{"id":40362,"date":"2020-02-29T00:00:40","date_gmt":"2020-02-28T21:00:40","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/?p=40362"},"modified":"2020-03-21T17:23:47","modified_gmt":"2020-03-21T14:23:47","slug":"viruslerin-neden-oldugu-bazi-hastaliklar","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2020\/02\/29\/viruslerin-neden-oldugu-bazi-hastaliklar","title":{"rendered":"Vir\u00fcslerin neden oldu\u011fu baz\u0131 hastal\u0131klar"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u0130nsan hastal\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n tarihi, bir \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde viral enfeksiyonlar\u0131n dolay\u0131s\u0131yla da vir\u00fcslerin tarihi gibidir. Vir\u00fcsler canl\u0131 formu ta\u015f\u0131mayan t\u00fcrler olduklar\u0131 ve konak\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak farkl\u0131 mekanizmalarda y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131 etkilere neden olabildikleri i\u00e7in vir\u00fcsleri \u201cyok edebilecek\u201d bir tedavi y\u00f6ntemimiz hen\u00fcz yoktur. Ancak \u00f6nleyici bir bilimsel t\u0131p y\u00f6ntemine sahibiz: A\u015f\u0131lar!<\/em><\/p>\n

Hayvanlar, bitkiler, bakteriler\u2026 Ya\u015fam a\u011fac\u0131nda bulunan hemen hemen her canl\u0131y\u0131 enfekte edebilecek bir t\u00fcr vir\u00fcs vard\u0131r. Vir\u00fcs k\u00f6kenli enfeksiyonlar\u0131n g\u00f6zlenme s\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131 artarsa, \u00e7e\u015fitli canl\u0131 t\u00fcrleri aras\u0131nda salg\u0131nlar g\u00f6r\u00fclebilir. \u0130nsan hastal\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n tarihi, bir \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde viral enfeksiyonlar\u0131n dolay\u0131s\u0131yla da vir\u00fcslerin tarihi gibidir. 10 \u00f6rnekle vir\u00fcslerin insanlar \u00fczerindeki y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131 etkilerini yans\u0131tal\u0131m.<\/p>\n

1) GR\u0130P
\n<\/em><\/strong>Grip, Influenza vir\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn neden oldu\u011fu bula\u015f\u0131c\u0131 bir hastal\u0131kt\u0131r. Y\u00fcksek ate\u015f, halsizlik, burun ak\u0131nt\u0131s\u0131, kas ve eklem a\u011fr\u0131lar\u0131 gibi belirtileri olan grip hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131, genellikle grip etmeni olan vir\u00fcs\u00fcn v\u00fccuda girmesinden iki g\u00fcn sonra geli\u015fmeye ba\u015flar. Zaman zaman \u00e7e\u015fitli salg\u0131nlarla da g\u00fcndeme gelen grip, hasta insanlar\u0131n \u00f6ks\u00fcr\u00fckleri, hap\u015f\u0131rmalar\u0131 ve burun ak\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131yla b\u0131rakt\u0131klar\u0131 damlac\u0131klarla yay\u0131l\u0131r. Vir\u00fcs\u00fc solunum yoluyla havadan veya temas yoluyla dokundu\u011fumuz yerlerden alabiliriz. Grip vir\u00fcs\u00fc burnumuza veya bo\u011faz\u0131m\u0131za yerle\u015fti\u011finde, solunum yolu \u00fczerinden akci\u011ferlerimize ta\u015f\u0131nabilir.<\/p>\n

Grip vir\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn k\u00f6keni ku\u015flard\u0131r. Ku\u015flar, insanlar\u0131 enfekte etmeyen grip vir\u00fcs\u00fc t\u00fcrlerini de insanlar\u0131 etkileyen grip vir\u00fcs\u00fc t\u00fcrlerini de ta\u015f\u0131r. Asl\u0131nda bir\u00e7ok ku\u015f bu vir\u00fcs\u00fc ta\u015f\u0131mas\u0131na ra\u011fmen hasta olmaz. Ancak baz\u0131 grip vir\u00fcs\u00fc t\u00fcrleri ku\u015flar\u0131n da hasta olmas\u0131na neden olur ve baz\u0131 durumlarda ku\u015f gribi vir\u00fcsleri, t\u00fcr engelini a\u015farak insanlar\u0131 da enfekte eden vir\u00fcsler haline gelir. Ku\u015f gribi (H5N1) 2005 y\u0131l\u0131nda salg\u0131na d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ferek \u00f6zellikle de Asya\u2019da y\u00fczlerce insan\u0131n \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcne neden olmu\u015ftu. Ku\u015flar, Influenza vir\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn t\u00fcm t\u00fcrlerini ta\u015f\u0131yor olsa da grip vir\u00fcsleri atlara, k\u00f6peklere, domuzlara ve baz\u0131 memelilere ge\u00e7ebilir. 2009 y\u0131l\u0131nda ba\u015flayan domuz gribi (H1N1) salg\u0131n\u0131, domuzlar\u0131n ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131klar\u0131 grip etmenlerini insanlara da ge\u00e7irebildiklerini ortaya \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131.<\/p>\n

\"\"
Y\u00fcksek ate\u015f, halsizlik, burun ak\u0131nt\u0131s\u0131, kas ve eklem a\u011fr\u0131lar\u0131 gibi belirtileri olan grip hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131, genellikle grip etmeni olan vir\u00fcs\u00fcn v\u00fccuda girmesinden iki g\u00fcn sonra geli\u015fmeye ba\u015flar.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Grip s\u00f6z konusu oldu\u011funda kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za tarihsel s\u00fcre\u00e7te meydana gelen ba\u015fka salg\u0131nlar da \u00e7\u0131kar. Orta\u00e7a\u011f\u2019da meydana gelen salg\u0131nlarda y\u0131ld\u0131zlar\u0131n birka\u00e7 on y\u0131lda bir Avrupa \u00e7ap\u0131nda yay\u0131lan gizemli bir ate\u015fe sebebiyet verdi\u011fine inan\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131. 1918 y\u0131l\u0131nda ise, 50 milyon insan\u0131n \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcne neden olan bir grip salg\u0131n\u0131 ya\u015fand\u0131. \u201c\u0130spanyol gribi\u201d olarak bilinen bu hastal\u0131k, 20-40 ya\u015f aras\u0131 insanlarda ola\u011fand\u0131\u015f\u0131 bir bi\u00e7imde \u00f6l\u00fcmc\u00fcl etki g\u00f6steriyordu. D\u00fcnya genelinde 500 milyon insan\u0131 enfekte eden grip vir\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn 0-5 ya\u015f ile 65 ya\u015f \u00fcst\u00fc ki\u015filerde de \u00f6l\u00fcme neden oldu\u011fu kaydedilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Grip hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde de can kay\u0131plar\u0131na neden olmaktad\u0131r. Her sene ABD\u2019de 36 bin ki\u015fi, d\u00fcnya \u00e7ap\u0131nda ise yakla\u015f\u0131k yar\u0131m milyon insan grip hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131 nedeniyle ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131 yitirmektedir. Grip hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131 vakalar\u0131 genellikle k\u0131\u015f mevsiminde g\u00f6zlenir. Bunun temel nedeni ise havan\u0131n, vir\u00fcs dolu damlac\u0131klar\u0131n havada saatlerce u\u00e7mas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayacak kadar kuru olmas\u0131d\u0131r. B\u00f6ylelikle vir\u00fcs, kayna\u011f\u0131ndan \u00e7ok daha uzak noktalara ta\u015f\u0131nabilir.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong>2) AIDS
\n<\/em><\/strong>AIDS\u2019in hastal\u0131k etmeni HIV isimli bir vir\u00fcst\u00fcr. Bu vir\u00fcs, insan ba\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131k yetmezlik vir\u00fcs\u00fc olarak bilinir. HIV vir\u00fcs\u00fc, enfeksiyonlarla sava\u015fan h\u00fccreleri etkileyerek ki\u015finin ba\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131k sistemini zay\u0131flat\u0131r. HIV vir\u00fcs\u00fc bir kez insan bedenine girdi\u011finde, do\u011frudan ba\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131k sistemine sald\u0131r\u0131r. Ba\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131k sistemi h\u00fccrelerinin zarlar\u0131na tutunur ve kendi genetik materyalini, h\u00fccrenin genetik materyaline ge\u00e7irir. HIV kendini \u00e7o\u011faltmaya ba\u015flar, ilk zamanlar ba\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131k sistemi h\u00fccreleri HIV h\u00fccrelerini tespit edip yok eder ancak bu h\u00fccreleri tamamen bitiremez. Vir\u00fcs yeniden \u00e7o\u011falmaya ba\u015flar, ba\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131k sistemi bu \u00e7o\u011falmaya m\u00fcdahale eder ancak vir\u00fcsler tekrar kontrols\u00fcz bir bi\u00e7imde \u00e7o\u011falmaya ba\u015flar. Ba\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131k sistemi bu \u00e7o\u011falmaya kar\u015f\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir yan\u0131t olu\u015fturamayarak \u00e7\u00f6ker. Ba\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131k sistemi etkin bir bi\u00e7imde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmayan ki\u015filer, enfeksiyonlara yan\u0131t olu\u015fturamazlar. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla ba\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131k sistemi \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan bir insan\u0131n kolayl\u0131kla yakalanmayaca\u011f\u0131 hastal\u0131klar, HIV etkisiyle ba\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131k sistemi \u00e7al\u0131\u015famayacak hale gelen insanlar i\u00e7in \u00f6l\u00fcmc\u00fcl olabilir.<\/p>\n

HIV, AIDS hastas\u0131 bir insan \u00f6ks\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde veya hasta bir insanla tokala\u015fma yoluyla hasta olmayan birine ge\u00e7mez. HIV, sperm ve kan gibi bedensel s\u0131v\u0131lar\u0131n aktar\u0131lmas\u0131 yoluyla ge\u00e7er. Korunmas\u0131z cinsel ili\u015fki, kan ve doku nakilleri, HIV hastas\u0131 birinden kan almak i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan ara\u00e7lar\u0131n hasta olmayan insanlarda da kullan\u0131m\u0131 vir\u00fcs\u00fcn yay\u0131lmas\u0131na neden olur.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong>3) KANSER
\n<\/em><\/strong>Kanser hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n etmenlerinden biri de vir\u00fcslerdir. \u0130nsanlarda g\u00f6r\u00fclen t\u00fcm kanserlerin y\u00fczde 20\u2019si enfeksiy\u00f6z ajanlardan kaynaklanmaktad\u0131r, bunlar\u0131n 12\u2019si vir\u00fcs kaynakl\u0131d\u0131r. Kanser hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131na neden olan vir\u00fcslere onkovir\u00fcs denir. D\u00fcnya n\u00fcfusunun b\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u0131sm\u0131 onkovir\u00fcs t\u00fcrlerinden en az birini ta\u015f\u0131r. Ancak her bireyde hastal\u0131k geli\u015fimi g\u00f6zlenmez. Onkovir\u00fcslerin konak\u00e7\u0131 ile olan etkile\u015fimleri, kanser geli\u015fimine zemin haz\u0131rlayabilecek karma\u015f\u0131k bir s\u00fcrecin ba\u015flamas\u0131na neden olur. Epstein-Barr Vir\u00fcs\u00fc, \u0130nsan Papilloma vir\u00fcs\u00fc, Hepatit B ve C vir\u00fcsleri, \u0130nsan T h\u00fccresi lenfotropik vir\u00fcs\u00fc-1 (HTLV-1), \u0130nsan Herpesvir\u00fcs\u00fc gibi vir\u00fcs t\u00fcrleri kanserli h\u00fccre ve doku geli\u015fimine neden olan vir\u00fcs t\u00fcrleridir.<\/p>\n

Kanserle\u015fme, vir\u00fcs kaynakl\u0131 enfeksiyonlar ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftikten hemen sonra ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmaz. Kanser hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131 genellikle enfeksiyondan 15-40 y\u0131l sonras\u0131nda geli\u015fir. Genel olarak t\u00fcm onkovir\u00fcsler t\u00fcm\u00f6rle\u015fme i\u00e7in ortak mekanizmalar\u0131 kullan\u0131r.<\/p>\n

1964 y\u0131l\u0131nda Epstein-Barr vir\u00fcs\u00fc ilk insan onkovir\u00fcs\u00fc olarak tespit edildi. Bu ke\u015fif, ku\u015flarda bir t\u00fcr kansere neden olan vir\u00fcse ili\u015fkin ara\u015ft\u0131rman\u0131n \u00fczerinden yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Epstein-Barr vir\u00fcs\u00fc, lenfoma t\u00fcrlerine neden olmaktad\u0131r. \u0130nsan Papilloma vir\u00fcs\u00fc (HPV), genellikle cinsel ili\u015fki yoluyla ge\u00e7er. Deri h\u00fccrelerinden temas yoluyla ge\u00e7ti\u011fi de raporlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. HPV, rahim a\u011fz\u0131 kanseri, penis kanseri gibi kanser t\u00fcrlerine ve deride geni\u015f \u00f6l\u00e7ekli si\u011fillerin olu\u015fumuna neden olmaktad\u0131r. K\u00f6t\u00fc huylu rahim a\u011fz\u0131 kanseri her y\u0131l 270.000\u2019den fazla kad\u0131n\u0131n ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131 yitirmesine sebep oluyor. HPV, kad\u0131nlarda bula\u015f\u0131c\u0131 kanserlerin % 50\u2019sinden fazlas\u0131n\u0131 ve erkeklerde ise % 5\u2019inden fazlas\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r. HPV\u2019nin \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma mekanizmas\u0131 olduk\u00e7a ilgin\u00e7 ve y\u0131k\u0131m odakl\u0131d\u0131r. Vir\u00fcs enfeksiyona ba\u015flad\u0131ktan sonra konak\u00e7\u0131n\u0131n genetik materyaline kendi genetik materyalini entegre eder. H\u00fccre art\u0131k HPV genlerini de okumaya ve bu genlere \u00f6zg\u00fc proteinleri \u00fcretmeye ba\u015flar. B\u00f6ylece konak\u00e7\u0131 h\u00fccrenin yap\u0131s\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fir. HPV, bu noktada di\u011fer vir\u00fcslerden farkl\u0131 bir yol izler. Di\u011fer vir\u00fcsler kendilerini \u00e7o\u011falt\u0131p konak\u00e7\u0131 h\u00fccreyi patlat\u0131rlar ancak HPV konak\u00e7\u0131y\u0131 \u00f6ld\u00fcrmez. Konak\u00e7\u0131 h\u00fccrenin b\u00f6l\u00fcnmesine ve yeni kopyalar olu\u015fturmas\u0131na izin verir. HPV h\u00fccre b\u00f6l\u00fcnmesini h\u0131zland\u0131r\u0131r, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc ne kadar \u00e7ok konak\u00e7\u0131 h\u00fccre olursa o kadar \u00e7ok vir\u00fcs vard\u0131r. \u0130lk kara omurgal\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n ve eski insanlar\u0131n da HPV t\u00fcr\u00fc vir\u00fcsleri ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131klar\u0131 raporlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Kanser olu\u015fumu ile ili\u015fkilendirilen bir di\u011fer vir\u00fcs t\u00fcr\u00fc Hepatit vir\u00fcsleridir. Hepatit B ve Hepatit C vir\u00fcslerinin kanser hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131na neden oldu\u011fu ifade edilmektedir. Hepatosell\u00fcler karsinom (HCC) olarak bilinen bir t\u00fcr karaci\u011fer kanserinin ana nedenlerinden olan bu vir\u00fcsler, t\u00fcm\u00f6r olu\u015fturmaya en yatk\u0131n vir\u00fcslerdendir.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong>4) HEPAT\u0130T
\n<\/em><\/strong>Karaci\u011fer iltihab\u0131 anlam\u0131na gelen hepatit, vir\u00fcslerin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra zehir etkisi g\u00f6steren baz\u0131 kimyasallardan da kaynaklanabilir. Asl\u0131nda karaci\u011fer, dayan\u0131kl\u0131 ve yenileme mekanizmas\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc olan bir organd\u0131r. Bu nedenle \u015fiddetli olmayan iltihaplanmalar do\u011frudan fark edilmeyebilir. \u015eiddetli iltihaplanma ise sar\u0131l\u0131k olarak bilinen hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131n olu\u015fumuna neden olur. Baz\u0131 ba\u015fka vir\u00fcs t\u00fcrlerinin de karaci\u011fer iltihaplanmas\u0131na neden oldu\u011fu raporlanm\u0131\u015f olsa da, baz\u0131 vir\u00fcslerin etki ettikleri ana b\u00f6lge karaci\u011ferdir. Bu vir\u00fcsler Hepatit vir\u00fcsleridir. Bug\u00fcne kadar be\u015f insan hepatit vir\u00fcs\u00fc ke\u015ffedildi ve A, B, C, D ve E t\u00fcrleri \u015feklinde adland\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n

\"\"
Karaci\u011fer iltihab\u0131 anlam\u0131na gelen hepatit, vir\u00fcslerin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra zehir etkisi g\u00f6steren baz\u0131 kimyasallardan da kaynaklanabilir.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Bunlardan Hepatit A ve Hepatit E vir\u00fcsleri bula\u015f\u0131c\u0131 sar\u0131l\u0131k salg\u0131nlar\u0131na neden olabilir. \u00d6zellikle de temizlik standartlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7ok y\u00fcksek olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 b\u00f6lgelerde yayg\u0131n g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. Ancak bu t\u00fcr hepatit vir\u00fcslerinin neden oldu\u011fu hastal\u0131klar tedavi edildikten sonra tekrarlamaz. Hepatit B ve Hepatit C vir\u00fcsleri i\u00e7in ise bu durum tam tersidir. Bu t\u00fcr vir\u00fcsler kronik hepatit, siroz ve karaci\u011fer kanserine neden olabilir.<\/p>\n

5) EBOLA
\n<\/em><\/strong>Ebola vir\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn neden oldu\u011fu hastal\u0131k 1976 y\u0131l\u0131nda G\u00fcney Sudan ile Kongo\u2019da ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan iki salg\u0131n ile birlikte bilinmeye ba\u015fland\u0131. Bu iki salg\u0131n e\u015f zamanl\u0131 olarak ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Ancak Bat\u0131 Afrika\u2019da 2014-2016 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda g\u00f6r\u00fclen Ebola salg\u0131n\u0131, tarihteki en b\u00fcy\u00fck salg\u0131nlardan biri oldu. Ebolavir\u00fcs cinsi i\u00e7inde alt\u0131 t\u00fcr tan\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Meyve yarasalar\u0131n\u0131n Ebola vir\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn do\u011fal konak\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131 oldu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmektedir. Ebola vir\u00fcs\u00fc, ya\u011fmur ormanlar\u0131nda bulunan enfekte olmu\u015f yarasalar, primatlar ve benzeri canl\u0131lar arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla insanlara aktar\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Vir\u00fcs insandan insana temas ve v\u00fccut s\u0131v\u0131lar\u0131 yoluyla bula\u015fabilir. Ebola vir\u00fcs\u00fc hastalar\u0131nda b\u00f6brek ve karaci\u011fer gibi i\u00e7 organlarda fonksiyon kayb\u0131 ve i\u00e7 kanama g\u00f6r\u00fclebilir. Bu hastal\u0131k genellikle \u00f6l\u00fcmc\u00fcld\u00fcr. Ortalama \u00f6l\u00fcm oran\u0131 y\u00fczde 50 olarak raporlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

6) KIZAMIK
\n<\/em><\/strong>K\u0131zam\u0131k, Measles morbillivirus<\/em> vir\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn neden oldu\u011fu bir hastal\u0131kt\u0131r. Vir\u00fcs do\u011frudan temas ve hava yoluyla hen\u00fcz hasta olmayan insanlara ge\u00e7ebilir. K\u0131zam\u0131k vir\u00fcs\u00fc, solunum sistemini enfekte eder ve sonras\u0131nda v\u00fccuda yay\u0131l\u0131r. K\u0131zam\u0131k insanlarda g\u00f6r\u00fclen bir hastal\u0131kt\u0131r. Hayvanlarda g\u00f6zlenip g\u00f6zlenmedi\u011fi hen\u00fcz bilinmemektedir. K\u0131zam\u0131\u011f\u0131n ilk belirtileri vir\u00fcse maruz kald\u0131ktan yakla\u015f\u0131k 10-12 g\u00fcn sonra ba\u015flar. \u0130lk belirtiler y\u00fcksek ate\u015f, burun ak\u0131nt\u0131s\u0131, \u00f6ks\u00fcr\u00fck ve yanaklar\u0131n i\u00e7inde geli\u015fen k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck beyaz lekelerdir. Birka\u00e7 g\u00fcn sonra, genellikle y\u00fcz ve boyun b\u00f6lgesinde d\u00f6k\u00fcnt\u00fcler meydana gelir. D\u00f6k\u00fcnt\u00fc zamanla yay\u0131l\u0131r, sonunda ellere ve ayaklara ula\u015f\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\"\"
K\u0131zam\u0131\u011f\u0131n ilk belirtileri y\u00fcksek ate\u015f, burun ak\u0131nt\u0131s\u0131, \u00f6ks\u00fcr\u00fck ve yanaklar\u0131n i\u00e7inde geli\u015fen k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck beyaz lekelerdir.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

K\u0131zam\u0131k y\u0131lda yakla\u015f\u0131k 20 milyon insan\u0131 etkiler. K\u0131zam\u0131kla m\u00fccadelede etkili metotlar\u0131n geli\u015fiminden \u00f6nce 1980 y\u0131l\u0131nda 2,6 milyon, 1990\u2019da 545.000 ki\u015fi k\u0131zam\u0131k nedeniyle ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131 yitirmi\u015fti.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong>7) \u00c7\u0130\u00c7EK HASTALI\u011eI
\n<\/em><\/strong>\u00c7i\u00e7ek hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131, Variola vir\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn\u00a0neden oldu\u011fu ciddi bir bula\u015f\u0131c\u0131 hastal\u0131kt\u0131r.\u00a0Bu hastal\u0131k i\u00e7in \u201cciddi\u201d vurgusu tarihsel d\u00f6nemde kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 3500 y\u0131ll\u0131k bir tarihi olan bu hastal\u0131k ge\u00e7mi\u015f d\u00f6nemlerde en korkulan \u00f6l\u00fcmc\u00fcl hastal\u0131klardan biriydi. Ancak \u00e7i\u00e7ek hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in geli\u015ftirilen a\u015f\u0131, bu hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131n yok olmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. ABD\u2019de son do\u011fal \u00e7i\u00e7ek hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131 salg\u0131n\u0131 1949\u2019da meydana gelmi\u015ftir. Ancak \u00e7i\u00e7ek hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131 1966\u2019da d\u00fcnya genelinde h\u00e2l\u00e2 yayg\u0131nd\u0131 ve G\u00fcney Amerika, Afrika ve Asya\u2019daki bir\u00e7ok \u00fclkede salg\u0131nlara neden olmu\u015ftu. 1977\u2019den beri do\u011fal olarak meydana gelen \u00e7i\u00e7ek hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131 vakas\u0131 yoktur. \u00c7i\u00e7ek hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131 olan ki\u015filerde y\u00fcksek ate\u015f ve belirgin cilt d\u00f6k\u00fcnt\u00fcs\u00fc g\u00f6zlenmektedir. Tarihsel s\u00fcrecine bak\u0131lacak olursa, hastal\u0131\u011fa yakalanan 10 ki\u015fiden 3\u2019\u00fc ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131 yitirmi\u015ftir. \u0130yile\u015fen ki\u015filerde cilt lekeleri ve kal\u0131c\u0131 g\u00f6rme kayb\u0131 oldu\u011fu raporlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

8) SU\u00c7\u0130\u00c7E\u011e\u0130
\n<\/em><\/strong>Varicella zoster<\/em> vir\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn neden oldu\u011fu su\u00e7i\u00e7e\u011fi hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131 v\u00fccutta ka\u015f\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 d\u00f6k\u00fcnt\u00fcler, yorgunluk ve y\u00fcksek ate\u015f belirtilerine sahiptir. Bu hastal\u0131k olduk\u00e7a bula\u015f\u0131c\u0131 bir hastal\u0131kt\u0131r. Hastal\u0131k genellikle \u00e7ocukluk \u00e7a\u011f\u0131nda g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. Ancak \u00f6zellikle bebeklerde, ergenlerde, yeti\u015fkinlerde, hamile kad\u0131nlarda ve ba\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131k sistemi zay\u0131flam\u0131\u015f insanlarda hastal\u0131k seyri ciddi boyutlara ula\u015fabilir. Yaln\u0131zca ABD\u2019de 1990\u2019lar\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda ortalama 4 milyon ki\u015fi su\u00e7i\u00e7e\u011fi ge\u00e7irmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

9) LASSA ATE\u015e\u0130
\n<\/em><\/strong>Lassa ate\u015fi (Lassa fever) Arenaviridae ailesinin bir \u00fcyesi olan Lassa vir\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn neden oldu\u011fu bir hastal\u0131kt\u0131r. Hastal\u0131k \u015fiddetli kanamaya sebep olur. Lassa ate\u015fi, Gana, Gine, Liberya, Mali, Sierra Leone, Togo ve Nijerya gibi Bat\u0131 Afrika \u00fclkelerinde g\u00f6zlenir. Hastal\u0131\u011fa yakalananlarda \u00f6l\u00fcm oran\u0131 y\u00fczde birdir.\u00a0 Lassa ate\u015fi ilk olarak 1950\u2019lerde tan\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Lassa vir\u00fcs\u00fc ta\u015f\u0131yan insanlar\u0131n yakla\u015f\u0131k y\u00fczde 80\u2019inde hastal\u0131k semptomlar\u0131n\u0131n g\u00f6r\u00fclmedi\u011fi ifade edilmektedir. Ancak vir\u00fcs\u00fcn hastal\u0131k yap\u0131c\u0131 form kazanmas\u0131n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan \u00f6zellikle de karaci\u011fer, dalak ve b\u00f6brekler \u00fczerinde etkili oldu\u011fu kaydedilmektedir. Hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131n semptomlar\u0131 aras\u0131nda y\u00fcksek ate\u015f, halsizlik, ba\u015f a\u011fr\u0131s\u0131, bo\u011faz a\u011fr\u0131s\u0131, kas ve g\u00f6\u011f\u00fcs a\u011fr\u0131lar\u0131, bulant\u0131 ve kusma ile ishal g\u00f6sterilmektedir. Hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131n ilerledi\u011fi vakalarda y\u00fczde b\u00f6lgesel \u015fi\u015fme, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck tansiyon, akci\u011ferde s\u0131v\u0131 birikmesi, burun kanamas\u0131, \u00fcreme ve sindirim sistemi k\u00f6kenli kanamalar g\u00f6zlenmektedir. Hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131n son evrelerinde \u015fok, n\u00f6bet, titreme gibi durumlar\u0131n g\u00f6zlendi\u011fi ve hastalar\u0131n komaya girdi\u011fi raporlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Lassa ate\u015fi, di\u011fer viral hemorajik ate\u015f (vir\u00fcs k\u00f6kenli kanamal\u0131 ate\u015f) hastal\u0131klar\u0131ndan farkl\u0131 olarak nadiren g\u00f6zlenen hastal\u0131klardan de\u011fildir. Bir y\u0131l i\u00e7erisinde y\u00fcz binlerce ki\u015finin enfeksiyon ge\u00e7irdi\u011fi ve binlerce insan\u0131n da bu hastal\u0131k nedeniyle ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131 yitirdi\u011fi kaydedilmi\u015ftir. Lassa ate\u015fi hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131na neden olan vir\u00fcs\u00fcn Mastomys natalensis<\/em> isimli kemirgenden ge\u00e7ti\u011fi raporlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu canl\u0131n\u0131n vir\u00fcs i\u00e7eren d\u0131\u015fk\u0131s\u0131na maruz kal\u0131nmas\u0131 ve enfekte olmu\u015f insanlar\u0131n v\u00fccut s\u0131v\u0131lar\u0131 yoluyla vir\u00fcs yay\u0131labilmektedir.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong>10) SARS, MERS, COVID-19
\n<\/em><\/strong>SARS ve MERS hastal\u0131klar\u0131 Coronaviridae<\/em> ailesinde yer alan vir\u00fcsler yoluyla yay\u0131l\u0131r. Yak\u0131n ge\u00e7mi\u015fte g\u00f6zlenen iki salg\u0131na neden olan koronavir\u00fcsler, 2020 y\u0131l\u0131 itibariyle Wuhan\u2019da ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan yeni bir t\u00fcr\u00fcn etkisiyle d\u00fcnya geneline yay\u0131lan bir salg\u0131na daha neden oldu. \u00c7in\u2019in Wuhan kentinde ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan yeni koronavir\u00fcse SARS-CoV-2 ad\u0131 verildi. Bu vir\u00fcs\u00fcn neden oldu\u011fu hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131n ad\u0131 ise COVID-19 olarak belirlendi. Biliminsanlar\u0131 COVID-19 hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n te\u015fhis ve tedavisi i\u00e7in yeni y\u00f6ntemler geli\u015ftirme gayretinde.<\/p>\n

2013 y\u0131l\u0131nda meydana gelen salg\u0131nda etkili olan vir\u00fcs ise SARS koronavir\u00fcs\u00fc idi. Bu vir\u00fcs\u00fcn k\u00f6keninin misk kedileri veya yarasalar oldu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmektedir. 2002 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u00c7in\u2019in Guangdong eyaletinde ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan SARS, 2003 y\u0131l\u0131nda 26 \u00fclkeyi etkileyen ve 8000\u2019den fazla insan\u0131n enfekte olmas\u0131na neden olan bir salg\u0131na d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc.<\/p>\n

MERS hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131 ise Orta Do\u011fu Solunum Sendromu olarak bilinmektedir. 2012 y\u0131l\u0131nda Suudi Arabistan\u2019da ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan yeni bir koronavir\u00fcs t\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn etkili oldu\u011fu bu hastal\u0131\u011fa yakalananlar\u0131n y\u00fczde 35\u2019i ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131 yitirmi\u015ftir. Y\u00fcksek ate\u015f, nefes darl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve \u00f6ks\u00fcr\u00fck gibi belirtileri olan MERS hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131nda ilerleyen evrelerde zat\u00fcrree olu\u015fumu yayg\u0131nd\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Viral hastal\u0131klara kar\u015f\u0131 tedavi: A\u015f\u0131lar
\n<\/em><\/strong>Vir\u00fcslerin potansiyel y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131 etkileri g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcnde bulunduruldu\u011funda etkili tedavi y\u00f6ntemlerinin geli\u015ftirilmesinin \u00f6nemi a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. Konumuz vir\u00fcsler oldu\u011funda etkili tedavi y\u00f6ntemleri daha karma\u015f\u0131k ve olduk\u00e7a s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc bakteriler i\u00e7in kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z antibiyotikleri veya di\u011fer enfeksiy\u00f6z ajanlar i\u00e7in kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z ila\u00e7lar\u0131 vir\u00fcsler i\u00e7in kullanamay\u0131z. Hastal\u0131\u011fa yakaland\u0131ktan sonra ba\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131k sistemini g\u00fc\u00e7lendirmek i\u00e7in baz\u0131 s\u0131v\u0131 takviyeleri ve antiviral ila\u00e7lar kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Antiviral ila\u00e7lar\u0131n kullan\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n temelinde ba\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131k sisteminin g\u00fc\u00e7 kazanmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamak vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Vir\u00fcsler canl\u0131 formu ta\u015f\u0131mayan t\u00fcrler olduklar\u0131 ve konak\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak farkl\u0131 mekanizmalarda y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131 etkilere neden olabildikleri i\u00e7in vir\u00fcsleri \u201cyok edebilecek\u201d bir tedavi y\u00f6ntemimiz hen\u00fcz yoktur. Ancak \u00f6nleyici bir bilimsel t\u0131p y\u00f6ntemine sahibiz: A\u015f\u0131lar!<\/p>\n

\"\"
Vir\u00fcs kaynakl\u0131 hastal\u0131klara kar\u015f\u0131 \u00f6nleyici bir bilimsel t\u0131p y\u00f6ntemine sahibiz: A\u015f\u0131lar!<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

A\u015f\u0131larla birlikte zay\u0131flat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f mikroplar v\u00fccuda verilir ve ba\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131k sistemimiz bu mikroplara haz\u0131r hale getirilir. Halk sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n korunmas\u0131 ve hastal\u0131klar\u0131n tarih sahnesinden silinmesi i\u00e7in a\u015f\u0131lar olduk\u00e7a \u00f6nemli uygulamalard\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin \u00e7i\u00e7ek hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131, ge\u00e7mi\u015fin en \u00f6l\u00fcmc\u00fcl hastal\u0131klar\u0131ndan biriydi. 1796 y\u0131l\u0131nda Edward Jenner\u2019\u0131n hastal\u0131\u011fa kar\u015f\u0131 bir a\u015f\u0131 geli\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar yakla\u015f\u0131k iki as\u0131r sonra bu hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131n yok olmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00c7i\u00e7ek hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n art\u0131k g\u00f6zlenmeyen bir hastal\u0131k olmas\u0131, halk sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 alan\u0131ndaki en b\u00fcy\u00fck ba\u015far\u0131lardan biri olarak kabul edilir.<\/p>\n

A\u015f\u0131lar\u0131n vir\u00fcs k\u00f6kenli enfeksiyonlar\u0131n g\u00f6r\u00fclme s\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fczerindeki bir ba\u015fka ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131 k\u0131zam\u0131k hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile ilgilidir. K\u0131zam\u0131k a\u015f\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n geli\u015ftirilmesinin ard\u0131ndan hastal\u0131k vakalar\u0131nda ve k\u0131zam\u0131k kaynakl\u0131 \u00f6l\u00fcmlerde azalma ya\u015fanm\u0131\u015f, 2000-2018 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda k\u0131zam\u0131k kaynakl\u0131 \u00f6l\u00fcmlerde % 73\u2019l\u00fck bir d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015f g\u00f6zlenmi\u015ftir. Geli\u015ftirilen k\u00fcresel \u00f6l\u00e7ekli a\u015f\u0131lamalarla 2000 y\u0131l\u0131nda d\u00fcnyadaki \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n yakla\u015f\u0131k % 72\u2019sine, 2018\u2019de ise % 86\u2019s\u0131na k\u0131zam\u0131k a\u015f\u0131s\u0131 yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 2000-2018 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda k\u0131zam\u0131k a\u015f\u0131s\u0131, yakla\u015f\u0131k 23,2 milyon ki\u015finin ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131 yitirmesini \u00f6nlemi\u015ftir. K\u0131zam\u0131k a\u015f\u0131s\u0131 da halk sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 alan\u0131ndaki \u00f6nemli ba\u015far\u0131lardan biridir. Bu noktada a\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131tl\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczdeki en b\u00fcy\u00fck tehditlerden biri olarak kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yor. Enfeksiyon hastal\u0131klar\u0131 uzmanlar\u0131 a\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131tl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile birlikte d\u00fcnya genelinde k\u0131zam\u0131k hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131 oranlar\u0131nda art\u0131\u015f g\u00f6zlendi\u011fini ifade ediyor. G\u00fcvenli ve maliyeti d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck a\u015f\u0131lamalar\u0131n mevcudiyetine ra\u011fmen 2018 y\u0131l\u0131nda 140.000 ki\u015fi k\u0131zam\u0131k nedeniyle ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131 yitirmi\u015fti.<\/p>\n

A\u015f\u0131lamalarla her y\u0131l 3,5 milyondan fazla su\u00e7i\u00e7e\u011fi enfeksiyonu vakas\u0131 \u00f6nleniyor, ortalama 100 \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn \u00f6n\u00fcne ge\u00e7iliyor. Grip etmeni olan Influenza vir\u00fcs\u00fc \u00fczerine \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma y\u00fcr\u00fcten biliminsanlar\u0131 vir\u00fcs\u00fcn evrimini analiz ederek daha etkili a\u015f\u0131lar geli\u015ftirme gayretinde. B\u00f6ylelikle hangi grip vir\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn hangi mevsimde etkili olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 tahmin edebilir ve uygun ila\u00e7lar\u0131 geli\u015ftirebilirler. A\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131tlar\u0131 ve gribin k\u00f6kenini y\u0131ld\u0131zlarda arayan Orta\u00e7a\u011f karanl\u0131\u011f\u0131na yan\u0131t biliminsanlar\u0131ndan gelmeye devam ediyor: \u201cGrip \u00fczerinde hen\u00fcz bir \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fck sa\u011flamam\u0131\u015f olabiliriz, fakat hi\u00e7 de\u011filse art\u0131k kendimizi savunmak i\u00e7in y\u0131ld\u0131zlara bakmak zorunda de\u011filiz.\u201d<\/p>\n

KAYNAKLAR <\/strong><\/p>\n

1) https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/flu\/pandemic-resources\/1918-pandemic-h1n1.html<\/p>\n

2) https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/hiv\/basics\/<\/p>\n

3) https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC5742800\/<\/p>\n

4) https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/ebola-virus-disease<\/p>\n

5) https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/measles<\/p>\n

6) Carl Zimmer, Vir\u00fcs Gezegeni, Alfa Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, 2012, s.116.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u0130nsan hastal\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n tarihi, bir \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde viral enfeksiyonlar\u0131n dolay\u0131s\u0131yla da vir\u00fcslerin tarihi gibidir. Vir\u00fcsler canl\u0131 formu ta\u015f\u0131mayan t\u00fcrler olduklar\u0131 ve konak\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak farkl\u0131 mekanizmalarda y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131 etkilere neden olabildikleri i\u00e7in vir\u00fcsleri \u201cyok edebilecek\u201d bir tedavi y\u00f6ntemimiz hen\u00fcz yoktur. Ancak \u00f6nleyici bir bilimsel t\u0131p y\u00f6ntemine sahibiz: A\u015f\u0131lar! Hayvanlar, bitkiler, bakteriler\u2026 Ya\u015fam a\u011fac\u0131nda bulunan hemen hemen her canl\u0131y\u0131 […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":429,"featured_media":40363,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[5844,38],"tags":[5339,444,5650,5850,5849],"class_list":["post-40362","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-193-sayi","category-dergi-sayilari","tag-grip","tag-kanser","tag-korona","tag-sars","tag-viruslerin-neden-oldugu-hastaliklar"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t