G\u00fcney Amerika\u2019n\u0131n en g\u00fcneyinde \u201cTierra del Fuego (Ate\u015f \u00dclkesi)\u201d ad\u0131nda, Arjantin ve \u015eili aras\u0131nda payla\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bir tak\u0131mada grubu vard\u0131r. Bu ad\u0131n verilmesinin nedeni, 16. y\u00fczy\u0131lda deniz yoluyla b\u00f6lgeye eri\u015fen ilk Avrupal\u0131lar\u0131n yani \u0130spanyol ve Portekizli k\u00e2\u015fiflerin karada g\u00f6rd\u00fckleri ate\u015flerdir. Gemiciler, buralara en az 11.000 y\u0131l \u00f6nce yerle\u015fip, yar\u0131 \u00e7\u0131plak ya\u015fayan Selknam ve Yagan yerlilerinin gecenin so\u011fu\u011fundan korunmak i\u00e7in yakt\u0131klar\u0131 ate\u015fleri g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015flerdi.<\/p>\n
Ayn\u0131 k\u00e2\u015fifler, Pasifik Okyanusu\u2019nu boydan boya ge\u00e7ip bir gece vakti Avustralya\u2019n\u0131n do\u011fu sahillerine var\u0131p, yang\u0131nlar\u0131 g\u00f6rselerdi acaba buraya ne ad verirlerdi? Akl\u0131ma tek geleni, \u201cTierra del infierno yani Cehennem \u00dclkesi\u201d diyecekleridir. Ger\u00e7ekten de NASA g\u00f6zlem uydular\u0131n\u0131n toplad\u0131\u011f\u0131 verilerden haz\u0131rlanan sanal g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fclere bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda bu yarg\u0131n\u0131n pek de yanl\u0131\u015f olmayaca\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr.<\/p>\n
Avustralya ve yanan eyaletler Avustralya\u2019n\u0131n \u00e7evresini ku\u015fatan 8222 adas\u0131n\u0131 bir yana b\u0131rak\u0131rsak, anakara siyasi olarak 5 eyalet ve 3 b\u00f6lgeye ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. K\u0131tan\u0131n Pasifik Okyanusu\u2019na bakan yani do\u011fu yakas\u0131ndaki Queensland, Yeni G\u00fcney Galler (New South Wales, NSW) ve Viktorya Avustralya\u2019n\u0131n beynini, kalbini ve akci\u011ferlerini olu\u015fturan eyaletlerdir. Bu \u00fc\u00e7 eyalette, Sidney, Melbourne ve Brisbane gibi \u00fclkenin en \u00f6nemli \u00fc\u00e7 \u015fehri bulunur. Ayn\u0131 zamanda 25,5 milyonluk toplam n\u00fcfusun yakla\u015f\u0131k 20 milyonunu bar\u0131nd\u0131rd\u0131klar\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00fclkenin ba\u015fl\u0131ca ya\u015fam mek\u00e2n\u0131d\u0131r buralar. \u0130nsan yo\u011funlu\u011funa ko\u015fut olarak toplam ekonomide sahip olduklar\u0131 % 75 gibi y\u00fcksek bir payla bu eyaletler ayn\u0131 zamanda Avustralya ekonomisinin de temel itici g\u00fcc\u00fcd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n Queensland, NSW ve Viktorya\u2019n\u0131n belki de en b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6nemi, k\u0131tan\u0131n biyolojik zenginli\u011finin merkezi olmalar\u0131d\u0131r. Avustralya\u2019daki ormanlar\u0131n % 60\u2019\u0131 bu \u00fc\u00e7 eyaletin s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 i\u00e7inde yer al\u0131r. Bunlardan daha farkl\u0131 bir orman tipi olan ya\u011fmur ormanlar\u0131n\u0131n d\u00f6rtte \u00fc\u00e7\u00fc bu eyaletlerdedir. Ya\u011fmur ormanlar\u0131 Avustralya\u2019ya \u00f6zg\u00fc yani endemik olan bitki ve hayvan t\u00fcrlerinin b\u00fcy\u00fck b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn bar\u0131na\u011f\u0131d\u0131r. S\u00f6z gelimi k\u0131tadaki toplam bitki ve kelebek t\u00fcrlerin % 60\u2019\u0131, ku\u015f t\u00fcrlerinin % 40\u2019\u0131 ve keseli memeli t\u00fcrlerinin de % 35\u2019i bu ormanlar\u0131 yurt edinmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n \u0130\u015fte bu yaz\u0131da, son d\u00f6rt ayd\u0131r s\u00fcregelen yang\u0131nlardan en fazla etkilenen bu \u00fc\u00e7 do\u011fu eyaletinde olu\u015fan genel g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm verilecek.<\/p>\n Avustralya\u2019n\u0131n yang\u0131nla olan ba\u011f\u0131 eskidir Avustralya alevle yo\u011frulmu\u015f bir do\u011fa tarihine sahiptir. Buradaki do\u011fal ekosistemler ate\u015fle evrimle\u015fmi\u015ftir. Milyonlarca y\u0131ld\u0131r s\u00fcregelen yang\u0131nlar taraf\u0131ndan \u015fekillenen bir canl\u0131 \u00e7e\u015fitlili\u011fi ve \u00e7evre vard\u0131r. Avustralya\u2019ya \u00f6zg\u00fc bitkilerin \u00e7o\u011fu ate\u015fe kar\u015f\u0131 dayan\u0131ks\u0131z ve kolay yanabilen t\u00fcrler olmalar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k, bir\u00e7o\u011funun tohumlar\u0131 y\u00fcksek ate\u015fe yani yang\u0131na maruz kalsalar da \u00e7imlenme yetilerini kaybetmezler. Baz\u0131 hayvanlar\u0131n yang\u0131ndan korunmak i\u00e7in geli\u015ftirdi\u011fi ilgin\u00e7 \u00e7areler de vard\u0131r. Sadece bitkiler ve hayvanlar de\u011fil, Aborijin yerlileri de yang\u0131nla ya\u015famaya uyum sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r: S\u00f6z gelimi, ya\u015fad\u0131klar\u0131 b\u00f6lgeyi do\u011fal yang\u0131nlardan korumak i\u00e7in, kendilerinin de d\u00fczenli ve kontroll\u00fc olarak k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck yang\u0131nlar \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131klar\u0131 bilinir. Bunu yapmaktaki ama\u00e7lar\u0131, ileride yang\u0131na yak\u0131t olacak kurumu\u015f otlar\u0131 ve \u00e7al\u0131lar\u0131, ortada birikmeden yak\u0131p t\u00fcketmektir. Yerlilerin ke\u015ffettikleri bu geleneksel \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm, zaman zaman itfaiye ve orman korucular\u0131 denetiminde h\u00e2l\u00e2 uygulanmakta ve b\u00fcy\u00fck yarar sa\u011flanmaktad\u0131r. Fakat son y\u0131llarda, a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 kurakl\u0131k nedeniyle, bu uygulama biraz aksam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n Felaketin denklemi: Azalan ya\u011f\u0131\u015flar + s\u0131cak g\u00fcnlerde art\u0131\u015f + kurakl\u0131k = Yang\u0131nlar Avustralya Meteoroloji B\u00fcrosu ve Commonwealth Bilimsel ve End\u00fcstriyel Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Kurumu, CSIRO\u2019ya (Avustralya TUB\u0130TAK\u2019\u0131 denilebilir) g\u00f6re, g\u00fcvenilir verilerin toplanmaya ba\u015fland\u0131\u011f\u0131 1910\u2019dan g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze do\u011fru gelindi\u011finde k\u0131tan\u0131n y\u0131ll\u0131k ortalama hava s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda 1 \u00b0C\u2019l\u0131k bir art\u0131\u015f vard\u0131r. Avustralya \u00e7evresindeki denizlerin y\u00fczey s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ise 1900\u2019den g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze 0.9 \u00b0C artm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Her iki kurum da, k\u00fcresel \u0131s\u0131nma ve buna ba\u011fl\u0131 iklim de\u011fi\u015fimlerinin Avustralya \u00fczerinde \u00f6nemli etkileri bulundu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcndedir. Son y\u0131llar\u0131n en belirgin \u00f6zellikleri, ya\u011f\u0131\u015flar\u0131n azalmas\u0131, s\u0131cak g\u00fcnlerin say\u0131s\u0131nda ve s\u0131cak hava dalgalar\u0131ndaki art\u0131\u015f ve kuru, y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131ml\u0131 f\u0131rt\u0131nalar\u0131n daha s\u0131k olu\u015fmas\u0131d\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin 4 Ocak 2020 g\u00fcn\u00fc Sidney\u2019in bir semtinde termometre 48.9 \u00b0C\u2019a \u00e7\u0131karak \u015fehirde tarihi bir rekor k\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Meteoroloji B\u00fcrosu\u2019nun a\u00e7\u0131klamas\u0131na g\u00f6re s\u00f6z konusu semt o g\u00fcn d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en s\u0131cak yeri olarak kay\u0131tlara ge\u00e7mi\u015ftir. Oysa buras\u0131 okyanus k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131na uzakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 sadece 55 km olan, bir yan\u0131 ormanla kapl\u0131 bir yerdir.<\/p>\n A\u015f\u0131r\u0131 kurakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n sorumlular\u0131 Bilindi\u011fi gibi okyanuslar ayn\u0131 zamanda \u0131s\u0131 ve karbon dioksit (CO2<\/sub>) depolama yeridir. \u0130nsan kaynakl\u0131 CO2<\/sub> sal\u0131n\u0131m\u0131ndaki art\u0131\u015f, atmosferde sera etkisi yaratarak yani s\u0131cakl\u0131k ka\u00e7\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 engelleyerek, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n \u0131s\u0131nmas\u0131na neden olur. Bunun sonucu havadaki fazla \u0131s\u0131y\u0131 ve CO2<\/sub>\u2019i emen okyanuslar\u0131n s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve asitli\u011fi artar. Konuyu da\u011f\u0131tmamak i\u00e7in sadece s\u0131cakl\u0131k etmenine bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda g\u00f6r\u00fclen \u015fudur; deniz y\u00fczey s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndaki k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck art\u0131\u015flar dahi okyanus ak\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 ve denizin \u00fcst\u00fcndeki hava \u015fartlar\u0131n\u0131 etkiler. Uzunca bir s\u00fcredir bu \u00fc\u00e7 okyanusta olu\u015fan hava ko\u015fullar\u0131, Avustralya\u2019n\u0131n \u00fczerine gelmesi gereken nemli r\u00fczg\u00e2rlar\u0131 ve ya\u011fmur bulutlar\u0131n\u0131 k\u0131tadan uzakla\u015ft\u0131rmaktad\u0131r. Kuzeybat\u0131dan Avustralya\u2019ya girecek muson ya\u011fmur bulutlar\u0131 Afrika y\u00f6n\u00fcne, bat\u0131dan gelecek nemli r\u00fczg\u00e2rlar ise Antarktika\u2019ya do\u011fru itilmektedir. Ne yaz\u0131k ki her \u015fey kurakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n de\u011firmenine su ta\u015f\u0131m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n Okyanuslar gezegenin \u2018Pandora K\u00fcp\u00fc\u2019d\u00fcr Yang\u0131nlar\u0131n yak\u0131t\u0131 nereden geldi? Avustralya\u2019daki yang\u0131nlar\u0131n yak\u0131t\u0131, t\u00fcm d\u00fcnyada oldu\u011fu gibi bitkilerdir, \u00f6zellikle de kurumu\u015f bitkiler. Avustralya\u2019n\u0131n bitki \u00f6rt\u00fcs\u00fc ve ormanlar\u0131, yang\u0131nlara \u00e7anak tutucu bir yap\u0131dad\u0131r. Burada, kal\u0131n ve sa\u011flam g\u00f6vdeli uzun a\u011fa\u00e7lar yan\u0131nda, bildi\u011fimiz \u00e7al\u0131lar\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck a\u011fa\u00e7lara d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015f t\u00fcrleri de vard\u0131r. Bunlara, bizde Akdeniz ikliminin hakim oldu\u011fu alanlar\u0131 kaplayan 1-2 metre boyundaki k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck a\u011fa\u00e7 ve \u00e7al\u0131lar\u0131n yani maki bitki \u00f6rt\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn, olduk\u00e7a g\u00fcrle\u015fmi\u015f ve serpilmi\u015f hali diye de bak\u0131labilir. Topraktan birka\u00e7 kar\u0131\u015f y\u00fckselen g\u00f6vde hemen kollara ayr\u0131l\u0131r ve bol dall\u0131 ve yaprakl\u0131 bir yap\u0131 kazan\u0131r. \u015eiddetli r\u00fczg\u00e2rlar, kurakl\u0131k, hastal\u0131k, mevsim de\u011fi\u015fimleri vb. nedenlerle bu kollar\u0131n, dallar\u0131n, yapraklar\u0131n kurumu\u015flar\u0131 veya zay\u0131flayanlar\u0131 kolayl\u0131kla k\u0131r\u0131l\u0131p topra\u011f\u0131n \u00fczerinde tutu\u015fmaya haz\u0131r bir tabaka olu\u015ftururlar.<\/p>\n Avustralya bitki \u00f6rt\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn temel bile\u015feni okalipt\u00fcs a\u011fa\u00e7lar\u0131 ve \u00e7al\u0131lar\u0131d\u0131r ve mevcut ormanlar\u0131n % 75\u2019den fazlas\u0131n\u0131 kaplarlar. K\u0131taya \u00f6zg\u00fc 900\u2019e yak\u0131n t\u00fcr\u00fc bulunan okalipt\u00fcs bitkisinin boyu 1 metreden 60 metreye kadar olabilmektedir. A\u011fa\u00e7lar\u0131n tek ve \u00e7ok g\u00f6vdeli t\u00fcrleri vard\u0131r. Bu bitkinin yang\u0131nla yak\u0131ndan ilgili olan \u00f6zelli\u011fi her y\u0131l a\u011fac\u0131n kabu\u011funa alttan yeni bir tabaka eklenmesidir. Bu nedenle \u00f6len en d\u0131\u015f kabuk, geni\u015f levhalar ya da lifler \u015feklinde yere d\u00f6k\u00fcl\u00fcr. G\u00fcne\u015f yan\u0131\u011f\u0131 sonras\u0131 kabaran s\u0131rt derimizi soyar gibi bu d\u0131\u015f kabu\u011fu elle soymak m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. Okalipt\u00fcslerin bir ba\u015fka \u00f6zelli\u011fi yapraklar\u0131n\u0131n i\u00e7erdi\u011fi y\u00fcksek miktarda do\u011fal ya\u011fd\u0131r. Okalipt\u00fcs ya\u011f\u0131 \u00e7ok yan\u0131c\u0131d\u0131r. T\u00fcm bunlar, k\u0131tay\u0131 kaplayan bu g\u00f6rkemli bitkiyi yang\u0131nlar i\u00e7in \u201cideal bir yak\u0131t\u201d haline getirir.<\/p>\n Yang\u0131nlar\u0131n k\u0131v\u0131lc\u0131m\u0131 nereden geldi? Bir b\u00f6lgede b\u00fcy\u00fck bir yang\u0131n ba\u015flad\u0131ktan sonra, \u0131s\u0131, nem ve hava ko\u015fullar\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak yang\u0131n duman\u0131n\u0131n i\u00e7inde \u00e7ok g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc hava ak\u0131mlar\u0131 meydana gelir. \u00d6zellikle duman i\u00e7inde yo\u011funla\u015fan nem, yang\u0131ndan ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 y\u00fcksek enerjiyi (\u0131s\u0131y\u0131) geri salarak bu ak\u0131mlar\u0131 daha da \u015fiddetlendirir. B\u00f6ylece yang\u0131n b\u00f6lgesinde \u00e7ok yo\u011fun, koyu bulutlar olu\u015fur (Pyrocumulonimbus bulutlar\u0131). Olu\u015fan bu yap\u0131y\u0131 meteorologlar, duman\u0131 ve havaya kar\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015f her \u015feyi \u00e7ekip, atmosfere pompalayan birka\u00e7 kilometre y\u00fcksekli\u011finde devasa bir bacaya benzetmektedir. Bu hava sistemi; \u015fiddetli g\u00f6k g\u00fcr\u00fclt\u00fcs\u00fc, y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m, sert hava hareketleri, sa\u011fanak ya\u011fmur gibi \u00f6zellikler ta\u015f\u0131yan, k\u0131sa s\u00fcreli ama g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc yerel f\u0131rt\u0131nalara yol a\u00e7ar. Ba\u015fka bir ifadeyle yang\u0131n, kendi yetmezmi\u015f gibi, bir de \u00e7ok y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131 hava ko\u015fullar\u0131 yarat\u0131lmas\u0131na \u00f6nayak olmaktad\u0131r. Bu nedenle kimi uzmanlar ona \u201cAte\u015f Soluyan F\u0131rt\u0131na Sistemi\u201d ad\u0131n\u0131 da vermi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n \u0130\u015fte Avustralya yang\u0131nlar\u0131, ancak meteoroloji ders kitaplar\u0131nda bulunabilecek t\u00fcrde, b\u00f6yle anormal hava olaylar\u0131na yol a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Fakat bu arada, s\u00f6z konusu sistemin son yang\u0131nlarda \u201ckuru\u201d versiyonunun i\u015f g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc s\u00f6ylemek gerek. Bu \u015fu demektir: Burada yere yak\u0131n tabakalarda s\u0131cakl\u0131k y\u00fcksek oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in ya\u011fan ya\u011fmurun neredeyse tamam\u0131 topra\u011fa varamadan havada buharla\u015fmaktad\u0131r (meteorolojide buna \u201cvirga\u201d denir). Yani g\u00f6k g\u00fcr\u00fclt\u00fcleri, y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131mlar, g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc r\u00fczg\u00e2rlar \u00e7evrenin alt\u0131na \u00fcst\u00fcne getirirken, ortada ya\u011f\u0131\u015ftan eser yoktur yani bunlar kuru f\u0131rt\u0131nalard\u0131r. \u0130\u015fte Avustralya\u2019da son aylarda g\u00f6r\u00fclen devasa yang\u0131nlar\u0131n k\u0131v\u0131lc\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck oranda, s\u00f6z edilen hava sisteminin yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u201cy\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131mlar\u201d sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ba\u015fka bir ifadeyle yang\u0131n kendi i\u00e7inden, yeni yang\u0131nlar \u00e7\u0131karan ilave bir ate\u015fleme sistemi daha do\u011furmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n \u0130nsan faaliyetlerinin katk\u0131s\u0131: <\/strong>A\u015f\u0131r\u0131 kurakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ko\u015fullarda, k\u0131v\u0131lc\u0131m\u0131n olu\u015fmas\u0131na neden olan basit bir s\u00fcrt\u00fcnme ve \u00e7arpman\u0131n dahi, ak\u0131l almaz boyutta yang\u0131nlara neden olabildi\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Avustralya\u2019n\u0131n k\u0131rsal kesimi \u00e7iftliklerle doludur. Burada kullan\u0131lan metal malzemelerin, yak\u0131t\u0131n, s\u00f6nmemi\u015f sigara izmaritinin, i\u015f gere\u011fi yak\u0131lan ate\u015flerin ya da k\u0131zartma i\u00e7in yak\u0131lan mangallar\u0131n kurak d\u00f6nemlerde otlak yang\u0131nlar\u0131na neden oldu\u011fu iyi bilinen bir ger\u00e7ektir. Fakat tamam\u0131yla emin olunamasa da bilinebildi\u011fi kadar\u0131yla, son yang\u0131nlarda bu olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n fazla bir rol\u00fc olmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n Yang\u0131nlar\u0131n solu\u011fu nereden geldi? Yang\u0131n\u0131n yay\u0131lma h\u0131z\u0131na co\u011frafyan\u0131n katk\u0131s\u0131 Son yang\u0131nda, alevlerin yay\u0131lma h\u0131z\u0131n\u0131 ve y\u00f6n\u00fcn\u00fc tahmin i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan bilgisayar modelleri bir\u00e7ok durumda \u00e7aresiz kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Baz\u0131 b\u00f6lgelerde yang\u0131n merkezinden onlarca kilometre uzakta olan insanlar birka\u00e7 saat i\u00e7inde kendilerini yang\u0131n\u0131n ortas\u0131nda bulmu\u015flard\u0131r. Hatta baz\u0131 yerlerde inan\u0131lmaz g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcler olu\u015fmu\u015ftur. Etraf\u0131 alevlerle sar\u0131lan k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir k\u00f6yde ka\u00e7ma f\u0131rsat\u0131 bulamayan insanlar hayvanlar\u0131 ve yanlar\u0131na alabildikleri e\u015fyalar\u0131yla yak\u0131ndaki g\u00f6le girerek kurtar\u0131lmay\u0131 beklemi\u015flerdir. Deniz k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131ndaki tatil beldelerinde yang\u0131nla deniz aras\u0131nda s\u0131k\u0131\u015fan insanlar ise ayn\u0131 \u015feyi k\u0131y\u0131da ya da denizde bekleyerek yapm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n Son yang\u0131nda g\u00f6zlenen bir ba\u015fka olay, birbirlerinden uzakta olan yang\u0131nlar\u0131n k\u0131sa s\u00fcrede birle\u015ferek \u201cmega yang\u0131na\u201d d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmesidir. Yeni G\u00fcney Galler ve Viktorya eyalet s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131nda birbirinden ayr\u0131 k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck yang\u0131nlar birle\u015ferek boyu 60 kilometreye varan devasa bir yang\u0131n haline gelmi\u015ftir. Tahmin edilece\u011fi gibi bu boyutta bir yang\u0131nla ba\u015f etmek olanaks\u0131zd\u0131r.<\/p>\n Ate\u015fin ku\u015fatt\u0131klar\u0131\u2026 Ate\u015fe terk edilenler\u2026 Ka\u00e7mak ya da saklanmak ne kadar m\u00fcmk\u00fcn? On binlerce insan tahliye edilmi\u015ftir. Sadece tatil y\u00f6relerinde tahliye edilenlerin say\u0131s\u0131 30.000 dolay\u0131ndad\u0131r. Avustralya Federal \u00c7evre Bakan\u0131, Yeni G\u00fcney Galler eyaletinin baz\u0131 b\u00f6lgelerinde koala n\u00fcfusunun % 30\u2019unun \u00f6ld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc bildirmi\u015ftir. New South Wales \u00dcniversitesi\u2019nden astrofizik\u00e7i Prof. Lisa Harvey-Smith yang\u0131n duman\u0131n\u0131n, deniz y\u00fczeyinden 17 km y\u00fckse\u011fe kadar eri\u015fti\u011fini s\u00f6ylemektedir. Zararl\u0131 kimyasallarla dolu duman, 2300 km uzaktaki Yeni Zelandal\u0131lar\u0131 \u00f6ks\u00fcrt\u00fcp, oradaki da\u011f zirvelerini kaplayan karlar\u0131 \u00e7amur rengine d\u00f6nd\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Yang\u0131n b\u00f6lgesinden 100-150 km uzakta olan Sidney\u2019de dahi g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f mesafesinin birka\u00e7 y\u00fcz metreye d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ko\u015fullarda yang\u0131n\u0131n ve duman\u0131n ortas\u0131nda kalan ku\u015flar\u0131n fazla bir \u00e7aresinin olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131r. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc ku\u015flar\u0131n dumanl\u0131 ve f\u0131rt\u0131nal\u0131 ortamlarda panikledikleri ve y\u00f6n bulma sistemlerin ciddi \u015fekilde bozuldu\u011fu bilinir (Woinarski, J. ve ark., Ocak 8, 2020). Bu nedenle b\u00fcy\u00fck yang\u0131nlarda ciddi say\u0131da ku\u015f \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn yayg\u0131n bir durum oldu\u011fu s\u00f6ylenmektedir. Viktorya eyaletinin Mallacoota plaj\u0131nda, g\u00f6kku\u015fa\u011f\u0131 loriketlerine ve sar\u0131 kuyruklu siyah kakatulara ait ku\u015f \u00f6l\u00fclerinin sahile vurdu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n B\u00fcy\u00fck yang\u0131nlar\u0131n \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 b\u00f6lgelerde inan\u0131lmaz g\u00fc\u00e7te r\u00fczg\u00e2rlar olu\u015fur. S\u00f6z gelimi, NSW, Viktorya s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131na yak\u0131n Ye\u015fil Vadi b\u00f6lgesindeki yang\u0131nda inan\u0131lmaz bir olay meydana gelmi\u015ftir. K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir otlakta mahzur kalan hayvanlar\u0131 kurtarmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan bir ekibe ait 8 tonluk itfaiye arac\u0131, d\u00fc\u015fey y\u00f6nl\u00fc \u00e7ok g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir hava ak\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n neden oldu\u011fu alev kas\u0131rgas\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan havaya kald\u0131r\u0131l\u0131p, ters y\u00fcz edilmi\u015f ve yere \u00e7arp\u0131lan ara\u00e7taki g\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fc bir itfaiye eri ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131 kaybetmi\u015ftir. Ara\u00e7ta s\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131p kalan ve yan\u0131klarla kurtulan \u00f6teki itfaiyecilerden biri, 35 y\u0131ll\u0131k itfaiyecilik hayat\u0131nda g\u00f6rmedi\u011fi ve duymad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir deneyim ya\u015fad\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6ylemi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n Ka\u00e7an\u0131n ve geri d\u00f6nenin hayatta kalma \u015fans\u0131 ne? Toprak alt\u0131nda saklanan s\u00fcr\u00fcngenlerin bu yang\u0131nlar\u0131n yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u0131cakta, kesif dumanda ne kadar s\u00fcreyle hayatta kalabilecekleri me\u00e7huld\u00fcr.<\/p>\n F\u0131rsat\u00e7\u0131 avc\u0131lar sorunu Koala\u2019n\u0131n talihsiz se\u00e7imi Avustralya\u2019da yang\u0131n\u0131n maliyeti ba\u015fka yerlerden daha y\u00fcksektir Avustralya\u2019n\u0131n ger\u00e7ek zenginli\u011fi biyolojiktir D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcn; k\u0131tadaki tan\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015f 386 memeli t\u00fcr\u00fcnden % 87\u2019si, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n ba\u015fka hi\u00e7bir yerinde bulunmay\u0131p sadece burada ya\u015famaktad\u0131r. Bunlar aras\u0131nda t\u00fcm d\u00fcnyan\u0131n sevgilisi olan, narin ve kibar hayvan \u201ckoala\u201d da yer almaktad\u0131r. Avustralya\u2019n\u0131n do\u011fu eyaletlerindeki okalipt\u00fcs ormanlar\u0131n\u0131 kendine ya\u015fama mek\u00e2n\u0131 edinen bu g\u00fczel keselideki genetik \u00e7e\u015fitlili\u011fin, yang\u0131nla birlikte, ciddi bir tehlike alt\u0131na girdi\u011fi s\u00f6ylenmektedir. WWF (D\u00fcnya Vah\u015fiya\u015fam Fonu)-Avustralya \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fc taraf\u0131ndan son yap\u0131lan a\u00e7\u0131klamada yang\u0131nda en az 8400 koalan\u0131n \u00f6ld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc bildirilmi\u015ftir. \u00c7ok yava\u015f \u00fcreyen bu hayvan i\u00e7in durum i\u00e7 a\u00e7\u0131c\u0131 de\u011fildir.<\/p>\n S\u00fcr\u00fcngenlere gelindi\u011finde ise, buraya \u00f6zg\u00fc olan (yani endemik) t\u00fcr oran\u0131 % 93\u2019e \u00e7\u0131kmaktad\u0131r. Tan\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015f 917 s\u00fcr\u00fcngen t\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn 853\u2019\u00fc ancak burada g\u00f6r\u00fclebilmektedir. Bu paha bi\u00e7ilmez de\u011ferde bir zenginliktir. Avustralya\u2019da tan\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015f 62.000 b\u00f6cek t\u00fcr\u00fcnden % 70\u2019i endemiktir. Bitkilere gelindi\u011finde ise tan\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015f 25.000 t\u00fcrden % 86\u2019s\u0131 sadece bu k\u0131tada mevcut oldu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. Bu listeyi uzatmak m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr (Chapman, 2009).<\/p>\n Bu \u00e7arp\u0131c\u0131 bilgilerden de anla\u015f\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 gibi Avustralya do\u011fas\u0131 b\u00fct\u00fcn canl\u0131lar\u0131n birbirlerine ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak evrimle\u015fti\u011fi dev bir sistemdir. B\u00f6cekler, bitkiler, ku\u015flar, memeliler, toprak akla gelecek her \u015fey, birbirlerine uyum y\u00f6n\u00fcnde ak\u0131l almaz g\u00fczellikte yetiler edinmi\u015flerdir. Avustralya\u2019ya ana k\u0131talardan gelen b\u00fct\u00fcn insanlar, hayvan ve bitki \u00e7e\u015fitlili\u011fini ve hayatlar\u0131 boyunca hi\u00e7bir yerde kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fmad\u0131klar\u0131 canl\u0131lar\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcnce \u015fa\u015fk\u0131nl\u0131\u011fa d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcp, hayranl\u0131k duymaktad\u0131r. S\u00f6z gelimi, yaz\u0131da s\u0131k\u00e7a ge\u00e7en koaladan \u00f6rnek vermek gerekirse, hayvanlar aleminde \u015fempanze ve goril gibi primatlar ve Kuzey Amerika su memelisi olan bal\u0131k\u00e7\u0131l d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda parmak izine sahip tek hayvand\u0131r (Coppock, 2007). \u0130nsanla koalan\u0131n parmak izleri o kadar benzerdir ki elektron mikroskopu ile ay\u0131rt etmek dahi g\u00fc\u00e7t\u00fcr. Belli ki t\u0131rman\u0131c\u0131 bu hayvanlar birbirlerinden ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z olarak benze\u015ftirici bir uyumsal evrim ge\u00e7irmi\u015flerdir.<\/p>\n \u0130\u015fte korkun\u00e7 yang\u0131nlar bu on milyonlarca y\u0131ll\u0131k d\u00fczene\u011fin kalbine bir han\u00e7er gibi saplanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bir daha geri gelmeyecek \u015fekilde neyi kaybetti\u011fimizi belki de hi\u00e7bir zaman \u00f6\u011frenemeyece\u011fiz.<\/p>\n Hayvanc\u0131l\u0131k: <\/strong>Avustralya modern hayvanc\u0131l\u0131k ve tar\u0131m\u0131n yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir devlettir. Avustralya \u0130statistik B\u00fcrosu\u2019nun 2017 verilerine g\u00f6re, n\u00fcfusu 25,5 milyon olan \u00fclkede (2020 verisi), 70 milyon ba\u015f koyun ve 26 milyon b\u00fcy\u00fck ba\u015f hayvan bulunmaktad\u0131r. S\u00f6z gelimi b\u00fcy\u00fck ba\u015f hayvanlar\u0131n 20 milyonu yang\u0131n\u0131n kavurdu\u011fu do\u011fu eyaletlerinde ya\u015famaktad\u0131r. \u00c7iftliklerdeki 5 milyon domuz ve on milyarlarca yumurtal\u0131k ve etlik kanatl\u0131 hayvan\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 da g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcne al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr ki, sadece yaban\u0131l hayvanlar de\u011fil devasa bir \u00e7iftlik hayvan stoku da yang\u0131n\u0131n kurban\u0131 durumundad\u0131r.<\/p>\n \u00a0<\/strong>Cehennemde bir yaz mevsimi Gaz maskelerine ramak kald\u0131! Dumandaki partik\u00fcllerin kimi zaman 2,5 mikrometre ve daha k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck \u00e7apa (PM2.5<\/sub>) sahip par\u00e7ac\u0131klar i\u00e7erdi\u011fi g\u00fcnler oldu (insan sa\u00e7 teli ortalama 70 mikrometre \u00e7ap\u0131ndad\u0131r). Bu boyuttaki partik\u00fcller akci\u011ferlerin en \u00fccra k\u00f6\u015felerine eri\u015fmekle kalmay\u0131p, ayn\u0131 yolla kan dola\u015f\u0131m\u0131na dahi girebiliyordu. S\u00f6z konusu kirleticilerin kalp krizi, inme, akci\u011fer kanseri ve ast\u0131m ataklar\u0131na neden olma potansiyelleri y\u00fcksekti. Buradan insan sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in ne kadar ciddi bir tehlike do\u011fdu\u011fu daha iyi anla\u015f\u0131labilir. Dumandaki par\u00e7ac\u0131klar\u0131n haftalar boyu evlerin camlar\u0131na, balkonlar\u0131na, arabalar\u0131n \u00fczerine ya\u011f\u0131p, \u00e7amur renginde bir tabaka olu\u015fturdu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc. \u0130zlenen bu kirlili\u011fin akci\u011ferlerinize hatta kan dola\u015f\u0131m\u0131n\u0131za eri\u015fti\u011fi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmek rahats\u0131zl\u0131k vericiydi.<\/p>\n Politikac\u0131lar cephesinde yeni bir \u015fey yok! Avustralya\u2019n\u0131n en temel enerji kayna\u011f\u0131 \u00fclkede \u00e7\u0131kan k\u00f6m\u00fcrd\u00fcr ve bunlar\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc \u00fcretimin daha kolay oldu\u011fu a\u00e7\u0131k tip madenlerdir. Bu tip madencilikte k\u00f6m\u00fcr, yer alt\u0131nda t\u00fcnellere gerek olmadan y\u00fczeyden yani 50-60 metre derinli\u011fe sahip \u00e7anak bi\u00e7iminde a\u00e7\u0131lan \u00e7ok geni\u015f \u00e7ukurlardan \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131l\u0131r. Avustralya k\u00f6m\u00fcr \u00fcretiminde d\u00fcnya d\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fcs\u00fcd\u00fcr ve \u00f6nemli bir k\u00f6m\u00fcr ihracat\u00e7\u0131s\u0131d\u0131r. Bu nedenle \u00fclkede 20\u2019ye yak\u0131n termik santral vard\u0131r. Elektrik \u00fcretimi yan\u0131nda k\u00f6m\u00fcr, end\u00fcstride de yayg\u0131nl\u0131kla kullan\u0131ld\u0131r. D\u00fcnya n\u00fcfusunun % 0,3\u2019\u00fcn\u00fc olu\u015fturan Avustralya\u2019n\u0131n do\u011faya sald\u0131\u011f\u0131 sera gaz\u0131 d\u00fcnya toplam\u0131n\u0131n yakla\u015f\u0131k % 1,1\u2019dir yani h\u00e2lihaz\u0131rda ki\u015fi ba\u015f\u0131na d\u00fcnyay\u0131 en fazla kirleten \u00fclkeler aras\u0131ndad\u0131r. Son yang\u0131nlarla Avustralya\u2019n\u0131n atmosfere katt\u0131\u011f\u0131 CO2<\/sub> yani kirlilik daha da artm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n Ate\u015fi ve ihaneti g\u00f6rd\u00fck \/ ve yanan g\u00f6zlerimizle durduk \/ bu d\u00fcnyan\u0131n \u00fczerinde Kundak\u00e7\u0131lar:<\/strong> Bu arada h\u00fck\u00fcmet partilerinin kimi muhafazak\u00e2r milletvekilleri ve madencilik sekt\u00f6r\u00fc patronlar\u0131, iklim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi ve k\u00fcresel \u0131s\u0131nma gibi ho\u015flanmad\u0131klar\u0131 etmenleri son yang\u0131nlarla ili\u015fkilendirmemek i\u00e7in bunlar\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck oranda kundak\u00e7\u0131lar taraf\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 iddia etmi\u015flerdir. Fakat konuyla ilgili polis ve itfaiye yetkililerine g\u00f6re, yang\u0131nlar\u0131n yar\u0131dan fazlas\u0131n\u0131n nedeni saptanamam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r ve \u00fccra y\u00f6relerde olanlar hakk\u0131nda kesin bilgi edinmek imk\u00e2ns\u0131z olsa da, do\u011fu yakas\u0131ndaki \u00fc\u00e7 eyalette soru\u015fturulan 300 dolay\u0131nda kundak\u00e7\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015flatt\u0131\u011f\u0131 yang\u0131nlar daha \u00e7ok yerel d\u00fczeyde kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. S\u00f6z gelimi NSW eyaletinde son aylarda \u00e7\u0131kan yang\u0131nlar\u0131n ancak % 1\u2019i resmi olarak kundak\u00e7\u0131lara atfedilmi\u015ftir. Eyalette \u201cmega yang\u0131nlar\u0131n\u201d g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc Gospers Da\u011flar\u0131, Green Wattle Creek, Karl\u0131 Da\u011flar, Ye\u015fil Vadi ve G\u00fcney K\u0131y\u0131s\u0131 gibi yerlerdeki yang\u0131nlar\u0131n t\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn \u015fim\u015fekler taraf\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 kesinle\u015fmi\u015ftir. Tasmanya \u00dcniversitesi\u2019nden orman yang\u0131nlar\u0131 konusunda \u00fclkenin \u00f6nde gelen uzmanlar\u0131ndan Prof. David Bowman da, son yang\u0131nlarda g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc gibi, bu boyutta yang\u0131nlar\u0131n ancak y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131mlar taraf\u0131ndan ba\u015flat\u0131labilece\u011fi onaylam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Fakat bu kundak\u00e7\u0131 sorunuyla ilgili esas endi\u015fe duyulacak nokta, yakalananlar aras\u0131ndaki 18 ya\u015f alt\u0131ndakilerin az\u0131msanmayacak say\u0131da olmas\u0131d\u0131r. Avusturalyal\u0131lar da \u015fu anda \u00f6ncelikle sorunu kontrol alt\u0131na al\u0131p, yaralar\u0131 sarma gayretindeler. Ama ileride yani sel gidip kum kald\u0131ktan sonra burada da yang\u0131nlar\u0131n muhasebesi mutlaka yap\u0131lacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n En son yerle\u015ftikleri yer, en h\u0131zl\u0131 t\u00fckendi! Fakat ger\u00e7ek ya\u015fam kendi yolunda ilerlemeye devam ediyor: Avrupa Birli\u011fi verilerine g\u00f6re, n\u00fcfusu T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin \u00fc\u00e7te birinden az olmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n, atmosfere pompalad\u0131\u011f\u0131 CO2<\/sub> onunkine yak\u0131nd\u0131r. \u0130ngiltere ve Fransa\u2019n\u0131n sald\u0131\u011f\u0131 sera gaz\u0131 miktarlar\u0131 bile Avustralya\u2019dan d\u00fc\u015f\u00fckt\u00fcr. \u015eu anda biyo\u00e7e\u015fitlilik kayb\u0131nda Endonezya\u2019dan sonra gelen d\u00fcnyadaki ikinci devlettir. Son iki y\u00fcz y\u0131lda 34 endemik memeli t\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn ve alt t\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn soyu t\u00fckenmi\u015ftir Avustralya\u2019da, oysa bu say\u0131 Kuzey Amerika\u2019da Avrupal\u0131 yerle\u015fiminin ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan beri sadece 1\u2019dir t\u00fcm d\u00fcnyada ise 83\u2019t\u00fcr (Woinarski, 2015). Av e\u011flencesi i\u00e7in 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ikinci yar\u0131s\u0131nda \u0130ngiltere\u2019den getirilen tilkiler y\u00fcz\u00fcnden, 75 dolay\u0131nda \u00e7ok de\u011ferli endemik hayvan t\u00fcr\u00fc t\u00fckenme noktas\u0131ndad\u0131r.<\/p>\n Modern Avrupal\u0131 s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecilerin buraya ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131 y\u0131k\u0131mdan, k\u0131tan\u0131n e\u015fsiz do\u011fas\u0131 yan\u0131nda, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n ya\u015fayan en eski k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn sahibi olan Aborijinler ve Torres Bo\u011faz\u0131 Adal\u0131lar\u0131 da paylar\u0131na d\u00fc\u015feni fazlas\u0131yla alm\u0131\u015f ve bitme noktas\u0131na getirilmi\u015flerdir. Oysa bu insanlar g\u00fcneydo\u011fu Asya yoluyla Avustralya\u2019ya eri\u015fip, en az 50.000 y\u0131l boyunca, kendilerini etraflar\u0131n\u0131 ku\u015fatan hayvanlardan, bitkilerden, g\u00f6ky\u00fcz\u00fcndeki y\u0131ld\u0131zlardan, kayalardan, k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 topraktan ayr\u0131 g\u00f6rmeden var olmay\u0131 ba\u015farm\u0131\u015flard\u0131. Katledilmeseler daha on binlerce y\u0131l burada ya\u015fayabilirlerdi.<\/p>\n Geri say\u0131m s\u00fcrerken\u2026 Burada insanlar son yang\u0131nlarla, gelece\u011fimizi \u00e7oktan ipotek alt\u0131na alm\u0131\u015f b\u00fcy\u00fck iklim felaketlerinden birinin daha provas\u0131n\u0131 ilk ya\u015fayanlardan oldular. Bu y\u0131k\u0131m hem Avustralyal\u0131ya hem de d\u00fcnyan\u0131n kula\u011f\u0131na k\u00fcpe olacak m\u0131? Umut az; ama \u015fu anda gezegenimizin umuttan ba\u015fka ekme\u011fi de yok\u2026<\/p>\n YARARLANILAN KAYNAKLAR<\/strong><\/p>\n – Chapman, A.D. (2009). Numbers of Living Species in Australia and the World<\/em>. 2. edition. A Report for the Australian Biological Resources Study. Australian Government, Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts, Canberra, AU.<\/p>\n – Coppock, C.A. (2007). Contrast: An Investigator\u2019s Basic Reference Guide to Fingerprint Identification Concepts<\/em>. Revised edition. Charles C Thomas Publisher. p.21.<\/p>\n – Dowdy, A.J. ve ark. (2019). Future changes in extreme weather and pyroconvection risk factors for Australian wildfires. Scientific Reports<\/em>, 9, 10073.<\/p>\n – https:\/\/www.agriculture.gov.au\/sites\/default\/files\/documents\/Forests_at_glance_2019.pdf (eri\u015fim 14\/01\/2020)<\/p>\n – https:\/\/www.agriculture.gov.au\/abares\/forestsaustralia\/profiles\/rainforest-2019 (eri\u015fim 14\/01\/2020)<\/p>\n – https:\/\/www.agriculture.gov.au\/abares\/forestsaustralia\/profiles\/autralias-forests-2019 (eri\u015fim 14\/01\/2020)<\/p>\n – https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/topics\/earth\/features\/pyrocb.html (eri\u015fim 19\/01\/2020)<\/p>\n – https:\/\/www.ga.gov.au\/scientific-topics\/community-safety\/busfire (eri\u015fim 12\/01\/2020)<\/p>\n – https:\/\/www.australia.gov.au\/about-australia\/our-country\/the-australian-continent<\/p>\n – https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2020-01-15\/is-arson-mostly-to-blame-for-the-bushfire-crisis\/11865724?pfmredir=sm (eri\u015fim 21\/01\/2020) – Woinarski, J. ve ark., (2015). Ongoing unraveling of a continental fauna: Decline and extinction of Australian mammals since European settlement. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America<\/em>,112(15), 4531-4540.<\/p>\n – Woinarski, J. ve ark., (January 8, 2020). A Season in Hell: Bushfires Push at Least 20 Threatened Species Closer to Extinction. The Conversation<\/em>. https:\/\/theconversation.com\/a-season-in-hell-bushfires-push-at-least-20-threatened-species-closer-to-extinction-129533 (eri\u015fim 18\/01\/2020)<\/p>\n – https:\/\/sydney.edu.au\/news-opinion\/news\/2020\/01\/08\/australian-bushfires-more-than-one-billion-animals-impacted.html (Eri\u015fim 19\/01\/2020)<\/p>\n Talihsiz devenin ba\u015f\u0131na gelenler<\/strong><\/p>\n Yabani develerin \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclme konusu san\u0131r\u0131m T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin g\u00fcndemine Avustralya\u2019daki yang\u0131nlarla girdi. Bizim h\u00fck\u00fcmet s\u00f6zc\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn dahi i\u015fin i\u00e7ine twitter yoluyla girmesinden anla\u015f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131na g\u00f6re tart\u0131\u015fmalar epey ate\u015fli \u015fekilde s\u00fcr\u00fcyor. Herhalde \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclen hayvan\u0131n deve olmas\u0131 da kimilerini konunun i\u00e7ine \u00e7ekti. Bizim \u00fclkemiz gibi hayvan haklar\u0131 karnesinin zay\u0131f oldu\u011fu bir yerden, buralara ula\u015fan tepkiler \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131 iyiydi ama ayn\u0131 konu bizde hayvanlara uzun y\u0131llard\u0131r yap\u0131lan tecav\u00fcz ve eziyetlerin tekrar an\u0131lmas\u0131na da neden oldu. Meseleyi dini bir sorun olarak g\u00f6renlere, \u0130slam \u00f6ncesi ve sonras\u0131 d\u00f6nemlerde Mekke dahil Hicaz b\u00f6lgesinde kurban i\u00e7in devenin tercih edilen bir hayvan oldu\u011fu da belirtildi.<\/p>\n Do\u011fruyu s\u00f6ylemek gerekirse, yabani deve av\u0131 burada onlarca y\u0131ld\u0131r serbest oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in tepkiler ne kadar kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k bulacak, g\u00f6rece\u011fiz. Uygulamaya konmas\u0131 1977 y\u0131l\u0131 olan B\u00f6lgesel Parklar\u0131 ve Yaban Hayat\u0131 Koruma Kanunu ilgili bakana yetki vererek, toprak sahiplerinin tav\u015fan, tilki, e\u015fek, ke\u00e7i, geyik, domuz, kedi ve deve gibi Avustralya do\u011fas\u0131na d\u0131\u015far\u0131dan sokulmu\u015f ve zarara neden olan t\u00fcrleri \u00f6ld\u00fcrmeleri te\u015fvik edilmi\u015ftir. 1990\u2019larda biyo\u00e7e\u015fitlili\u011fi koruma faaliyetleri art\u0131nca dikkatler bu yabanc\u0131 hayvanlar \u00fczerine daha fazla odaklanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Hatta 2009\u2019da geli\u015ftirilen bir proje ile yabani deve say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 kontrol alt\u0131na alabilmek i\u00e7in planl\u0131 \u015fekilde \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclmeleri, resmi bir \u00e7er\u00e7eveye oturtulmu\u015ftur. Fakat proje sadece develerin silahla \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclmesi \u015feklinde uygulanmamaktad\u0131r. Uygun oldu\u011funda yakalanan hayvanlar\u0131n kesimhanelere nakli de yap\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca uygulama, g\u00f6r\u00fclen her devenin \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclmesi anlam\u0131nda de\u011fil, s\u00fcr\u00fclerin a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 \u00fcreyip, yerle\u015fim yerlerine zarar verdi\u011fi yerlerde yap\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n Avustralya\u2019n\u0131n % 20\u2019sini (yani iki T\u00fcrkiye b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde bir alan) \u00e7\u00f6l tan\u0131m\u0131na giren b\u00f6lgeler olu\u015fturur. K\u0131tan\u0131n i\u00e7 k\u0131s\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131 kaplayan bu \u00e7\u00f6llerin s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131nda ya\u015fay\u0131p, hayvanc\u0131l\u0131k ve madencilik yapan insanlarla sosyo ekonomik ba\u011flant\u0131y\u0131 sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ortas\u0131nda Arabistan, Hindistan ve Afganistan\u2019dan 20.000 dolay\u0131nda deve al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu develerle birlikte \u00e7o\u011fu M\u00fcsl\u00fcman olan 2000\u2019den fazla Hintli, Afgan, M\u0131s\u0131rl\u0131 ve T\u00fcrk deve \u00e7oban\u0131 da getirilmi\u015ftir. 1860\u2019l\u0131 ve 1930\u2019lu y\u0131llar aras\u0131nda i\u00e7 b\u00f6lgelerin ekonomisine, k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcne ve ke\u015ffine b\u00fcy\u00fck hizmetler veren develer ve \u201cAfgan\u201d ad\u0131yla tan\u0131nan \u00e7obanlar\u0131, motorlu ara\u00e7lar\u0131n gelmesiyle 1930\u2019lu y\u0131llardan itibaren tarih sahnesinden \u00e7ekilmi\u015ftir ve kullan\u0131lmayan develerin bir k\u0131sm\u0131 polis taraf\u0131ndan vurularak \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f geri kalanlar ise do\u011faya sal\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n Kurak iklimde ya\u015fama ustas\u0131 olan bu hayvanlar, uzun y\u0131llar boyu ayr\u0131mc\u0131l\u0131k y\u00fcz\u00fcnden ac\u0131 \u00e7eken memleketlisi \u00e7obanlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6c\u00fcn\u00fc al\u0131rcas\u0131na, yaban do\u011fada \u00fcreyerek say\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 bir milyonun \u00fczerine \u00e7\u0131karm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ba\u015f\u0131 bo\u015f deve say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n bu boyuta eri\u015fmesine izin verilmeden daha \u00f6nce \u00f6nlem al\u0131nmas\u0131 gerekiyordu ama \u00f6ncelerde birka\u00e7 \u00e7iftlik sahibi d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda bu hayvanlar kimsenin sorunu de\u011fildi. Avustralya\u2019n\u0131n i\u00e7 b\u00f6lgeleri on binlerce \u00e7iftlik ve madencilik istasyonuyla kapl\u0131 oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in yabanile\u015fen deve s\u00fcr\u00fcleri arazileri \u00e7evreleyen \u00e7itlere, su biriktiren klima sistemlerine, su kaynaklar\u0131na, ekili arazilere ve otlaklara ciddi zarar veriyorlard\u0131. \u00d6zellikle bu b\u00f6lgelerde ya\u015fayan Aborijin topluluklar\u0131 bir kontrol program\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015flat\u0131lmas\u0131 iste\u011findeydi. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc yabani develerin s\u00fcr\u00fcler halinde ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 yerlerin \u00fc\u00e7te biri onlar\u0131n kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 topraklard\u0131r. Su kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7ok k\u0131s\u0131tl\u0131 oldu\u011fu bu co\u011frafyada, son d\u00f6rt be\u015f y\u0131ld\u0131r ciddi bir kurakl\u0131k ya\u015fanmas\u0131, \u00f6ncelikli olarak buran\u0131n paha bi\u00e7ilmez de\u011ferdeki endemik hayvan ve bitkilerini koruma alt\u0131na almay\u0131 gerektirmi\u015ftir. Di\u011fer k\u0131talarda oldu\u011fu gibi burada develeri avlayacak hayvanlar yoktur. Yabani k\u00f6pekler yani dingolar sadece yavrulara sald\u0131rabilmektedir. Y\u00fczlerce deveden olu\u015fan kalabal\u0131k s\u00fcr\u00fcleri b\u00f6yle bir d\u00f6nemde hayatta tutmak olanaks\u0131zd\u0131r. Bu nedenle ba\u015f\u0131bo\u015f develer y\u0131llard\u0131r, yukar\u0131da s\u00f6z\u00fc edilen \u00f6teki \u201czararl\u0131 verici yabanc\u0131\u201d t\u00fcrlerle birlikte \u00e7e\u015fitli yollarla, d\u00fczenli olarak yok edilmektedir.<\/p>\n Bu arada kuzey do\u011fudaki Queensland eyaletinde baz\u0131 giri\u015fimciler, daha ahlaki bir \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm olarak, bu bedava kayna\u011f\u0131 s\u00fct \u00fcretimine y\u00f6nlendirme \u00e7abas\u0131ndad\u0131r. Deve eti \u00fcreticisi baz\u0131 Aborijin i\u015fletmeleri de kendi b\u00f6lgelerindeki ba\u015f\u0131 bo\u015f develeri toplamaktad\u0131r. Sonu\u00e7 olarak bu konu, son yang\u0131nlarla ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 ve yeni ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f bir sorun de\u011fildir.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" Avustralya\u2019n\u0131n ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 felaketin denklemi \u015f\u00f6yle: Azalan ya\u011f\u0131\u015flar + s\u0131cak g\u00fcnlerde art\u0131\u015f + kurakl\u0131k = Yang\u0131nlar. K\u00fcresel \u0131s\u0131nma hi\u00e7bir zaman odunlar\u0131 ate\u015fleyip yang\u0131n \u00e7\u0131kartmaz, bunun yerine b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7ekli sistemleri bozarak yang\u0131nlar\u0131n ve f\u0131rt\u0131nalar\u0131n s\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve \u015fiddetini art\u0131racak iklim ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131 yarat\u0131r. Avustralyal\u0131 insan ve hayvanlar gelece\u011fimizi \u00e7oktan ipotek alt\u0131na alm\u0131\u015f b\u00fcy\u00fck iklim felaketlerinin provas\u0131n\u0131 ilk ya\u015fayanlardan oldular. […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":479,"featured_media":39887,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[5771,38,1],"tags":[5773,5775,5774,905,4021],"class_list":["post-39886","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-192-sayi","category-dergi-sayilari","category-genel","tag-avustralya-yanginlari","tag-cevre-felaketi","tag-dogal-afet","tag-koala","tag-yangin"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/39886","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/479"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=39886"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/39886\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/39887"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=39886"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=39886"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=39886"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}
\n<\/em><\/strong>Buras\u0131 a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 yukar\u0131 40 milyon y\u0131l \u00f6nce Antarktika\u2019dan ayr\u0131larak kendi ba\u015f\u0131na yoluna devam eden, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin 10 kat\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde dev bir adad\u0131r. Ayn\u0131 zamanda d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck k\u0131tas\u0131d\u0131r. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019den uzakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 yakla\u015f\u0131k 14.000 km\u2019dir.<\/p>\n![\"\"](\"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/2-4.jpg\")
\n<\/em><\/strong>Son yang\u0131nlara bak\u0131p Avustralya\u2019n\u0131n \u201cbeklenmedik\u201d bir felakete u\u011frad\u0131\u011f\u0131 san\u0131lmamal\u0131. Ger\u00e7ekte buras\u0131 -Antarktika\u2019dan sonra- d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en kurak kara par\u00e7as\u0131d\u0131r. Anakarada nehir, g\u00f6l ve ya\u011fmurlu g\u00fcn say\u0131s\u0131 azd\u0131r.<\/p>\n![\"\"](\"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/3-3.jpg\")
\n<\/em><\/strong>Avustralya \u00f6zellikle son 3 y\u0131ld\u0131r, etkisi gittik\u00e7e artan \u015fiddetli bir kurakl\u0131k ya\u015famaktad\u0131r. Buradaki yang\u0131nlar 2019\u2019un Eyl\u00fcl\u2019\u00fcnde yani daha d\u00fcnyan\u0131n ilgi oda\u011f\u0131 olmadan \u00f6nce ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Soruna y\u0131ll\u0131k s\u0131cakl\u0131k ortalamalar\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda ise, k\u0131tan\u0131n 1950\u2019lerin sonuna do\u011fru belirginle\u015fen bir \u0131s\u0131nma s\u00fcrecine girdi\u011fi, \u00f6zellikle son 7 y\u0131lda durumun daha da k\u00f6t\u00fcle\u015fti\u011fi anla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
\n<\/em><\/strong>Peki, her \u015feyin su\u00e7lusu olan a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 kurakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n sebebi nedir? Avustralya k\u0131tas\u0131n\u0131n en ay\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 \u00f6zelli\u011fi \u00fc\u00e7 yan\u0131n\u0131n, farkl\u0131 \u00f6zelliklere sahip \u00fc\u00e7 ayr\u0131 okyanusla \u00e7evrili olmas\u0131d\u0131r. Bat\u0131da Hint Okyanusu, do\u011fuda Pasifik Okyanusu ve Antarktika ile anakara aras\u0131ndaki G\u00fcney Okyanusu, Avustralya\u2019y\u0131 bir mengene gibi ku\u015fatm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Buran\u0131n iklimini, do\u011fas\u0131n\u0131, ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131, her \u015feyi bu okyanuslar belirler.<\/p>\n![\"\"](\"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/4-1.jpg\")
\n<\/em><\/strong>Soruna daha geni\u015f a\u00e7\u0131dan bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda \u015fu s\u00f6ylenebilir; k\u00fcresel \u0131s\u0131nma hi\u00e7bir zaman odunlar\u0131 ate\u015fleyip, yang\u0131n \u00e7\u0131kartmaz, bunun yerine b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7ekli sistemleri bozarak yang\u0131nlar\u0131n ve f\u0131rt\u0131nalar\u0131n s\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve \u015fiddetini art\u0131racak iklim ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131 yarat\u0131r. \u0130\u015fte olan bitenin kavranmas\u0131nda ya\u015fanan temel sorun, birbirleriyle ba\u011flant\u0131s\u0131z gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcnen etmenler aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fkileri g\u00f6rmekteki g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fckt\u00fcr. K\u00fcresel \u0131s\u0131nman\u0131n g\u00fcndelik hava s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fczerine etkisi \u00e7ok s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131d\u0131r \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc onun esas olarak \u0131s\u0131tt\u0131\u011f\u0131 yer okyanuslard\u0131r. Bu nedenle insanlar hissettikleri g\u00fcndelik s\u0131caklara bak\u0131p, yahu hava hep bildi\u011fim hava ben fazla bir de\u011fi\u015fiklik g\u00f6rm\u00fcyorum, hatta biraz \u0131s\u0131nmas\u0131 iyi de oldu ili\u011fimiz, kemi\u011fimiz \u0131s\u0131nd\u0131 diye d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnebilmektedir. Oysa okyanuslar sadece gemilerimizin y\u00fczd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, bizi besleyen bir su k\u00fctlesi de\u011fildir. D\u00fcnya iklimini ve r\u00fczg\u00e2rlar\u0131n\u0131 belirleyen dev bir bile\u015fik kaplar sisteminin par\u00e7as\u0131d\u0131r. Okyanuslardaki \u0131s\u0131 dengesinin bozulmas\u0131, tan\u0131k olundu\u011fu gibi, iklime ba\u011fl\u0131 devasa boyuttaki do\u011fal felaketleri tetikleyerek bize bu d\u00fcnyadaki her \u015feyin birbirine ba\u011fl\u0131 oldu\u011funu tekrar tekrar an\u0131msat\u0131r.<\/p>\n
\n<\/em><\/strong>Avustralya\u2019da meydana gelen do\u011fa olaylar\u0131n\u0131 anlayabilmek i\u00e7in buran\u0131n kendine \u00f6zg\u00fc co\u011frafyas\u0131 ve ekosistemleri hakk\u0131nda biraz bilgi sahibi olmak gerekir. Yang\u0131n i\u00e7in gereken \u00fc\u00e7 temel ko\u015ful; oksijen, yak\u0131t ve ate\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
\n<\/em><\/strong>Daha \u00f6nce ya\u011f\u0131\u015fs\u0131z ama y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131ml\u0131 f\u0131rt\u0131nalar\u0131n ad\u0131 ge\u00e7mi\u015fti ama Avustralya yang\u0131lar\u0131nda b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6neme sahip oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in bu olguyu biraz a\u00e7mak gerek.<\/p>\n![\"\"](\"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/5-1.jpg\")
\n<\/em><\/strong>Yukar\u0131da anlat\u0131lan olaylarla ilgili biraz fazla ayr\u0131nt\u0131 verilmesinin bir ba\u015fka nedeni daha var. Yang\u0131n duman\u0131yla ba\u015flayan s\u00fcre\u00e7 sonucu olu\u015fan anormal hava sistemi, yeni yang\u0131nlar\u0131 tetikleyici \u015fim\u015fekler \u00fcretme yan\u0131nda, yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00e7ok g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc r\u00fczg\u00e2rlar yoluyla yang\u0131n\u0131n t\u00fcketti\u011fi oksijeni de yenilemi\u015ftir. Do\u011fru bir ifadeyle, felaketin k\u00f6r\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc de yang\u0131n\u0131n kendisi sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
\n<\/em><\/strong>Avustralya anakaras\u0131, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n \u00f6teki k\u0131talar\u0131na g\u00f6re y\u00fckseltisi fazla olmayan g\u00f6rece, d\u00fcz bir yerdir. And Da\u011flar\u0131\u2019ndan, Alplerden, Himalayalar\u2019dan, Ka\u00e7karlar\u2019dan bilinen devasa kayalar\u0131n olu\u015fturdu\u011fu, zirveleri y\u0131l boyu karl\u0131, g\u00f6rkemli da\u011f manzaralar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6remezsiniz burada. K\u0131tan\u0131n en y\u00fcksek da\u011f\u0131 2228 metredir. Geri kalan ve iki elin parmaklar\u0131n\u0131 ge\u00e7meyen da\u011flar\u0131n ortalama y\u00fcksekli\u011fi ise1500 metreyi ge\u00e7mez. Bunun anlam\u0131 k\u0131tan\u0131n her y\u00f6nden gelebilen sert r\u00fczg\u00e2rlara a\u00e7\u0131k olmas\u0131d\u0131r. Yang\u0131nlar\u0131n h\u0131zl\u0131 yay\u0131lmas\u0131nda ve soluklanmas\u0131nda bu da bir etmendir.<\/p>\n
\n<\/em><\/strong>\u015eu ana kadar neredeyse Ege B\u00f6lgemizden daha b\u00fcy\u00fck bir toprak par\u00e7as\u0131 yanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u0130zmir\u2019de, Mu\u011fla da bir yang\u0131n oldu\u011funda y\u00fcre\u011fimiz a\u011fz\u0131m\u0131za gelirken, bir de t\u00fcm b\u00f6lgenin yand\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnelim. Avustralya yang\u0131nlar\u0131, son on y\u0131l i\u00e7inde meydana gelen Kaliforniya, Sibirya, Amazon gibi devasa yang\u0131nlar\u0131n dahi birka\u00e7 kat\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011fe eri\u015fmi\u015ftir. S\u00f6zgelimi, Kaliforniya eyaletinin tarihindeki en y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131 ve \u00f6l\u00fcmc\u00fcl oldu\u011fu kabul edilen 2018 yang\u0131lar\u0131ndan on kat daha b\u00fcy\u00fckt\u00fcr burada olan yang\u0131nlar. Yang\u0131n\u0131n en fazla etkiledi\u011fi do\u011fudaki Viktorya, NSW ve Queensland eyaletleri \u00fclkenin toplam n\u00fcfusunun neredeyse % 80\u2019ini bar\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131r. En b\u00fcy\u00fck \u015fehirler, i\u015f merkezleri, ticaret limanlar\u0131 bu eyaletlerdedir. Ormanlar\u0131n ve end\u00fcstri tesislerinin b\u00fcy\u00fck b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc de buralardad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
\n<\/em><\/strong>T\u00fcm k\u0131tada yang\u0131ndan \u00f6len ve etkilenen hayvan say\u0131s\u0131 konusunda kesin bir rakam ortaya konmas\u0131 \u015fu an i\u00e7in imkans\u0131z olsa da, Prof. Chris Dickman, Prof. David Lindenmayer, Prof. John Woinarski, Prof. Brendan Wintle, Prof. David Keith, Prof. Sarah Legge gibi yanan yerleri iyi tan\u0131yan, \u00fcst d\u00fczey ekologlar\u0131n onaylad\u0131\u011f\u0131 tahminlere g\u00fcvenilebilir (Woinarski, J. ve ark., January 8, 2020). Prof. Dickman\u2019\u0131n 3 Ocak 2020 g\u00fcn\u00fc verdi\u011fi yang\u0131ndan etkilenen hayvan rakam\u0131 NSW eyaleti i\u00e7in 480 milyondu. Fakat 8 Ocak 2020 g\u00fcn\u00fc yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 son a\u00e7\u0131klamada tahminini g\u00fcncelleyerek, yang\u0131nlar\u0131n ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 Eyl\u00fcl 2019\u2019dan Ocak 2020\u2019nin ikinci haftas\u0131na kadar sadece NSW eyaletinde \u201cen az\u201d 800 milyon, \u00fclke genelinde ise bir milyardan fazla hayvan\u0131n ciddi \u015fekilde etkilendi\u011fini bildirmi\u015ftir. Etkilenenlerin b\u00fcy\u00fck b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc yanarak \u00f6lm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Bu say\u0131 i\u00e7inde kara omurgal\u0131lar\u0131 (memeli, ku\u015f ve s\u00fcr\u00fcngen) ve \u00e7iftlik hayvanlar\u0131 bulunurken, kurba\u011falar, bal\u0131klar, yarasalar buna dahil de\u011fildir. Do\u011fada \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli i\u015fler yapan b\u00f6cek ve kurt\u00e7uk gibi omurgas\u0131zlar g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcne al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda ise ortaya \u201cy\u00fcz milyarlarca\u201d canl\u0131 kayb\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kmaktad\u0131r. Bitki t\u00fcrlerindeki kay\u0131p konusunda ise, bir orkide t\u00fcr\u00fc d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda, hen\u00fcz bir tahmin yap\u0131lamam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n![\"\"](\"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/6-1.jpg\")
\n<\/em><\/strong>Konuyla ilgili g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f bildiren \u00fclkemizdeki kimi biyologlar, ku\u015flar\u0131n u\u00e7up ka\u00e7aca\u011f\u0131, s\u00fcr\u00fcngenlerin toprak alt\u0131na saklanabilece\u011finden yola \u00e7\u0131karak, ilk yap\u0131lan yar\u0131m milyar canl\u0131 kayb\u0131 tahmininin abart\u0131l\u0131 olabilece\u011fini s\u00f6ylemi\u015flerdir. Bu yorumlar\u0131n ana k\u0131talardaki hayvan davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131, \u00e7evre ko\u015fullar\u0131 ve yang\u0131nlar i\u00e7in ge\u00e7erli olmas\u0131 m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. Fakat burada ger\u00e7ekte neler oldu\u011fu g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcne al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda yap\u0131lan yorumlar\u0131n Avustralya\u2019daki son felakete pek uygun d\u00fc\u015fmedi\u011fi anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131r. \u00d6ncelikle g\u00f6z \u00fcn\u00fcnde tutulmas\u0131 gereken \u015fey, burada \u00fclke kay\u0131tlar\u0131na ge\u00e7mi\u015f en b\u00fcy\u00fck ve uzun s\u00fcren yang\u0131n ya\u015fanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r ve baz\u0131 yerlerde yang\u0131n h\u00e2l\u00e2 devam etmektedir. Yaz mevsimi ise h\u00e2l\u00e2 s\u00fcrmektedir ve bitmesine daha iki ay vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n
\n<\/strong>Yang\u0131nlar\u0131n g\u00fcc\u00fc hayvanlar\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131 a\u015fan boyuttad\u0131r. S\u0131cak, duman ve f\u0131rt\u0131naya ra\u011fmen b\u00f6lgeden ka\u00e7abilen ku\u015flar ve toprak alt\u0131nda saklanabilen s\u00fcr\u00fcngenler nihayette ya\u015fad\u0131klar\u0131 yere geri d\u00f6neceklerdir. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc Avustralya ormanlar\u0131nda kalabal\u0131k bir hayvan pop\u00fclasyonu oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in, her yer h\u00e2lihaz\u0131rda birileri taraf\u0131ndan kullan\u0131l\u0131yor durumdad\u0131r. Bu nedenle ka\u00e7abilen ku\u015flar\u0131n yang\u0131n\u0131n dokunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir ormana ya da \u00e7al\u0131l\u0131\u011fa s\u0131\u011f\u0131nmalar\u0131, kendilerine yeni bir ya\u015fam alan\u0131 a\u00e7malar\u0131 \u00e7ok zordur. Sonu\u00e7 olarak geri d\u00f6nd\u00fcklerinde, bildikleri al\u0131\u015fk\u0131n olduklar\u0131 tohumlar\u0131, b\u00f6cekleri, meyveleri, nektar\u0131 ve do\u011fal ortam\u0131 bulamayacaklar\u0131 i\u00e7in hayatta kalma \u015fanslar\u0131 da d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck olacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n![\"\"](\"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/7.jpg\")
\n<\/strong>Bir ba\u015fka konu, Avustralya i\u00e7in ciddi bir ba\u015f a\u011fr\u0131s\u0131 olan d\u0131\u015fardan getirilmi\u015f k\u0131z\u0131l tilki (Vulpe vulpes<\/em>), yabanile\u015fmi\u015f kedi (Felis catus<\/em>) gibi f\u0131rsat\u00e7\u0131 t\u00fcrlerin bu sahipsiz kalm\u0131\u015f alanlar\u0131 i\u015fgal etme tehlikesidir. Bunlar, s\u00fcr\u00fcngen, ku\u015f, memeli, amfibi gibi akla gelen her \u015feyi yiyen becerikli avc\u0131lard\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin yabanile\u015fmi\u015f kedilerin Avustralya\u2019da \u015fu ana kadar 28 t\u00fcr\u00fcn soyunun t\u00fckenmesinde ba\u015f etmen oldu\u011fu ve 100 kadar t\u00fcr\u00fc de h\u00e2l\u00e2 tehdit alt\u0131nda tuttu\u011fu belirlenmi\u015ftir. S\u00f6z gelimi k\u0131z\u0131l tilkiler, ya\u015fam b\u00f6lgelerini koruyan hayvanlar olduklar\u0131 i\u00e7in yerle\u015ftikleri yerde ba\u015f edebilece\u011fi bir hayvan\u0131n bar\u0131nmas\u0131 zordur.<\/p>\n
\n<\/strong>Bunlara ek olarak hayvan davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131 da farkl\u0131d\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin keseli bir memeli olan koalalar okalipt\u00fcs a\u011fa\u00e7lar\u0131nda ya\u015farlar ve onun yapraklar\u0131ndan b\u00fct\u00fcn su ve besin ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131larlar. Bu hayvanlar, yang\u0131n dahil, herhangi bir tehlike hissettiklerinde bulunduklar\u0131 yerden ka\u00e7\u0131p, uzakla\u015fmak yerine, -a\u011fa\u00e7larda ya\u015fayan bir\u00e7ok hayvan\u0131n yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi- bulunduklar\u0131 a\u011fac\u0131n daha da \u00fcstlerine t\u0131rman\u0131rlar. Bunlar \u00e7ok y\u00fcksek a\u011fa\u00e7lar olduklar\u0131 i\u00e7in t\u0131rmanmakla hayvan asl\u0131nda ak\u0131ll\u0131ca bir i\u015f yapmaktad\u0131r ama yang\u0131n s\u00f6z konusu oldu\u011funda bu yol sadece \u00f6l\u00fcm oran\u0131n\u0131 art\u0131rmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
\n<\/em><\/strong>Bu tip bir yang\u0131n Avrupa ya da Asya gibi bir k\u0131tada olsayd\u0131 biyolojik anlamda ya\u015fanan y\u0131k\u0131m bu boyutta olmazd\u0131. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc Avustralya, on milyonlarca y\u0131ld\u0131r d\u00fcnyan\u0131n geri kalan\u0131ndan yal\u0131t\u0131lm\u0131\u015f dev bir ada olarak, biyolojik evrimin yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 muhte\u015fem bir canl\u0131lar galerisine sahiptir. Bu nedenle burada \u00f6len bir memelinin, ku\u015fun, b\u00f6ce\u011fin kayb\u0131 ba\u015fka yerlerde olanlardan farkl\u0131 bir anlam ve de\u011fer ta\u015f\u0131r. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc d\u00fcnyada sadece bu k\u0131tada ya\u015fayan t\u00fcr say\u0131s\u0131 inan\u0131lmaz boyuttad\u0131r. Daha da \u00f6nemlisi bu t\u00fcrlerden \u00f6nemli bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc hen\u00fcz ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lamad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in, onlar\u0131 tan\u0131ma \u015fans\u0131 bulamadan, bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n yitirilmi\u015f olma ihtimali \u00e7ok y\u00fcksektir. Bu s\u00f6ylenenler daha somut say\u0131larla ifade edildi\u011finde yang\u0131n\u0131n neyi tehdit etti\u011fi daha iyi anla\u015f\u0131lacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n![\"\"](\"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/8.jpg\")
\n<\/em><\/strong>Avustralya Biyo\u00e7e\u015fitlilik Bilgi Servisi taraf\u0131ndan 2009\u2019da haz\u0131rlat\u0131lan rapora g\u00f6re bu k\u0131tada, 148.579\u2019u tan\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015f, toplam 570.000 dolay\u0131nda canl\u0131 t\u00fcr\u00fc bar\u0131nmaktad\u0131r (Chapman, 2009). Ba\u015fka bir anlat\u0131mla k\u0131tadaki mevcut t\u00fcrlerin hen\u00fcz sadece % 25\u2019ini tan\u0131maktay\u0131z. Geri kalan % 75 ise bilimsel olarak tan\u0131mlanmay\u0131 beklemektedir. D\u00fcnyadaki tan\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015f toplam t\u00fcr say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n (1.900.000) yakla\u015f\u0131k % 13\u2019\u00fcn\u00fcn Avustralya\u2019da ya\u015f\u0131yor olmas\u0131 \u00e7ok \u00e7arp\u0131c\u0131 bir ger\u00e7ektir. Duruma daha \u00f6zel canl\u0131 gruplar\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda bu k\u0131tada nas\u0131l bir biyolojik hazine sakl\u0131 oldu\u011fu daha a\u00e7\u0131k \u015fekilde g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr.<\/p>\n
\n<\/strong>Toplam n\u00fcfusun yar\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane \u015fehirlerinde, binlerce kasaba ve k\u00f6yde haftalar boyunca insanlar her sabah, kesif bir duman, k\u00fcl ve tozun olu\u015fturdu\u011fu sis benzeri bir havaya uyand\u0131lar. \u0130nsan\u0131n genzini yakan, \u00e7ok rahats\u0131z edici bu havadan kurtulu\u015f yoktu \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc araban\u0131za atlay\u0131p nereye gitseniz sadece \u015fehrin de\u011fil eyaletin de her yerinde durum ayn\u0131yd\u0131. \u015eayet varsa teknenize atlay\u0131p 20-30 kilometre \u015fehirden uzakla\u015fay\u0131m demenin de bir yarar\u0131 olmad\u0131 \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc buradaki zararl\u0131 duman, daha \u00f6nce s\u00f6ylendi\u011fi gibi, 2300 km \u00f6tedeki Yeni Zelanda\u2019ya dahi kesif olarak ula\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n
\n<\/strong>Baz\u0131 g\u00fcnler yang\u0131n duman\u0131; azot ve k\u00fck\u00fcrt oksitler, karbon monoksit, dioksinler, furanlar, u\u00e7ucu organik bile\u015fikler, metaller, toprak, toz ve alerjenler (\u00f6r., polen par\u00e7alar\u0131 ve mantar sporlar\u0131) i\u00e7eren \u00e7ok tehlikeli bir bile\u015fim kazand\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in d\u0131\u015far\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kanlar\u0131n mutlaka P2 tip \u00f6zel maske takmas\u0131 \u00f6nerildi. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc k\u00e2\u011f\u0131t maskelerin bu kirli duman\u0131 filtre etmesi s\u00f6z konusu de\u011fildi.<\/p>\n
\n<\/em><\/strong>Son yedi y\u0131ld\u0131r Avustralya\u2019y\u0131, Liberal Parti ve Milliyet\u00e7i Parti ad\u0131nda iki merkez sa\u011f partinin olu\u015fturdu\u011fu bir koalisyon h\u00fck\u00fcmeti y\u00f6netmektedir. Liberal Parti ba\u015fkan\u0131 Scott Morrison ba\u015fbakand\u0131r. Bu partilerin y\u00f6neticileri ve halk taban\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nemli b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc, d\u00fcnyadaki benzerleri gibi, insan kaynakl\u0131 k\u00fcresel boyutta bir iklim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi ve \u0131s\u0131nma olgusuna inanmamaktad\u0131r. Bu nedenle, mevcut y\u00f6netim s\u0131ras\u0131nda \u00e7evre, iklim ve do\u011fal ya\u015fam\u0131n korunmas\u0131yla ilgili ara\u015ft\u0131rma projelerine sa\u011flanan maddi destek k\u0131s\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu yakla\u015f\u0131mda, iki partinin dayand\u0131\u011f\u0131 temel g\u00fc\u00e7 odaklar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nemli bir etkisi oldu\u011fu a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r. Uluslararas\u0131 dev maden \u015firketleri, sanayiciler, b\u00fcy\u00fck toprak sahipleri, kiliseler birli\u011fi ve uluslararas\u0131 medya \u015firketleri burada da s\u00f6z konusu partilerin en \u00f6nemli destek\u00e7isidir.<\/p>\n![\"\"](\"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/9-169x300.jpg\")
\n<\/strong>\u00dclkenin 23 deneyimli yang\u0131n ve kurtarma \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fc y\u00f6neticisinin yang\u0131nlardan aylar \u00f6nce yani 2019 Nisan\u2019\u0131nda \u015fimdiki ba\u015fbakana g\u00f6nderdikleri raporda, daha fazla say\u0131da b\u00fcy\u00fck tanker u\u00e7a\u011f\u0131na ihtiya\u00e7 oldu\u011funu bildirmelerine kar\u015f\u0131n h\u00fck\u00fcmetten bir yan\u0131t alamam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Ayn\u0131 gruptan baz\u0131 uzmanlar\u0131n yang\u0131nlar\u0131n \u015fiddetlenmeye hen\u00fcz ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00fcnlerde, k\u0131\u015f\u0131n h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc kuzey yar\u0131mk\u00fcredeki \u00fclkelerden b\u00fcy\u00fck yang\u0131n u\u00e7aklar\u0131n\u0131n kiralanmas\u0131 tekliflerine de h\u00fck\u00fcmetten bir kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k gelmemi\u015ftir. Ba\u015fbakan\u0131n ordu birliklerini yang\u0131n b\u00f6lgelerine yard\u0131m i\u00e7in y\u00f6nlendirmekte ge\u00e7 kalmas\u0131 da burada bir ba\u015fka ele\u015ftiri konusu olmu\u015ftur. Hatta yang\u0131nlar\u0131n doru\u011fa \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 haftalarda ba\u015fbakan\u0131n ailesiyle Hawaii\u2019de tatilde olmas\u0131 ciddi tepki \u00e7ekmi\u015ftir. G\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fc itfaiye erlerinin yang\u0131nda ya\u015famlar\u0131n\u0131 kaybetmesi sonucu halk\u0131n \u00f6fkesinden \u00fcrken ba\u015fbakan, tatilden apar topar d\u00f6nerek, bas\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcnde yanl\u0131\u015f davrand\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 itiraf etmi\u015f ve toplumdan \u00f6z\u00fcr dilemi\u015ftir. Parti arkada\u015f\u0131 NSW Acil Servisler Bakan\u0131 David Elliot ise kendi eyaletinde tarihin en b\u00fcy\u00fck yang\u0131n felaketi s\u00fcrerken Avrupa seyahatine \u00e7\u0131kmakta bir sak\u0131nca g\u00f6rmemi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n![\"\"](\"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/10.jpg\")
<\/p>\n
\n<\/strong>Buras\u0131 bat\u0131l\u0131 s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecilerin 230 y\u0131l \u00f6nce yerle\u015fti\u011fi d\u00fcnyadaki en son yerlerden biridir. Fakat madencilik, hayvanc\u0131l\u0131k ve orman kesimi ba\u015fta olmak \u00fczere, k\u00e2r h\u0131rs\u0131n\u0131n y\u00f6netti\u011fi \u00fcretim bi\u00e7imi \u00e7evresel y\u0131k\u0131m\u0131 haz\u0131rlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu i\u015flerin failleriyle el ele diz dize \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan se\u00e7ilmi\u015f siyaset erbab\u0131 da, yap\u0131lanlara g\u00f6z yummu\u015ftur. \u0130\u015fsizlik, fakirlik, huzursuzluk korkutmalar\u0131 ile halk, do\u011fa y\u0131k\u0131m\u0131na dayal\u0131 zenginlikle, do\u011fa dostu fakirlik se\u00e7enekleri aras\u0131nda se\u00e7im yapmaya zorlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00c7o\u011funlukla oldu\u011fu gibi se\u00e7im burada da vah\u015fi sermayeden yana olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n
\n<\/em><\/strong>Avustralya ak\u0131llara kaz\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi, sadece havai fi\u015fekleriyle y\u0131lba\u015f\u0131n\u0131 ilk kutlayan \u00fclke de\u011fildir. Ayn\u0131 zamanda k\u00fcresel \u00f6l\u00e7ekteki iklimsel de\u011fi\u015fimlerin yans\u0131malar\u0131n\u0131 da ilk ya\u015fayan yerlerden biridir. S\u00f6z gelimi, y\u0131llar \u00f6nce k\u0131tan\u0131n \u00e7at\u0131s\u0131nda a\u00e7\u0131lan dev ozon deli\u011fi ve bunun yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 cilt kanseri patlamas\u0131 bunun akla hemen gelen bir \u00f6rne\u011fidir. D\u00fcnya ozon diye bir gaz\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 Avustralya\u2019daki delik sayesinde \u00f6\u011frendi.<\/p>\n![\"\"](\"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/11.jpg\")
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