan veya amonyak) havaya kar\u0131\u015f\u0131rsa \u00e7evredeki insanlar \u00f6l\u00fcr (Tablo 5.). Kanal \u00e7evresinde 38.500 ha alan\u0131n yerle\u015fime a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131 ve 2 milyon ki\u015finin yerle\u015ftirilmesi \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr (\u015eekil 1 ve tablo 5, 6.).<\/p>\n

TABLO 5. KANAL \u00c7EVRES\u0130NDE YERLE\u015e\u0130K N\u00dcFUS<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
YERLE\u015e\u0130M<\/td>\nKADIN<\/td>\nERKEK<\/td>\nTOPLAM<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
K\u00dc\u00c7\u00dcK \u00c7EKMECE<\/td>\n381539<\/td>\n385070<\/td>\n766609<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
ALTIN\u015eEH\u0130R<\/td>\n6883<\/td>\n7412<\/td>\n14295<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u015eAH\u0130NTEPE<\/td>\n17121<\/td>\n18226<\/td>\n35347<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
SAZLIBOSNA<\/td>\n578<\/td>\n598<\/td>\n1176<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
DURSUNK\u00d6Y<\/td>\n224<\/td>\n232<\/td>\n456<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
BAKLALI<\/td>\n399<\/td>\n416<\/td>\n815<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
TAYAKADIN<\/td>\n1270<\/td>\n2132<\/td>\n3402<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
TERKOS<\/td>\n490<\/td>\n469<\/td>\n959<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
DURUSU<\/td>\n383<\/td>\n392<\/td>\n775<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
TOPLAM<\/td>\n408887<\/td>\n414947<\/td>\n823834<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
KAYNAK:TU\u0130K 2016 verilerine g\u00f6re \u00c7ED sh.44)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

 <\/p>\n

TABLO 6. KANAL \u00c7EVRES\u0130NDE \u00d6NG\u00d6R\u00dcLEN YERLE\u015e\u0130M<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
YER<\/td>\nALAN ha<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
DURUSU G\u00d6L\u00dc DO\u011eUSU<\/td>\n9000<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
SAZLIDERE BARAJI \u00c7EVRES\u0130<\/td>\n25100<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
K\u00dc\u00c7\u00dcK \u00c7EKMECE G\u00d6L\u00dc \u00c7EVRES\u0130<\/td>\n4400<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
TOPLAM<\/td>\n38500<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
KAYNAK: \u00c7ED Bd. 2017 ve \u00c7ED rp. 2019<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

 <\/p>\n

SORU 15. SAZLIDERE BARAJI \u0130STANBUL \u0130\u00c7\u0130N NE KADAR \u00d6NEML\u0130D\u0130R<\/strong>?
\n\u00c7ED Ba\u015fvuru Dosyas\u0131\u2019nda Sazl\u0131 Dere Baraj\u0131; \u201c\u00d6nemsiz ve kirlenme\u011fe a\u00e7\u0131k durumda\u201d olarak de\u011ferlendirilmi\u015ftir. Sazl\u0131dere Baraj\u0131 \u0130stanbul\u2019un \u00f6nemli i\u00e7me suyu kaynaklar\u0131ndand\u0131r. \u0130stanbul\u2019un varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve devaml\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7me ve kullanma suyunun \u00fcretimine ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r. Kentin ya\u015fanabilirli\u011fi ve devaml\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcne al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda; kuzeydeki orman alanlar\u0131 ile Durusu G\u00f6l\u00fc ve B\u00fcy\u00fck \u00c7ekmece G\u00f6l\u00fc\u2019n\u00fc tehdit eden ve Sazl\u0131 Dere Baraj\u0131\u2019n\u0131 yok edecek olan bir kanal ile 3. hava liman\u0131n\u0131n, para olarak getirileri ne olursa olsun, kabul edilmesi m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fildir (Tablo 7m, Harita 3). Melen Baraj\u0131\u2019n\u0131n g\u00f6vdesinde olu\u015fan \u00e7atlak da \u00f6nemlidir. Melen Baraj\u0131 bo\u015falt\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in \u0130stanbul\u2019un su sorunu i\u00e7inden \u00e7\u0131k\u0131lmaz boyuta ula\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

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Tablo 7. \u0130stanbul\u2019a su sa\u011flayan barajlar ve Sazl\u0131dere Baraj\u0131<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

SORU 16. KANALIN K\u00dc\u00c7\u00dcK \u00c7EKMECE G\u00d6L\u00dc \u0130LE MARMARA DEN\u0130Z\u0130\u2019NE ETK\u0130S\u0130 NE OLAB\u0130L\u0130R<\/strong>?
\nK\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck \u00c7ekmece G\u00f6l\u00fc\u2019nde a\u00e7\u0131lacak kanal tabanda yerine g\u00f6re 5-10 m\u2019lik bir kaz\u0131y\u0131 gerektirmektedir (Kanal derinli\u011fi 25 m i\u00e7in). Do\u011fu yan\u0131ndaki koyda yat liman\u0131 i\u00e7in bir \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde dip taramas\u0131 gerekir. \u00dczerinde durulmas\u0131 gereken as\u0131l \u00f6nemli konu g\u00f6le girecek Karadeniz suyunun ak\u0131\u015f h\u0131z\u0131d\u0131r. Su 400-800 m\u00b3\/sn\u2019lik bir ak\u0131\u015f h\u0131z\u0131 ile g\u00f6l taban\u0131n\u0131 kaz\u0131yacakt\u0131r. Kanaldan g\u00f6le girecek su lodos ve poyraza g\u00f6re 51,8-69,1 milyon m\u00b3\/g\u00fcn aras\u0131nda olup, g\u00f6l\u00fcn su hacmini (145 milyon m\u00b3) 2,1-2,8 g\u00fcnde yenileyebilir. Bu durumda g\u00f6l suyu y\u0131lda en az 130-174 defa Karadeniz suyu ile yenilenecektir. G\u00f6ldeki y\u00fcksek ak\u0131nt\u0131 taban ve yanlardaki dip \u00e7amurlar\u0131n\u0131 Marmara Denizi\u2019ne ta\u015f\u0131yacakt\u0131r. G\u00f6l taban\u0131ndan yanlara do\u011fru geli\u015fecek oyulman\u0131n y\u0131llarca devam edece\u011fi ve k\u0131y\u0131da \u00f6nemli denge bozulmalar\u0131 yarataca\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcne al\u0131nmas\u0131 gereken \u00e7ok ciddi bir sorundur (Harita 4).<\/p>\n

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\u0130stanbul’a su sa\u011flayan g\u00f6ller ve barajlar.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

SORU 17. KANAL \u0130STANBUL DEPREMDEN ETK\u0130LEN\u0130R M\u0130?
\n<\/strong>Marmara Denizi\u2019nin alt yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131; Trakya ve Anadolu k\u0131ta sahanl\u0131klar\u0131 ile ortada \u00fc\u00e7 b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7ukurun s\u0131raland\u0131\u011f\u0131 derin bir \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fcnt\u00fc olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r (Harita 5.1.). Marmara Denizi \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fcnt\u00fcleri Trakya k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131 ve Kocaeli Yar\u0131madas\u0131 g\u00fcneyi-\u0130zmit K\u00f6rfezi do\u011frultusunda uzanmakta olan \u201cKuzey Anadolu Fay\u0131\u2019n\u0131n\u201d devam\u0131d\u0131r (Harita 5.2.).<\/p>\n

Marmara Denizi \u00e7ukurluklar\u0131; do\u011fuda \u201c\u00c7\u0131narc\u0131k \u00c7ukuru\u201d, ortada \u201cOrta Marmara \u00c7ukuru\u201d ve bat\u0131da \u201cTekirda\u011f \u00c7ukuru\u201d olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Marmara Denizi k\u0131r\u0131k sistemi tarih boyunca \u00e7ok zararl\u0131 etkiler yapm\u0131\u015f depremlere sebep olmu\u015ftur. Denizin dibindeki k\u0131r\u0131klardan h\u00e2l\u00e2 metan (CH4) ve hidrojen s\u00fclf\u00fcr (H2S) \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 belirlenmi\u015ftir. Marmara Denizi\u2019ndeki k\u0131r\u0131k sisteminin farkl\u0131 par\u00e7alar\u0131nda olu\u015fabilecek depremlerin \u00e7evresini etkileme derecelendirmesi \u00fczerinde de \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00c7\u0131narc\u0131k \u00c7ukuru\u2019nda ve di\u011fer k\u0131r\u0131klar boyunca olu\u015fabilecek depremlerin, \u0130stanbul Kanal\u0131n\u0131 Sazl\u0131dere Baraj\u0131\u2019n\u0131n kuzeyine kadar \u00f6nemle etkileyebilece\u011fi belirtilmi\u015ftir. \u015eiddeti \u2265 7 MW olan depremlerin kanal\u0131, kanal a\u011fz\u0131nda (Marmara Denizi) yap\u0131lmas\u0131 \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclen konteyn\u0131r liman\u0131 ile K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck \u00c7ekmece G\u00f6l\u00fc\u2019nde ve Sazl\u0131dere Baraj\u0131 \u015eamlar Dere koyunda \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclen yat limanlar\u0131n\u0131 etkilemesi ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmazd\u0131r. Bu konuda MS 557 depremi ile \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fcp batan Bathonea antik k\u0131y\u0131 kenti \u00e7arp\u0131c\u0131 bir \u00f6rnektir (Harita 4. ve 5.3.). B\u00fct\u00fcn bu tesislerde olu\u015facak deprem tahribat\u0131 yeniden yap\u0131lanma veya tamir ile giderilebilir. Ancak kanal\u0131n ana yap\u0131s\u0131nda ve yat limanlar\u0131n\u0131n temel yap\u0131lar\u0131nda \u00e7\u00f6kme, burulma, yanal kaymalar sonucunda olu\u015facak \u00e7atlamalar ile buradan deniz suyu s\u0131zmalar\u0131 \u00f6nlenemez. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc h\u0131z\u0131 400-800 m\u00b3\/sn\u2019lik bir debi ile nehir gibi (Bo\u011fazi\u00e7i\u2019ndeki ak\u0131nt\u0131!) akan suyun bir kapak sistemi ile kesilmesi, kanal\u0131n kurutulup, \u00e7atlaklar\u0131n bulunmas\u0131 ve onar\u0131lmas\u0131 m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fildir. Eosen \u00e7atlakl\u0131 kire\u00e7 ta\u015f\u0131 arazisindeki \u00e7atlaklardan ve bunun alt\u0131ndaki kumlu, \u00e7ak\u0131ll\u0131 materyalden s\u0131zacak deniz suyunun yarataca\u011f\u0131 yeralt\u0131 suyu tuzlanmas\u0131n\u0131n boyutlar\u0131 da kestirilemez.<\/p>\n

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Harita 4. K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck \u00c7ekmece G\u00f6l\u00fc ve su ile dip \u00e7amurunda belirlenen baz\u0131 katyonlar.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

SORU 18. <\/strong>\u0130STANBUL KANALI KARADEN\u0130Z\u2019\u0130N SU D\u00dcZEY\u0130N\u0130 ETK\u0130LER M\u0130?
\n<\/strong>Karadeniz\u2019in su bilan\u00e7osuna g\u00f6re \u0130stanbul Kanal\u0131n\u0131n etkisi \u00f6zetlenmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

1) Karadeniz\u2019i besleyen akarsular\u0131n getirdi\u011fi su miktar\u0131 364,9 km\u00b3\/y\u0131l\u2019d\u0131r (Tablo 8).<\/p>\n

2) Karadeniz\u2019in su geliri ile gideri 828,4 km\u00b3\/y\u0131l olarak hesaplanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (Tablo 9).<\/p>\n

Bu bilan\u00e7oda Akdeniz\u2019den Karadeniz\u2019 gelen su miktar\u0131 225,8 km\u00b3\/y\u0131l olarak verilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

3) \u0130stanbul Kanal\u0131ndan ak\u0131\u015f h\u0131z\u0131na g\u00f6re Marmara Denizi\u2019ne akacak su miktar\u0131 r\u00fczg\u00e2r y\u00f6n\u00fcne g\u00f6re 18,9-25,2 km\u00b3\/y\u0131l olarak hesaplanmaktad\u0131r (Tablo 10). Kanal\u0131n derinli\u011fi 25 m olaca\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in tuzlu Akdeniz suyunun alt ak\u0131nt\u0131 ile Karadeniz\u2019e ge\u00e7mesi pek az olabilir.<\/p>\n

4) \u0130stanbul Kanal\u0131ndan Marmara Denizi\u2019ne akacak Karadeniz suyu ile birlikte Karadeniz\u2019den su gideri 853,6 km\u00b3\/y\u0131l olarak hesaplanmaktad\u0131r (Tablo 11) (Al\u00e7alma etkisi 4,5-6,0 cm)<\/p>\n

5) \u0130klim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi ve buna ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak \u0131s\u0131nma\/kurakla\u015fma s\u00fcrecinde Karadeniz\u2019e gelen su miktar\u0131n\u0131n % 10 azald\u0131\u011f\u0131 kabul edilirse (Gelen sudaki azalma daha fazlad\u0131r), su gelirinin 791,91 km\u00b3\/y\u0131l oldu\u011fu hesap edilir. Bu durumda Karadeniz\u2019in su bilan\u00e7osunda 64,76 km\u00b3\/y\u0131l azalma olacakt\u0131r (Tablo 12). Karadeniz\u2019in y\u00fcz\u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm\u00fcne g\u00f6re (Tablo 13) su azalmas\u0131 18,3-21,3 cm al\u00e7almaya sebep olabilir. Bu azalma dahi Marmara Denizi\u2019ne Karadeniz suyunun kat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 ve oksijen dengesini \u00e7ok olumsuz etkiler. Kirlili\u011fin de artmas\u0131na sebep olur.<\/p>\n

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Harita 5.1. Marmara Denizi k\u0131r\u0131k sistemi (Armijo vd. 2002\u2019ye g\u00f6re N. G\u00f6r\u00fcr 2003)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n
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Harita 5.2. Marmara Denizi\u2019nde Kuzey Anadol Fay\u0131 ve \u00c7ukurlar\u0131<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n
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Harita 5.3. K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck \u00c7ekmece B\u00f6lgesindeki diri faylar.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

SORU 19. <\/strong>MONTR\u00d6 BO\u011eAZLAR S\u00d6ZLE\u015eMES\u0130 \u0130LE KANALIN \u0130L\u0130\u015eK\u0130S\u0130 NED\u0130R?
\n<\/strong>Ticari ve asker\u00ee gemilerin T\u00fcrk Bo\u011fazlar\u0131ndan ge\u00e7i\u015fi i\u00e7in 1936 Montr\u00f6 Bo\u011fazlar S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi \u00f6nemli kurallar koymu\u015ftur. \u0130stanbul Bo\u011faz\u0131 yap\u0131s\u0131, r\u00fczg\u00e2rlar\u0131 ve ak\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131 gibi \u00f6zelliklerinden \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fc ge\u00e7ilmesi tehlikeli bir do\u011fal suyoludur. Montr\u00f6 Bo\u011fazlar S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi\u2019nin imzaland\u0131\u011f\u0131 1936\u2019da, y\u0131lda ortalama 4 bin 700 gemi ge\u00e7i\u015f yapmaktayken; bu say\u0131 g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde 50 bin d\u00fczeyine ula\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. S\u00f6zle\u015fmenin imzaland\u0131\u011f\u0131 y\u0131llarda petrol ta\u015f\u0131mac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 yokken, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde y\u0131lda ortalama 150 milyon ton petrol ve petrol \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc ta\u015f\u0131nmaktad\u0131r. Petrol, gaz ve kimyasal madde ta\u015f\u0131yan gemiler al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f olan tedbirler sayesinde (Bkz. soru 10 Kaptan Saim O\u011fuz\u00fclgen a\u00e7\u0131klamas\u0131) T\u00fcrk bo\u011fazlar\u0131nda tehlike yaratmamaktad\u0131rlar.<\/p>\n

\u0130stanbul Kanal\u0131n\u0131n, \u00f6zellikle tehlikeli y\u00fck ta\u015f\u0131yan gemilerin \u0130stanbul Bo\u011faz\u0131 yerine Kanal\u0131 kullanmalar\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in yap\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 bildirilmektedir.. Oysa hem Montr\u00f6 S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi\u2019ne, hem de uluslararas\u0131 hukuka g\u00f6re, gemi \u015firketlerinin ve kaptanlar\u0131n\u0131n \u0130stanbul Kanal\u0131n\u0131 tercih etmeyecekleri gibi kullanmaya zorlanmalar\u0131 da m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fildir. S\u00f6zle\u015fmenin 2. maddesine g\u00f6re; \u201cBar\u0131\u015f zaman\u0131nda, ticaret gemileri, g\u00fcnd\u00fcz ve gece, bayrak ve y\u00fck ne olursa olsun, a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki 3. madde h\u00fck\u00fcmleri sakl\u0131 kalmak \u00fczere, hi\u00e7bir i\u015flem (formalite) olmaks\u0131z\u0131n, Bo\u011fazlardan ge\u00e7i\u015f ve gidi\u015f-geli\u015f (ula\u015f\u0131m) \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnden yararlanacaklard\u0131r. Bu gemiler, Bo\u011fazlar\u0131n bir liman\u0131na u\u011framaks\u0131z\u0131n transit ge\u00e7erlerken, T\u00fcrk makamlar\u0131nca, al\u0131nmas\u0131 i\u015fbu S\u00f6zle\u015fmesinin I say\u0131l\u0131 Eki\u2019nde \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclen vergilerden ve har\u00e7lardan ba\u015fka, bu gemilerden hi\u00e7bir vergi ya da har\u00e7 al\u0131nmayacakt\u0131r\u201d.<\/p>\n

Montr\u00f6 S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi\u2019nin uygulama alan\u0131, yani Bo\u011fazlar b\u00f6lgesi, Karadeniz ve Ege Denizi aras\u0131ndaki ula\u015f\u0131md\u0131r. Oysa Kanal \u0130stanbul projesi bu rotan\u0131n sadece bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 kapsamakta, ticari gemileri Montr\u00f6 Anla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n uyguland\u0131\u011f\u0131 deniz yolunun (bir anlamda) ortas\u0131na b\u0131rakmaktad\u0131r. Ge\u00e7i\u015fin Kanal d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kalan k\u0131sm\u0131na Montr\u00f6\u2019n\u00fcn uygulanabilirli\u011fi \u00fccretlendirme a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan da yeni sorunlar yaratabilecektir.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

SORU 20<\/strong>. \u0130STANBUL KANALININ DEN\u0130Z ULA\u015eIMINA VE G\u00dcVENL\u0130\u011e\u0130M\u0130ZE ETK\u0130S\u0130 NASIL OLAB\u0130L\u0130R?
\n<\/strong>Karadeniz ile D\u00fcnya denizleri aras\u0131ndaki ula\u015f\u0131m k\u0131saca \u00f6zetlenirse;<\/p>\n

1) \u0130stanbul Kanal\u0131n\u0131n d\u00fcnyadaki deniz ve kara ula\u015f\u0131m\u0131na olumlu etkisi s\u00f6z konusu edilemez. Karadeniz ile \u0130stanbul Bo\u011faz\u0131-Marmara Denizi-\u00c7anakkale Bo\u011faz\u0131 \u00fczerinden (do\u011fal suyolu kullan\u0131larak) deniz ula\u015f\u0131m\u0131 sa\u011flanmaktad\u0131r. \u0130stanbul Bo\u011faz\u0131\u2019ndan ticaret gemilerinin ge\u00e7i\u015fi i\u00e7in hi\u00e7bir engel yoktur. Yak\u0131t ta\u015f\u0131yan gemilerin ge\u00e7i\u015fleri de d\u00fczenlenmi\u015f ve g\u00fcvenli ge\u00e7i\u015f sa\u011flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu sebeple bir kanal a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131na gerek yoktur.<\/p>\n

2) Karadeniz sahildar devletlerin bir i\u00e7 denizi olup, Balt\u0131k Denizi\u2019ne ve Hazar Denizi\u2019ne nehir ve kanallar ile ba\u011fland\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in de \u00f6nemli ve stratejik bir su\/kara yolu kav\u015fa\u011f\u0131d\u0131r (Harita 6).<\/p>\n

3) Rusya petrol ve gaz ihracat\u0131n\u0131 boru hatlar\u0131na aktarm\u0131\u015f ve aktarmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaktad\u0131r. Ama gene de \u00f6nemli miktarda petrol ve gaz ihracat\u0131n\u0131 \u0130stanbul Bo\u011faz\u0131\u2019ndan yapmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

4) \u00c7in petrol, gaz vd ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131 deniz yolu (Karadeniz ve Basra K\u00f6rfezi) ile sa\u011flamaktad\u0131r (Harita 6).<\/p>\n

5) ABD, donanmas\u0131 ile d\u00fcnya denizlerini ve deniz ge\u00e7itlerini kontrol etmektedir. B\u00f6ylece kendi g\u00fcvenli\u011fini de sa\u011flamaktad\u0131r (Amiral Alfred Thayer Mahan stratejisi) <\/strong>(Harita 6).<\/p>\n

6) \u0130stanbul Kanal\u0131 sava\u015f gemilerinin Karadeniz\u2019e ge\u00e7irilmesi i\u00e7in kullan\u0131labilir. Bu durumda \u00c7in\u2019in \u0130stanbul Kanal\u0131n\u0131n yap\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 ve i\u015fletmesini \u00fcstlenme\u011fe kalk\u0131\u015fmas\u0131, Rusya ile birlikte bir kar\u015f\u0131 hamle olarak de\u011ferlendirilmelidir. Kanal\u0131n bir pazarl\u0131k konusu edilmesi veya \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmaya sebep olmas\u0131 ve de T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin kendi iradesi d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki olaylara s\u00fcr\u00fcklenmesi beklenebilir.<\/p>\n

7) \u0130stanbul Kanal\u0131, Montr\u00f6 Bo\u011fazlar S\u00f6zle\u015fmesinin yeniden ele al\u0131nmas\u0131na sebep olabilir. Montr\u00f6 Bo\u011fazlar S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin Bo\u011fazlardaki h\u00fck\u00fcmranl\u0131\u011f\u0131 yan\u0131nda Karadeniz\u2019e sahildar devletlerin g\u00fcvenli\u011fini de sa\u011flamaktad\u0131r. Bu a\u00e7\u0131dan bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda \u0130stanbul Kanal\u0131 ula\u015f\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n da Montr\u00f6 antla\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n kapsam\u0131nda de\u011ferlendirilmesi gerekir. Bu durumda \u0130stanbul Kanal\u0131ndan yabanc\u0131 devletlerin sava\u015f gemilerinin Karadeniz\u2019e \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131 da engellenir.<\/p>\n

SORU 21. SONU\u00c7 OLARAK \u0130STANBUL KANALI YAPILMALI MIDIR?
\n<\/strong>Karadeniz ile Marmara Denizi aras\u0131nda a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131 \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclen kanal ile bu proje i\u00e7in haz\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015f olan \u00c7ED Ba\u015fvuru ve \u00c7ED Raporunu i\u00e7erik olarak pek \u00e7ok y\u00f6n\u00fc ile de\u011ferlendirip, tart\u0131\u015fmak ve eksikleri ile yanl\u0131\u015fl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 ortaya koymak m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

Karadeniz ile Marmara Denizi aras\u0131nda yap\u0131lmas\u0131 \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclen kanal projesinin getirisi ile yapaca\u011f\u0131 tahribat ve bu tahribat\u0131n ekolojik, ekonomik ve sosyal boyutlar\u0131 bilimsel ve teknik d\u00fczeyde tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r. Bu konuda yeteri kadar ara\u015ft\u0131rma, yay\u0131n ve birikim de vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Kanal projesinin (uygulanma\u011fa kalk\u0131\u015f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 takdirde);<\/p>\n

1) Kara ve deniz ekosistemlerini yok edece\u011fi,<\/p>\n

2) Halk\u0131n g\u00f6\u00e7 etmesine sebep olaca\u011f\u0131,<\/p>\n

3) B\u00f6lgeyi ya\u015fanamaz bir \u00e7\u00f6le d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrece\u011fi ve de<\/p>\n

4) Trakya\u2019y\u0131 savunulamaz duruma getirece\u011fi a\u00e7\u0131k ve se\u00e7ik olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir.<\/p>\n

5) Bu boyuttaki bir kanaldan akan suyun h\u0131z\u0131 da dikkate al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, b\u00fcy\u00fck tonajl\u0131 gemilerin ge\u00e7irilmesi de m\u00fcmk\u00fcn g\u00f6r\u00fcnmemektedir.<\/p>\n

6) Do\u011fal suyolu olan Karadeniz Bo\u011faz\u0131 varken bu kanaldan para ile gemi ge\u00e7irme\u011fe kalk\u0131\u015fmak anlams\u0131zd\u0131r.<\/p>\n

7) B\u00f6yle bir Kanala T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin ihtiyac\u0131 da yoktur.<\/p>\n

Konu arazi rant\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan ele al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda ve \u0130stanbul 3. Hava Liman\u0131 ile Kanal aras\u0131nda kalan Dursunk\u00f6y-Arnavutk\u00f6y arazisinin de imara a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131 da g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcne al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, konu a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131k kazanmaktad\u0131r. Kanal manzaral\u0131 yerle\u015fim (Uydu kent) rekl\u00e2m\u0131 ile bu arazinin ve di\u011fer yerlerin yabanc\u0131lara sat\u0131lmas\u0131 ve gelir sa\u011flanmas\u0131 umulmaktad\u0131r. Bu kadar \u00e7ok yabanc\u0131n\u0131n \u0130stanbul\u2019a ve \u00e7evresine yerle\u015ftirilmesi \u201c\u00e7ok uluslu bir ada\u201d olu\u015fumunu sa\u011flayacakt\u0131r. Bu geli\u015fme T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin \u0130stanbul ile Trakya\u2019y\u0131 kaybetmesine de sebep olabilir.<\/p>\n

Toplum m\u00fchendisli\u011fi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda; T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin g\u00fcndeminde uzun s\u00fcreli bir tart\u0131\u015fma a\u00e7\u0131lacak, iyi yeti\u015fmi\u015f ve d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnebilen insanlar\u0131 me\u015fgul edip, dikkatlerini bu konuya y\u00f6neltecektir.<\/p>\n

\u00d6zetle<\/strong>: \u0130stanbul Bo\u011faz\u0131 \u00e7evresindeki yerle\u015fim alanlar\u0131n\u0131 akaryak\u0131t, do\u011falgaz, amonyak tankeri kazalar\u0131ndan ve yang\u0131nlar\u0131ndan korumak bahanesi ile bir kanal a\u00e7mak, \u00e7evresinde yeni yerle\u015fim alanlar\u0131 yaratmak, milyonlarca insan\u0131 da yerle\u015ftirmek, ayn\u0131 tehlikeyi \u00f6teye kopyalamak anlam\u0131na gelmektedir. Bu sebeple de konu \u201cabesle i\u015ftigal\u201ddir.<\/p>\n

Not: Kantarc\u0131, M. D 2018-2019; \u201cKaradeniz – Marmara Denizi Kanal\u0131\u2019n\u0131n (\u0130stanbul Kanal\u0131) Yak\u0131n \u00c7evresine Yapaca\u011f\u0131 Etkiler Hakk\u0131nda Ekolojik De\u011ferlendirmeler\u201d \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131ndan \u00f6zetlenmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Kaynaklar<\/strong><\/p>\n

– Art\u00fcz, M. I., Baykut, F.1986. Hydrography of theSea of Marmara and scientific research on pollution. Istanbul University Appl. Res. Cent. Environ. Publ., 3, 138<\/p>\n

– Art\u00fcz, M. I.. 2014; Marmara ve bo\u011fazlar\u0131n ekolojisi ve de\u011fi\u015fimler<\/em>. B.\u00dc. Deniz Teknolojisi Sempozyumu 27.2.2014-\u0130stanbul.<\/p>\n

– Art\u00fcz, M.L. 2015; Marmara Denizi\u2019nde s\u00fcregelen karasal k\u00f6kenli kirlenmenin k\u00f6keni ve boyutlar\u0131<\/em>. Feb 05, 2015, Sevin\u00e7-Erdal \u0130n\u00f6n\u00fc Foundation<\/p>\n

– Art\u00fcz, M.L. ve di\u011f. 2015; Marmara Denizi\u2019nde de\u011fi\u015fen o\u015finografik \u015fartlar\u0131n izlenmesi projesi 2015 senesi \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma verileri (\u00f6n raporlar) 2015 k\u0131\u015f ve yaz d\u00f6nemi.[Sevin\u00e7-Erdal \u0130n\u00f6n\u00fc Vakf\u0131 ve MAREM Prj], T\u00fcrkiye Barolar Birli\u011fi Yay\u0131nlar\u0131: 314, ISBN: 978-650-9050-74-6, 1.Bask\u0131 Mart 2016, Ankara Ayd\u0131n, V. 2018; Vehbi Ayd\u0131n Kaptan\u2019dan al\u0131nan s\u00f6zl\u00fc bilgiler ve de\u011ferlendirmeler.<\/p>\n

– Be\u015fiktepe, \u015e.T., \u00d6zsoy, E., Abd\u00fcll\u00e2tif, M., O\u011fuz, T., 2000; Marmara Denizi\u2019 nin Hidrografisi Ve Dola\u015f\u0131m\u0131. <\/em>Marmara Denizi 2000 Sempozyumu Bildiriler kitab\u0131 (314-326) 11-12.11.2000 Atak\u00f6y Marina-\u0130stanbul. T\u00fcrk Deniz Ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131 Vakf\u0131 yay. Nu 5-\u0130stanbul.<\/p>\n

– Be\u015fiktepe, \u015e.T., \u00d6zsoy,E., Abd\u00fcll\u00e2tif, M., O\u011fuz, T.2013; Marmara Denizi\u2019 nin Hidrografisi ve Dola\u015f\u0131m\u0131. <\/em>Orta Do\u011fu Teknik \u00dcniversitesi Erdemli Deniz Bilimleri Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc P.K. 28, Erdemli, \u0130\u00e7el. GELBALDER 14.4.2013.<\/p>\n

– Be\u015fiktepe, \u015e., Sur. H.\u0110., \u00d6zsoy. E., Latif. M.A., O\u011fuz. T. and \u00dcnl\u00fcata, \u00dc., 1994; The<\/em> Circulation and Hydrography of the Marmara Sea<\/em>. Prog. Oceanogr. 34, (285-334).<\/p>\n

– Bondar, C. 1989; Trends in the evolution of the mean Black Sea level<\/em>. Meteorology and Hydrology, vol. 19, 2.<\/p>\n

– Bondar, C. 2007; The Black Sea level Variations and the River-Sea interactions. <\/em>National Institute of Marine Geology and Geo-Ecology (GeoEcoMar), 23-25 Dimitrie Onciul St, 024053 Bucharest,- Romania<\/p>\n

– \u00c7ED Ba\u015fvuru Dosyas\u0131 2017; Kanal \u0130stanbul Projesi \u00c7evresel Etki De\u011ferlendirmesi Ba\u015fvuru<\/em> Dosyas\u0131. <\/em>T.C. <\/em>Ula\u015ft\u0131rma, Denizcilik ve Haberle\u015fme Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 Altyap\u0131 Yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131 Gnl. Md\u2019l\u00fc\u011f\u00fc i\u00e7in \u00c7\u0131nar M\u00fchendislik M\u00fc\u015favirlik A.\u015e. taraf\u0131ndan haz\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015f rapor (171 + Ekler)-Ankara.<\/p>\n

– \u00c7ED Ba\u015fvuru Dosyas\u0131 2018; Kanal \u0130stanbul Projesi \u00c7evresel Etki De\u011ferlendirmesi Ba\u015fvuru<\/em> Dosyas\u0131. <\/em>T.C. <\/em>Ula\u015ft\u0131rma, Denizcilik ve Haberle\u015fme Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 Altyap\u0131 Yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131 Gnl. Md\u2019l\u00fc\u011f\u00fc i\u00e7in \u00c7\u0131nar M\u00fchendislik M\u00fc\u015favirlik A.\u015e. taraf\u0131ndan haz\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015f rapor (179 + Ekler)-Ankara.<\/p>\n

– \u00c7ED Raporu (Ekim) 2018; Kanal \u0130stanbul Projesi (k\u0131y\u0131 yap\u0131lar\u0131 [yat limanlar\u0131, konteyner limanlar\u0131 ve lojistik merkezler], denizden alan kazan\u0131m\u0131, dip taramas\u0131, beton santralleri d\u00e2hil)<\/em> \u00c7evresel Etki De\u011ferlendirmesi Raporu. <\/em>T.C. <\/em>Ula\u015ft\u0131rma, Denizcilik ve Haberle\u015fme Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 Altyap\u0131 Yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131 Gnl. Md\u2019l\u00fc\u011f\u00fc i\u00e7in \u00c7\u0131nar M\u00fchendislik M\u00fc\u015favirlik A.\u015e. taraf\u0131ndan haz\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015f rapor (9 B\u00f6l\u00fcm+37 Ek) – Ankara.<\/p>\n

– Demirta\u015f, R. 2016; Marmara Denizi diri faylar\u0131 ve deprem etkinlikleri<\/em>–Paleosismolojik \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar ve<\/em> gelecek deprem potansiyelleri. (<\/em>\u0130nternet\u2019e konulmu\u015f olan kitap \u00f6n \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131).<\/p>\n

– Dirimtekin, F. 1948; Anasthase Surlar\u0131. <\/em>T\u00fcrk Tarih Kurumu, Belleten cilt XII, say\u0131 45. Ocak 1948 (10 sh.)-Ankara<\/p>\n

– Ekmekyapar, F.-Tok, H. H. 2006; Transport of nutrients to Marmara Sea by surface watersources of Tekirda\u011f and the economic losscaused by this. Trakya \u00dcni. sci, 7(2), (117-126).<\/p>\n

– Gemi M\u00fchendisleri Odas\u0131 2019; Kanal \u0130stanbul de\u011ferlendirmesi.<\/em><\/p>\n

– G\u00f6r\u00fcr, N. 2003; Marmara Denizi\u2019nde deprem potansiyeli<\/em>. T\u00fcrkiye Bilimler Akademisi yay. S\u0131ra nu.6 ISBN 975-8593-48-X<\/p>\n

– G\u00f6r\u00fcr, N. 2008; Fay\u2019a seyahat.<\/em> \u0130\u015f Bankas\u0131 K\u00fclt\u00fcr Yay\u0131nlar\u0131 Gnl. Yay. Nu. 1420, ISBN 978-9944-88-301-6<\/p>\n

– \u0130SK\u0130 1997; \u0130SK\u0130 Faaliyet Raporu<\/em>. \u0130stanbul B\u00fcy\u00fck\u015fehir Belediyesi Su ve Kanalizasyon \u0130daresi, \u0130stanbul.<\/p>\n

– \u0130SK\u0130 2017; \u0130SK\u0130 \u0130stanbul\u2019un barajlar\u0131 ve doluluk oranlar\u0131. <\/em>\u0130stanbul B\u00fcy\u00fck\u015fehir Belediyesi Su ve Kanalizasyon \u0130daresi, \u0130stanbul.<\/p>\n

– \u0130stanbul Barosu 2016; Kanal \u0130stanbul \u00c7evresel-Kentsel ve Hukuki Etkileri Paneli.<\/em> 10.6.2015 \u0130stanbul Adalet Saray\u0131 Konferans Salonu. Genel Yay\u0131n s\u0131ra nu.: 2016\/6 ISBN: 978-605-9050-82-1. Yay\u0131nc\u0131 Sertifika nu: 12457. Yay\u0131na Haz\u0131rlayan: \u0130stanbul Barosu \u00c7evre ve Kent Hukuku Komisyonu<\/p>\n

– Kantarc\u0131, M.D., 1997; Tar\u0131m ve Orman \u00dcr\u00fcnlerini \u0130\u015fleyen Sanayiinin Geli\u015ftirilmesi \u0130\u00e7in Ergene Nehri Havzas\u0131nda Sulama Suyu \u0130htiyac\u0131 ve Sulama Suyunun Kaynaklar\u0131 \u00dczerine Bir \u0130nceleme<\/em>. Trakya\u2019da Sanayile\u015fme ve \u00c7evre Sorunlar\u0131 Sempozyumu \u2013 II (6-8 Kas\u0131m 1997), TMMOB Makina M\u00fchendisleri Odas\u0131 Edirne \u015eubesi yay\u0131n\u0131. Nu. 202, ISBN 975-395-244-9 (95 \u2013 111), Edirne.<\/p>\n

– Kantarc\u0131, M. D., 2003; \u0130stanbul ile \u00e7evresindeki b\u00f6lgelerin su sorunlar\u0131 ve \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm yollar\u0131na arazi kullan\u0131m\u0131 ile ormanc\u0131l\u0131k a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan bak\u0131\u015f. <\/em>\u0130stanbul ve Su Sempozyumu Kitab\u0131, (S.97-111), TMMOB Mimarlar Odas\u0131 \u0130stanbul \u015eubesi, 15-18 May\u0131s 2003, \u0130stanbul<\/p>\n

– Kideys, A.E.2002; Black Sea Circulation and Ecosystem Dynamik. <\/em>Institute of Marine Science (MTU)<\/p>\n

– \u00d6zsoy, E., O\u011fuz, T., Latif, M.A., \u00dcnl\u00fcata, \u00dc., 1986; T\u00fcrk Bo\u011fazlar Sisteminin O\u015finografisi. T\u00fcrk Bo\u011fazlar\u0131n\u0131n Fiziksel O\u015finografisi. <\/em>I. Y\u0131ll\u0131k Rapor. Cilt I. ODT\u00dc. Deniz Bilimleri Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc Yay\u0131n\u0131. Erdemli-\u0130\u00e7el.<\/p>\n

– \u00d6zsoy, E., O\u011fuz, T., Latif, M.A., \u00dcnl\u00fcata, \u00dc., Sur, H. \u0110., Be\u015fiktepe, \u015e., 1988; T\u00fcrk Bo\u011fazlar Sisteminin O\u015finografisi. T\u00fcrk Bo\u011fazlar\u0131n\u0131n Fiziksel O\u015finografisi. <\/em>II. Y\u0131ll\u0131k Rapor. Cilt I. ODT\u00dc Deniz Bilimleri Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc Yay\u0131n\u0131, Erdemli-\u0130\u00e7el.<\/p>\n

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– \u015eahin, A. 2014; 1970\u2019den G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze \u0130stanbul \u0130linde Arazi Kullan\u0131m\u0131, De\u011fi\u015fimi ve Ormanlar<\/em>. \u0130stanbul Ormanlar\u0131n\u0131n Sorunlar\u0131 ve \u00c7\u00f6z\u00fcm \u00d6nerileri Kitab\u0131 (Edit: \u00dc. Akkemik), T\u00fcrkiye Ormanc\u0131lar Derne\u011fi Marmara \u015eubesi, Ege Reklam Bas\u0131m Sanatlar\u0131 Sanayi ve Ticaret A.\u015e., \u0130stanbul, ISBN : 9878-605-4057-99-3, s.51-85.<\/p>\n

– TEMA 2015; Ya Kanal, ya \u0130stanbul-Kanal \u0130stanbul Projesinin ekolojik, sosyal ve ekonomik de\u011ferlendirmesi. <\/em>Rapor (125 sh.), \u0130stanbul.<\/p>\n

– TMMOB 2017; \u0130stanbul Deprem Raporu<\/em>. TMMOB \u0130l Koordinasyon Kurulu-\u0130stanbul<\/p>\n

– T\u00fcrkiye Bal\u0131k\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k Mevcut Durum Raporu 2014; MRAG Ltd. taraf\u0131ndan South Stream Transport B.V. ad\u0131na haz\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015f rapor.<\/p>\n

– T\u00fcrkiye Haritas\u0131 1\/200 00; \u0130stanbul Paftas\u0131<\/p>\n

– T\u00fcrkiye Jeoloji Haritas\u0131 \u0130stanbul paftas\u0131 1\/500 000; T\u00fcys\u00fcz, O. (Tarihsiz); Marmara Denizi<\/em>. \u0130T\u00dc Avrasya Yerbilimleri Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc<\/p>\n

– \u00dcst\u00fcn, B. vd. 2009; Do\u011fal ortamda a\u011f\u0131r metal izlemesi: uygulama alan\u0131-K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck \u00c7ekmece G\u00f6l\u00fc ve<\/em> Havzas\u0131. <\/em>Proje nu: 105y116 (77 sh.), Y\u0131ld\u0131z Teknik \u00dcniversitesi-\u0130stanbul.<\/p>\n

– Yalt\u0131rak, C., Ertura\u00e7, M.K., T\u00fcys\u00fcz, O., Saki-Yalt\u0131rak, K., 2003; Marmara Denizinde Tarihsel<\/em> Depremler: Yerleri, B\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fckleri, Etki Alanlar\u0131 Ve G\u00fcncel K\u0131r\u0131lma Olas\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131<\/em>. T\u00fcrkiye Kuvaterneri \u00c7al\u0131\u015ftay\u0131 IV, 29-30 May\u0131s 2003, \u0130T\u00dc Avrasya Yerbilimleri Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc, \u0130stanbul, 173-179.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Kanal projesinin (uygulanma\u011fa kalk\u0131\u015f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 takdirde) kara ve deniz ekosistemlerini yok edece\u011fi, halk\u0131n g\u00f6\u00e7 etmesine sebep olaca\u011f\u0131, b\u00f6lgeyi ya\u015fanamaz bir \u00e7\u00f6le d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrece\u011fi ve de Trakya\u2019y\u0131 savunulamaz duruma getirece\u011fi a\u00e7\u0131k ve se\u00e7ik olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. Bu boyuttaki bir kanaldan akan suyun h\u0131z\u0131 da dikkate al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, b\u00fcy\u00fck tonajl\u0131 gemilerin ge\u00e7irilmesi de m\u00fcmk\u00fcn g\u00f6r\u00fcnmemektedir. Do\u011fal suyolu olan Karadeniz Bo\u011faz\u0131 varken […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2256,"featured_media":39343,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[5692,38,1464,510],"tags":[5700,198,736],"class_list":["post-39333","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-191-sayi","category-dergi-sayilari","category-dosya","category-surekli-bolumler","tag-ced-raporu","tag-cevre","tag-kanal-istanbul"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t