{"id":39672,"date":"2020-01-11T03:35:44","date_gmt":"2020-01-11T00:35:44","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/?p=39672"},"modified":"2020-01-10T17:47:24","modified_gmt":"2020-01-10T14:47:24","slug":"australopithecus-sediba-homo-cinsinin-atasi-miydi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2020\/01\/11\/australopithecus-sediba-homo-cinsinin-atasi-miydi","title":{"rendered":"\u2018Australopithecus sediba\u2019 Homo cinsinin atas\u0131 m\u0131yd\u0131?"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>G\u00fcney Afrika\u2019daki Malapa lokalitesi insan atas\u0131 fosilleri bak\u0131m\u0131ndan Afrika\u2019n\u0131n en zengin lokalitelerinden biri. Bu lokalitenin b\u00fct\u00fcn d\u00fcnyada \u00fcnl\u00fc olmas\u0131 sa\u011flayan ise Lee Berger ve ekibinin 2008 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n A\u011fustos ay\u0131nda ke\u015ffettikleri ve 2010 y\u0131l\u0131nda Science dergisinde yay\u0131nlayarak duyurduklar\u0131 Australopithecus sediba insan atas\u0131. 2011 y\u0131l\u0131nda ise ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar ayn\u0131 t\u00fcre dair yeni ke\u015fifleri yine Science dergisinde yay\u0131nlam\u0131\u015flard\u0131. Bilim ve Gelecek dergisinin 92. say\u0131s\u0131nda bu ke\u015ffin insan evrimi bak\u0131m\u0131ndan \u00f6nemini yazm\u0131\u015ft\u0131m. Bu fosil insan hakk\u0131nda tekrar bir yaz\u0131 yazmam\u0131n nedeni ise Science dergisinin ge\u00e7en ay (12 Nisan 2013) 340. say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 Au. sediba\u2019ya ait yeni ke\u015fifleri ve analizleri duyuran yay\u0131nlara adam\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131. Au. sediba ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131 Lee Berger ve ekibi taraf\u0131ndan ilk duyuruldu\u011funda paleoantropoloji \u00e7evresi taraf\u0131ndan \u015f\u00fcphe ile kar\u015f\u0131lanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc Berger Au. sediba\u2019n\u0131n Autralopithecus cinsinden Homo cinsine evrimsel de\u011fi\u015fimde temel bir rol oynad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 iddia etmi\u015fti. Australopithecus ve Homo cinsi aras\u0131nda anatomik \u00f6zelliklere sahip olan bu G\u00fcney Afrikal\u0131 t\u00fcr\u00fcn insan\u0131n soya\u011fac\u0131ndaki evrimsel yeri yeni ke\u015fifler ile daha da sa\u011flamla\u015fm\u0131\u015f g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcyor.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_39674\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-39674\" style=\"width: 267px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-39674\" src=\"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/2-2-267x300.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"267\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/2-2-267x300.jpg 267w, https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/2-2-913x1024.jpg 913w, https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/2-2-768x861.jpg 768w, https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/2-2-600x673.jpg 600w, https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/2-2.jpg 946w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 267px) 100vw, 267px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-39674\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u015eekil 1: Sediba\u2019n\u0131n bulunan fosillerinden yola \u00e7\u0131k\u0131larak kurgulanan rekonstr\u00fcksiyonu (Berger, 2013). Sol ba\u015ftan, minyon tipli bir kad\u0131n modern Homo sapiens, ortada Au. sediba ve sa\u011fda erkek bir \u015fempanze. Bu kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmada Au. sediba\u2019n\u0131n v\u00fccut iskeletinin \u015fempanzeden daha \u00e7ok Homo cinsine yani insana benzedi\u011fini g\u00f6rebilirsiniz. \u00d6zellikle kal\u00e7a kemi\u011fi, kol ve bacak kemiklerinin uzunluklar\u0131 ve el anatomisi insana \u00e7ok benzer. Bununla birlikte g\u00f6\u011f\u00fcs kafesi insanda silindirik iken Au. sediba\u2019da koni \u015feklinde daha farkl\u0131 bir bi\u00e7imde.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Daha \u00f6nceki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalarda vurgulanan \u00f6nemli noktalar\u0131 k\u0131saca hat\u0131rlayal\u0131m. 2010 y\u0131l\u0131ndaki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmada Au. sediba\u2019n\u0131n bulundu\u011fu tabaka a\u011f\u0131r metallerden uranyum merkezli yap\u0131lan ya\u015fland\u0131rma metodu ile 1,78 ile 1,95 milyon y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131na tarihlendirilmi\u015fti, ancak 2011 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc daha y\u00fcksek ya\u015f analizleri 1,977 ve 1,98 milyon y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda bir jeolojik tarihi \u00f6nerdi. Malapa lokalitesinden biri yeti\u015fkin olmakla birlikte \u00fc\u00e7 farkl\u0131 bireye ait buluntular tan\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bu buluntular yeni bir t\u00fcr -Au. sediba- ad\u0131 ile sunulmu\u015f olsa da uluslararas\u0131 paleoantropoloji camias\u0131 taksonomik durumuna temkinli yakla\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bu t\u00fcr\u00fcn Au. africanus\u2019un t\u00fcr i\u00e7i varyasyon aral\u0131\u011f\u0131nda yer alabilece\u011fi \u00f6ne s\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc, yani Au. africanus\u2019un bir co\u011frafik varyasyonu olabilirdi. Ayr\u0131ca erkek bir bireye atfedilen Au. sediba\u2019n\u0131n erkek mi di\u015fi mi oldu\u011fu da tart\u0131\u015fmal\u0131yd\u0131. \u0130kinci \u00f6neri ise Au. sediba\u2019n\u0131n Homo cinsine ait bir t\u00fcr olma ihtimali.\u00a0\u00dcnl\u00fc paleoantropologlardan Don Johanson bu fosilin Homo cinsinin bir \u00fcyesi olabilece\u011fi olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fczerinde durulmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini a\u00e7\u0131klam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Di\u011fer bir sorun ise bu kadar t\u00fcremi\u015f \u00f6zelliklere sahip ve Homo cinsine evrimsel olarak yak\u0131n olan t\u00fcr ile birlikte herhangi bir ta\u015f alet kal\u0131nt\u0131s\u0131na rastlanmam\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131. Bilindi\u011fi gibi Homo cinsinin \u00fcretti\u011fi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclen en eski ta\u015f aletler Do\u011fu Afrika\u2019da (Etiyopya\u2019da) ke\u015ffedildi ve yakla\u015f\u0131k 2,6 milyon y\u0131l \u00f6ncesine tarihlendiriliyor. Homo cinsinin G\u00fcney Afrika\u2019da m\u0131 yoksa Do\u011fu Afrika\u2019da m\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 uzun s\u00fcredir ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar aras\u0131nda tart\u0131\u015f\u0131l\u0131yor. G\u00fcney Afrika\u2019da \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar Au. africanus\u2019tan t\u00fcreyen bir atasal potansiyelin Homo cinsine atal\u0131k etti\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcrken Do\u011fu Afrika\u2019da \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar Au. afarensis\u2019ten t\u00fcreyen Au. garhi\u2019nin Homo cinsine giden yolda oldu\u011funu iddia ediyorlar.<\/p>\n<p>Science dergisinde yay\u0131nlanan yeni \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar alt\u0131 ayr\u0131 \u00f6nemli makaleden olu\u015fuyor. Bunlar di\u015fler, \u00e7ene, kol ve bacak kemikleri, omurga ve g\u00f6\u011f\u00fcs kafesine ait fosil kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131n ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 analizlerinden olu\u015fmakta. Di\u015flere ait morfolojik analizler Au. sediba\u2019n\u0131n Do\u011fu Afrikal\u0131 Australopithecus t\u00fcrlerinden G\u00fcney Afrikal\u0131 olan Au. africanus\u2019a evrimsel olarak daha yak\u0131n oldu\u011funu g\u00f6stermekte. Ayn\u0131 zamanda baz\u0131 di\u015f \u00f6zellikleri Homo cinsi ile benzer. Berger G\u00fcney Afrikal\u0131 Australopithecuslar\u0131n (Au. africanus ve Au. sediba) Do\u011fu Afrikal\u0131lardan daha farkl\u0131 bir grup olu\u015fturdu\u011funu ve bu grubun Au. afarensis\u2019ten evrimle\u015fmedi\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyor. Au. sediba\u2019ya ait \u00e7ene kemi\u011fi ve kafatas\u0131 \u00fczerinde yap\u0131lan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar onun Au. africanus olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kan\u0131tl\u0131yor ve bu anlamda taksonomik pozisyonunu sa\u011flamla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131yor. Ayr\u0131ca \u00e7ene kemi\u011finin \u00f6zellikle erken Homo t\u00fcrlerininkine (Homo habilis, Homo rudolfensis ve Homo erectus) benzer olu\u015fu ise onun daha t\u00fcremi\u015f bir t\u00fcr oldu\u011funu da belirginle\u015ftiriyor.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_39676\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-39676\" style=\"width: 300px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-39676\" src=\"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/4-300x214.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"214\" srcset=\"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/4-300x214.jpg 300w, https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/4-1024x731.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/4-768x548.jpg 768w, https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/4-600x428.jpg 600w, https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/4.jpg 1276w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-39676\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u015eekil 3. Au. sediba\u2019n\u0131n MH1 ve MH2 buluntular\u0131na ait kol, k\u00fcrek ve k\u00f6pr\u00fcc\u00fck kemiklerine ait fosiller. MH1 buluntular\u0131 aras\u0131nda dirsek kemi\u011finin, \u00fcst kol (paz\u0131) kemi\u011fi ve k\u00f6pr\u00fcc\u00fck kemi\u011finin bir par\u00e7as\u0131. MH2 buluntular\u0131 aras\u0131nda ise dirsek kemikleri (ulna ve radius), \u00fcst kol (paz\u0131 kemi\u011fi), k\u00fcrek kemi\u011fi, k\u00f6pr\u00fcc\u00fck kemi\u011fi ve yine bu t\u00fcr kemiklere ait par\u00e7alar g\u00f6sterilmi\u015f.<br \/>Au. sediba\u2019ya ait boyun, s\u0131rt, bel ve kuyruk sokumu omurlar\u0131 bu t\u00fcr\u00fcn Homo cinsi ile ayn\u0131 say\u0131da omurlara sahip oldu\u011funu kan\u0131tl\u0131yor. Bununla birlikte bu omurlar\u0131n morfolojisi Au. sediba\u2019n\u0131n Homo cinsine g\u00f6re daha uzun ve mekanik olarak esnek bir bele sahip oldu\u011funu g\u00f6steriyor. Au. sediba\u2019n\u0131n bacak kemikleri ise onun ne \u00e7e\u015fit bir dik y\u00fcr\u00fcme hareket bi\u00e7imine sahip oldu\u011funa dair \u00e7ok \u00f6zel bilgiler veriyor. Topuk, ayak tarak kemikleri, diz, kal\u00e7a ve bel b\u00f6lgesi onun dik y\u00fcr\u00fcd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc kan\u0131tl\u0131yor, ancak Homo cinsi kadar yetenekli olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 da a\u015fikar. Son buluntular Australopithecuslar\u0131n farkl\u0131 dik y\u00fcr\u00fcme bi\u00e7imlerine sahip oldu\u011funu \u00f6neriyor. Bu grup hen\u00fcz a\u011fa\u00e7 ya\u015fam\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131 ancak belli s\u00fcreler karada dik y\u00fcr\u00fcyebiliyordu. Homo cinsi ise Australopithecuslardan farkl\u0131 olarak daha \u00e7ok yerde ya\u015fayan ve zorunlu dik y\u00fcr\u00fcme hareketine sahipti. Bilim ve Gelecek dergisinin 99. say\u0131s\u0131nda yay\u0131nlanan ge\u00e7en y\u0131l Etiyopya Middle Awash b\u00f6lgesinde Burtele lokalitesinde ke\u015ffedilen insan atas\u0131n\u0131n ayak iskeleti onun di\u011fer Australopithecus t\u00fcrlerinden farkl\u0131 bir dik y\u00fcr\u00fcme bi\u00e7imine sahip oldu\u011funu \u00f6neriyordu. Au. sediba\u2019n\u0131n \u00f6zellikle alt uzuvlar\u0131n\u0131n anatomisi bu t\u00fcr\u00fcn muhtemelen Homo cinsine en yak\u0131n dik y\u00fcr\u00fcme bi\u00e7imine sahip oldu\u011funu \u00f6neriyor.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><strong>Au. garhi mi Au. sediba m\u0131?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Au. sediba\u2019n\u0131n Australopithecuslar ve Homo cinsi aras\u0131nda evrimsel de\u011fi\u015fimde rol alan t\u00fcr oldu\u011funun iddia edilmesinden yakla\u015f\u0131k olarak 10 y\u0131l \u00f6nce Middle Awash (Etiyopya) lokalitesinde ke\u015ffedilen Au. garhi, Tim White ve ekibi taraf\u0131ndan Au. afarensis ve Homo cinsi aras\u0131nda ortak morfolojik \u00f6zelliklere sahip olan t\u00fcr olarak aday g\u00f6sterilmi\u015fti. Au. garhi\u2019nin bulundu\u011fu tabaka yakla\u015f\u0131k olarak 2,5 milyon y\u0131l \u00f6ncesine tarihlendirildi. Bu tarih Au. sediba\u2019n\u0131n bulundu\u011fu tabakan\u0131n ya\u015f\u0131ndan\u00a0 5 milyon y\u0131l daha ya\u015fl\u0131. Kronolojik olarak Homo cinsine ait en eski fosil buluntusu ise 2,4 milyon y\u0131la tarihlendirildi. Bu fosil Chameron (Kenya) lokalitesinden biliniyor. Ayr\u0131ca Etiyopya\u2019da \u00fcnl\u00fc Hadar lokalitesinden de 2,33 milyon y\u0131l \u00f6ncesine tarihlendirilen Homo cinsine ait fosiller ke\u015ffedildi. Bu fosiller Australopithecuslardan farkl\u0131 olarak daha b\u00fcy\u00fck beyin hacmine ve bununla birlikte dairesel bir kafatas\u0131 bi\u00e7imine, daha dar az\u0131 ve k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck az\u0131 di\u015fleri ile karakterize idiler. Molek\u00fcler genetik \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar insan evriminde \u00e7ene ve kafatas\u0131nda bulunan \u00e7i\u011fneme kaslar\u0131n\u0131n zay\u0131flamas\u0131na neden olan ve dolay\u0131s\u0131yla kafatas\u0131n\u0131n geli\u015fim evrelerinde daha da b\u00fcy\u00fcmesine olanak sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclen (MYH16 geninde meydana gelen) genetik de\u011fi\u015fimin yakla\u015f\u0131k olarak 2,5 milyon y\u0131l \u00f6nce ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti\u011fini \u00f6nerdiler. Bu genetik de\u011fi\u015fim tam da Au. garhi\u2019nin ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131, Homo cinsinin ilk ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve ta\u015f alet \u00fcretiminin ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6neme denk geliyor.<\/p>\n<p>Homo cinsinin evrimsel olarak ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 fosillerin morfolojik \u00f6zellikleri d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda karakterize eden ikinci en \u00f6nemli kan\u0131t k\u00fclt\u00fcrel buluntulard\u0131r. \u0130lk Homo t\u00fcrlerinin b\u0131rakt\u0131\u011f\u0131 tek k\u00fclt\u00fcrel kal\u0131nt\u0131lar ise ta\u015f aletler. En eski ta\u015f alet kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131 2,6 milyon y\u0131l \u00f6ncesine tarihlendirilen Gona (Etiyopya) lokalitesinden biliniyor. Ayr\u0131ca Gona lokalitesinde ta\u015f aletler ile birlikte bulunan antilop kemikleri \u00fczerinde ta\u015f alet izlerine de rastland\u0131. Bu izler 2,6 milyon y\u0131l \u00f6nce Homo cinsinin \u00fcyelerinin ta\u015f alet kullanarak beslendi\u011fini g\u00f6steriyor. Bununla birlikte 2,6 milyon y\u0131l \u00f6nce Do\u011fu Afrika\u2019da ta\u015f alet \u00fcreten ve bu aletleri kullanarak beslenen atalar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131na dair bilgiye sahip iken 1,9 milyon y\u0131l \u00f6ncesine tarihlendirilen G\u00fcney Afrikal\u0131 Au. sediba\u2019n\u0131n Homo cinsine atal\u0131k etti\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmek i\u00e7in daha fazla kan\u0131ta gerek oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyorum.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_39678\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-39678\" style=\"width: 640px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-39678 size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/6-1024x608.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"380\" srcset=\"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/6-1024x608.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/6-300x178.jpg 300w, https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/6-768x456.jpg 768w, https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/6-1536x912.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/6-600x356.jpg 600w, https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/6.jpg 1927w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-39678\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u015eekil 4. Australopithecuslar\u0131n kronolojik ve b\u00f6lgesel da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131. Bu \u015fekilde sadece erken homininler ve australopithecuslar g\u00f6sterildi, Homo cinsi dahil edilmedi. En erken hominin (dik y\u00fcr\u00fcyen insans\u0131) fosillerine yakla\u015f\u0131k olarak alt\u0131 ile yedi milyon y\u0131l aras\u0131nda Kuzey ve Do\u011fu Afrika\u2019da rastlan\u0131yor. 4,4 milyon y\u0131l \u00f6nce Ardipithecus ramidus t\u00fcr\u00fcnden Australopithecus anamensis t\u00fcr\u00fcne evrimsel bir de\u011fi\u015fimin ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti\u011fi de genel olarak kabul g\u00f6rmekte. Bu d\u00f6nem ilk Australopithecuslar\u0131n ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 karakterize ediyor. Australopithecuslar dik y\u00fcr\u00fcme, g\u00f6rece k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck beyin hacmi, b\u00fcy\u00fck ve g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc \u00e7ene ve buna g\u00f6re k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck beden b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fckleri ile belirginler. Bir\u00e7ok paleoantropolog ve arkeolog Australopithecuslar\u0131n ta\u015f alet \u00fcretebildi\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyor, ancak insan atas\u0131 ve ta\u015f aletlerin ayn\u0131 lokalitede birlikte bulundu\u011fu d\u00f6nem Homo cinsi ile ba\u015fl\u0131yor. Bu durum yani ta\u015f alet ve Australopithecuslara ait iskelet kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n birlikte bulunmay\u0131\u015f\u0131 elbette Australopithecuslar\u0131n alet \u00fcretemeyeceklerini g\u00f6stermiyor. Muhtemelen Australopithecuslar Homo cinsi kadar pratik ve sofistike alet \u00fcretemiyorlard\u0131, ancak basit d\u00fczeyde bir hammaddeye fonksiyonel bi\u00e7im verip kullan\u0131yor olmal\u0131yd\u0131lar. \u015eekilde g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc gibi \u00f6zellikle \u00fc\u00e7 ve bir milyon y\u0131llar aras\u0131nda G\u00fcney ve Do\u011fu Afrika\u2019da birden fazla t\u00fcr ayn\u0131 d\u00f6nemde bir arada bulunuyor. Bu onlar\u0131n bir arada ya\u015fad\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n kan\u0131t\u0131. \u015eekilde yer almasa da Homo cinsinin yakla\u015f\u0131k olarak 2,4 milyon y\u0131l \u00f6nce ilk ta\u015f aletlerin bulunmas\u0131na paralel olarak ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 biliyoruz. Bu durumda Australopithecuslar sadece kendi cinsinin t\u00fcrleri ile de\u011fil ayn\u0131 zamanda Homo cinsinin \u00fcyeleri ile de bir arada ya\u015f\u0131yorlard\u0131. Bu benzer t\u00fcrler birbirleri ile aralar\u0131ndaki ya\u015fam sava\u015f\u0131n\u0131 minimuma indirmek i\u00e7in farkl\u0131 beslenme bi\u00e7imlerine y\u00f6nelmi\u015flerdir. \u00d6zellikle robust yani iri yap\u0131l\u0131 Australopithecuslar (Au. aethiopicus, Au. bosei ve Au. robustus) daha fazla sert otlarla ile beslenme uyum sa\u011flam\u0131\u015flar. Bu nedenle sert otlar\u0131 \u00f6\u011f\u00fctebilmek i\u00e7in \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck di\u015flere ve g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc, masif \u00e7eneye sahipler. Bu \u00f6zellikleri onlar\u0131n y\u00fcksek derecede \u00e7i\u011fneme g\u00fcc\u00fc olu\u015fturmalar\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011fl\u0131yordu. Bu iri yap\u0131l\u0131 t\u00fcrlerin di\u015fleri \u00fczerinde yap\u0131lan microwear (mikro-a\u015f\u0131nma) yani yedikleri yiyeceklerin di\u015fler \u00fczerinde b\u0131rakt\u0131\u011f\u0131 mikro \u00e7iziklerin ve \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fcklerin analizleri onlar\u0131n \u00e7ok sert otlar ile beslendi\u011fini g\u00f6steriyor. Di\u011fer grup ise narin yap\u0131l\u0131 Australopithecuslar: Au. afarensis, Kenyanthropus platyops, Au. bahrelghazali, Au. africanus, Au. sediba ve Au. garhi. Bu t\u00fcrler daha \u00e7ok omnivor (hep\u00e7il) yani hem ot hem de f\u0131rsat bulduk\u00e7a y\u00fcksek protein bar\u0131nd\u0131ran hayvansal ve b\u00f6cek i\u00e7eren besinler ile besleniyorlard\u0131. Homo cinsinin \u00fcyeleri (Homo habilis, Homo rudolfensis ve Homo erectus) ise b\u00fct\u00fcn bu t\u00fcrler i\u00e7erisinde yerde yetenekli bir bi\u00e7imde dik y\u00fcr\u00fcyerek daha uzun mesafeler hareket edebilecek bir v\u00fccut anatomisine sahiptiler. Bu nedenle onlara g\u00f6re daha k\u0131sa s\u00fcrelerde daha uzun alan\u0131 taray\u0131p besin bulma \u015fanslar\u0131 vard\u0131. Ayr\u0131ca daha sofistike ta\u015f alet \u00fcretme ve kullanma yetene\u011fini de eklersek protein de\u011feri y\u00fcksek besinlere ula\u015fmada daha ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 olduklar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yleyebiliriz. \u015eekil Craig Stanford, John Allen ve Susan Anton\u2019un yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 Biological Anthropology (2013, 3. Bask\u0131) kitab\u0131ndan de\u011fi\u015ftirilerek al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (Sayfa: 316).<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><strong>KAYNAKLAR<\/strong><br \/>\n1) L. Berger, 2013, \u201cThe Mosaic Nature of Australopithecus sediba\u201d. Science 340:<br \/>\n163-164.<br \/>\n2) Science dergisinin Au. sediba\u2019n\u0131n yeni buluntular\u0131na adanan 340. say\u0131s\u0131nda yer alan Williams et al., De Silva et al., Irish et al., Churchill et al., Ruiter et al. ve Schmid et al. yazarlar\u0131na ait ilgili makaleler.<br \/>\n3) Link: http:\/\/www.sciencemag.org\/content\/340\/ 6129\/ 163.full<br \/>\n4) F. Kaya, 2011, \u0130nsan\u0131n evrim a\u011fac\u0131nda yeni bir fosil t\u00fcr: Australopithecus sediba. Bilim ve Gelecek, Say\u0131 92.<br \/>\n5) F. Kaya, 2012, \u0130nsan evrimindeki \u00f6nemli basamaklar\u0131n nedenleri: Neden dik y\u00fcr\u00fcme, b\u00fcy\u00fck beyin ve k\u0131ls\u0131z beden?, Bilim ve Gelecek, Say\u0131 95.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Kaynak:<\/strong>Bilim ve Gelecek, Say\u0131:111, May\u0131s 2013, s.36-39<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>G\u00fcney Afrika\u2019daki Malapa lokalitesi insan atas\u0131 fosilleri bak\u0131m\u0131ndan Afrika\u2019n\u0131n en zengin lokalitelerinden biri. Bu lokalitenin b\u00fct\u00fcn d\u00fcnyada \u00fcnl\u00fc olmas\u0131 sa\u011flayan ise Lee Berger ve ekibinin 2008 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n A\u011fustos ay\u0131nda ke\u015ffettikleri ve 2010 y\u0131l\u0131nda Science dergisinde yay\u0131nlayarak duyurduklar\u0131 Australopithecus sediba insan atas\u0131. 2011 y\u0131l\u0131nda ise ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar ayn\u0131 t\u00fcre dair yeni ke\u015fifleri yine Science dergisinde yay\u0131nlam\u0131\u015flard\u0131. 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