{"id":40464,"date":"2020-02-29T00:00:14","date_gmt":"2020-02-28T21:00:14","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/?p=40464"},"modified":"2020-03-21T17:25:54","modified_gmt":"2020-03-21T14:25:54","slug":"istanbulda-bir-fransiz-humbaraci-ahmet-pasa","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2020\/02\/29\/istanbulda-bir-fransiz-humbaraci-ahmet-pasa","title":{"rendered":"\u0130stanbul\u2019da bir Frans\u0131z: Humbarac\u0131 Ahmet Pa\u015fa"},"content":{"rendered":"

Giderek kronikle\u015fen sorunlar\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f yollar\u0131 \u00fcretme yetene\u011fini kaybeden Osmanl\u0131, Lale Devri\u2019nden ba\u015flamak \u00fczere g\u00f6stermelik uyum \u00e7abalar\u0131yla makyajlanm\u0131\u015f ithal \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmlere y\u00f6nelir. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze kadar s\u00fcrecek olan \u201cbat\u0131n\u0131n iyi y\u00f6nlerinin al\u0131nmas\u0131\u201d y\u00f6neliminin ilk \u00f6rne\u011fi de, bir Frans\u0131z soylusu olarak ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131n son on alt\u0131 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131 Osmanl\u0131 ordusunun hizmetinde ge\u00e7iren Claude Alexandre Compte de Bonneval ya da bizde daha \u00e7ok bilinen ad\u0131yla Humbarac\u0131 Ahmet Pa\u015fa\u2019d\u0131r.<\/em><\/p>\n

R\u00f6nesans\u2019la birlikte do\u011fa bilimlerindeki geli\u015fimin tekni\u011fe yans\u0131mas\u0131 belki de ilk \u00f6nce sava\u015f meydanlar\u0131ndaki dengeleri etkilemi\u015ftir. Bir yandan zenginle\u015fen fizik ve kimya bilgisi mekanik d\u00fczenekleri yetkinle\u015ftirip patlay\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131 daha \u00f6l\u00fcmc\u00fcl hale getirirken, di\u011fer yandan hafif silahlar\u0131n artan etkisi k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck askeri birliklerin y\u00fcksek manevra yetenekleriyle \u00e7arp\u0131\u015fma stratejilerine \u00e7e\u015fitlilik kazand\u0131rmaktad\u0131r. Bu geli\u015fmeler yeni olanaklara dayal\u0131 taktik becerileri geleneksel y\u00f6ntemlerin \u00f6n\u00fcne \u00e7\u0131karmaya ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, s\u00f6z konusu alanlarda uzmanla\u015fan insanlar i\u00e7in askerlik mesle\u011fi profesyonel bir u\u011fra\u015f haline gelmeye ba\u015flar. Leonardo\u2019dan ba\u015flamak \u00fczere hizmetini farkl\u0131 h\u00fck\u00fcmdarlar\u0131n ordular\u0131na sunanlar \u00e7o\u011fal\u0131rken, yolu \u0130stanbul\u2019a d\u00fc\u015fenlerin belki de en \u00e7arp\u0131c\u0131 \u00f6rne\u011fi, yaz\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n konusu olan Humbarac\u0131 Ahmet Pa\u015fa olacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Bir Fransa bir Avusturya hizmetinde
\n<\/em><\/strong>Yetmi\u015f iki y\u0131ll\u0131k ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131n son on alt\u0131 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131 Ahmet olarak ge\u00e7irecek olan Claude Alexandre Compte de Bonneval 1675\u2019te Fransa\u2019da, ailesiyle ayn\u0131 ad\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131yan bir kasabada, kendilerine ait bir \u015fatoda do\u011far. \u0130yi bir askeri e\u011fitim al\u0131r ve gen\u00e7 ya\u015fta kat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00e7e\u015fitli deniz ve kara sava\u015flar\u0131nda kendisini g\u00f6sterir. Ancak ya\u015fam\u0131 boyunca ta\u015f\u0131yaca\u011f\u0131 soyluluk kibri, Frans\u0131z ordusunda parlayan y\u0131ld\u0131z\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7evresine rahats\u0131z edici bir \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fck halesi sarmaya ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, gen\u00e7 Bonneval de uyumsuz bir fig\u00fcre d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmenin i\u015faretlerini verir. Belki de her \u015feyin en iyisini do\u011fu\u015ftan hak ediyor olma d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi, ya\u015fam\u0131 boyunca s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7ekece\u011fi, a\u00e7\u0131ktan a\u00e7\u0131\u011fa bir bo\u015fbo\u011fazl\u0131\u011fa ve gizliden gizliye bir entrikac\u0131l\u0131\u011fa yol a\u00e7maktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Bonneval\u2019in kariyer basamaklar\u0131n\u0131 h\u0131rsla t\u0131rman\u0131\u015f\u0131, 1700 y\u0131l\u0131nda patlayan \u0130spanyol Veraset Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019nda, Frans\u0131z Ordusu i\u00e7inde, \u0130talyan Cephesi\u2019nde elde k\u0131l\u0131\u00e7 vuru\u015furken ilk kez sekteye u\u011frar. Yaln\u0131z cesaretiyle de\u011fil stratejik kararlardaki becerisiyle de ad\u0131n\u0131 duyurdu\u011fu bu g\u00fcnlerde, \u00e7evresiyle en \u00f6nemsiz konularda bile ciddi sorunlar ya\u015famas\u0131 muhtemel Bonneval bir d\u00fcelloda komutan\u0131n\u0131 yaralay\u0131nca ordudan at\u0131lmakla kalmaz, devlete ihanetten \u00f6l\u00fcm cezas\u0131na da \u00e7arpt\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r. Parlak gelece\u011fine d\u00fc\u015fen bu giyotin g\u00f6lgesi, gen\u00e7 y\u0131ld\u0131z\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcne yeni, ancak o d\u00f6nem benzerlerine s\u0131k\u00e7a rastlanaca\u011f\u0131 t\u00fcrden bir se\u00e7enek getirir. Bonneval \u00fclkesinden ka\u00e7\u0131p bir zamanlar kar\u015f\u0131lar\u0131nda sava\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 Avusturya ordusuna kat\u0131lmak isteyecek, ba\u015fvurusu da kendi ge\u00e7mi\u015finde ayn\u0131 rotay\u0131 izlemi\u015f olan Avusturya Prensi Eugen taraf\u0131ndan hemen kabul edilecektir.<\/p>\n

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Son on alt\u0131 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131 Ahmet olarak ge\u00e7irecek olan Claude Alexandre Compte de Bonneval.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

S\u00f6z konusu geli\u015fme Fransa Kral\u0131 XIV. Louis\u2019in \u015fim\u015feklerini iyice \u00e7ekmesine ve kral\u0131n bu gen\u00e7 adam i\u00e7in bir kukla haz\u0131rlat\u0131p yakt\u0131rmas\u0131na neden olsa da, ne gam, zaten hen\u00fcz d\u00fcnyada yurtta\u015fl\u0131k bilincinin esamesi okunmamaktad\u0131r. Hal b\u00f6yle olunca, Bonneval da bir kez daha \u0130spanyol Veraset Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n \u0130talya Cephesi\u2019nde, ama bu kez i\u00e7inde kendi karde\u015fi de bulunan Frans\u0131zlara kar\u015f\u0131 Avusturya Ordusu saflar\u0131nda yerini al\u0131r. Mare\u015fal r\u00fctbesine kadar y\u00fckselece\u011fi Avusturya Ordusu\u2019nda, Frans\u0131z, \u0130spanyol ve \u0130talyanlara ek olarak Osmanl\u0131larla da g\u00f6\u011f\u00fcs g\u00f6\u011f\u00fcse gelir Bonneval. Hatta Avusturya Ordusu\u2019nun sa\u011f kanad\u0131na komuta etti\u011fi Petervaradin Muharebesi\u2019nde, bir yeni\u00e7eri k\u0131l\u0131c\u0131yla karn\u0131ndan a\u011f\u0131r yaralan\u0131r. \u0130\u00e7 organlar\u0131 d\u0131\u015far\u0131 f\u0131rlar, \u00f6l\u00fcmlerden d\u00f6ner. Ya\u015fam\u0131 boyunca bu derin yaran\u0131n izini ta\u015f\u0131yacakt\u0131r Bonneval, \u00f6yle ki, \u00f6lene dek karn\u0131ndaki kesi\u011fi koruyacak metal bir plakayla ya\u015fayacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Viyana g\u00fcnleri Bonneval i\u00e7in yaln\u0131zca askerlik konular\u0131yla dolu de\u011fildir. D\u00f6neminin \u00fcnl\u00fc bir ismi olarak, ya\u015fl\u0131 Leibnitz\u2019den gen\u00e7 Voltaire\u2019e kadar pek \u00e7ok parlak zek\u00e2yla dostluklar s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmekte, s\u0131k\u00e7a yaz\u0131\u015fmaktad\u0131r. K\u0131rklar\u0131na ad\u0131m att\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00fcnlerde Fransa Kral\u0131 XIV. Louis \u00f6l\u00fcnce, kral naibi olarak y\u00f6netimi devralan Philippe d\u2019Orleans\u2019la \u00e7ocukluk arkada\u015f\u0131 olmas\u0131 sonucu affedilir ve y\u0131llar sonra do\u011fdu\u011fu topraklara d\u00f6nme f\u0131rsat\u0131 bulur. Hemen de, o g\u00fcne kadar ba\u011flant\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n hi\u00e7 kopmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 annesi taraf\u0131ndan, bir an \u00f6nce ba\u015f\u0131 ba\u011flans\u0131n da dizlerinin dibinde otursun diye olsa gerek, m\u00fcnasip bir soylu k\u0131smet bulunup evlendirilir. Ancak Bonneval yeni hayat\u0131na yaln\u0131zca on g\u00fcn katlanacak ve yeniden Viyana\u2019n\u0131n yolunu tutacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Hayat\u0131n hepimiz i\u00e7in ge\u00e7erli ger\u00e7eklerinden biri olsa gerek, Bonneval i\u00e7in de geri d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f ilk geli\u015ften farkl\u0131 olur. Kahraman\u0131m\u0131z bir kez daha dedikoduculu\u011fa varan bo\u015fbo\u011fazl\u0131\u011f\u0131, ama daha \u00f6nemlisi \u0130spanya saray\u0131ndaki bir cinayetin ard\u0131nda beliren izleri nedeniyle cezaland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r. Eski dostu yeni d\u00fc\u015fman\u0131 Prens Eugen taraf\u0131ndan varl\u0131klar\u0131na el konup birka\u00e7 y\u0131l s\u00fcrecek kale hapsine mahk\u00fbm edilmesi, ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131n geri kalan k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 Avusturyal\u0131lara kar\u015f\u0131 bu haks\u0131zl\u0131ktan kaynaklanan bir kin ile intikam tutkusunun pe\u015finde ge\u00e7irmesine neden olacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Son durak Osmanl\u0131 Saray\u0131
\n<\/em><\/strong>Hapisten \u00e7\u0131k\u0131nca paras\u0131z pulsuz olarak Venedik\u2019e yerle\u015fir Bonneval. Ge\u00e7mi\u015finin kredisini banker veznelerinde rehin b\u0131rakarak ge\u00e7irdi\u011fi birka\u00e7 y\u0131l\u0131n ard\u0131ndan, bir g\u00fcn g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fc Arnavutluk Pa\u015fas\u0131, kendisine \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f yollar\u0131 arayan kahraman\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n kula\u011f\u0131na kar suyu ka\u00e7\u0131r\u0131r. Osmanl\u0131 Saray\u0131\u2019na ba\u015fvurup onlar\u0131n hizmetine ge\u00e7mek esasl\u0131 bir kurtulu\u015f olacakt\u0131r. Zorluklar\u0131 apa\u00e7\u0131k ortada olan bu ta\u015fl\u0131 yolun uzun muhasebesinin ard\u0131ndan, III. Ahmet\u2019in Sadrazam\u0131 Damat \u0130brahim Pa\u015fa\u2019ya bir mektup g\u00f6nderir Bonneval. Mektubunda, \u00e7ocuklu\u011fundan beri s\u00fcrd\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc askerlik u\u011fra\u015f\u0131 ile bilim alan\u0131ndaki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131n uyumuna de\u011finir, geri kalan ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131 \u201cZat-\u0131 \u015eahaneleri Efendileri\u201dnin hizmetine sunma konusundaki arzusunu ifade eder. Ancak taleplerine bak\u0131l\u0131rsa sanki kendisi bu ba\u015fvurusuyla Osmanl\u0131\u2019y\u0131 onurland\u0131rmaktad\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin, \u00fc\u00e7 tu\u011flu bir pa\u015fa r\u00fctbesi almal\u0131d\u0131r, beraberindekiler i\u00e7in de y\u00fckl\u00fc \u00f6demeler yap\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r. Kendisine verilen yan\u0131tta Bonneval\u2019in taleplerinin \u00e7o\u011fu reddedilecek, bir an \u00f6nce Bosna\u2019ya ge\u00e7ip saray\u0131n talimat\u0131n\u0131 beklemesi istenecektir.<\/p>\n

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Bonneval\u2019\u0131n bir dost bir d\u00fc\u015fman oldu\u011fu Avusturya Prensi Eugen.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Elli alt\u0131 ya\u015f\u0131ndayken ve herhalde o g\u00fcnlerde adet oldu\u011fu \u00fczere zahmetli bir deniz yolculu\u011funda gemisinin bat\u0131p bir tahta par\u00e7as\u0131na tutunarak kurtar\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan -bilen bilir, tarih yazanlara g\u00f6re Abaza Mehmet Pa\u015fa\u2019dan Simavna Kad\u0131s\u0131 O\u011flu \u015eeyh Bedrettin\u2019e kadar pek \u00e7ok ki\u015fi ya\u015famlar\u0131n\u0131n bir an\u0131nda, azg\u0131n dalgalar\u0131n par\u00e7alad\u0131\u011f\u0131 yelkenlilerinden suya d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcp, tuzlu suyla yumu\u015fam\u0131\u015f bir \u0131slak tahtaya tutunmak zorunda kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r- Bosna\u2019ya vararak Osmanl\u0131 topraklar\u0131na ayak basan Bonneval\u2019in ger\u00e7ek niyetinin Osmanl\u0131 ordusu saflar\u0131na kat\u0131larak Avusturyal\u0131lardan \u00f6\u00e7 almak oldu\u011funu s\u00f6ylemek yanl\u0131\u015f olmaz. Ancak Lale Devri\u2019nin son g\u00fcnlerini ya\u015fayan \u0130stanbul\u2019da, b\u00f6yle sava\u015f mava\u015f i\u015flerinden haz etmeyen y\u00f6neticiler ya Prens Eugen\u2019in \u00f6nleyici tehditlerine pabu\u00e7 b\u0131rakmakta, ya da ba\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 Nedim\u2019in a\u015fk \u015fiirlerinden kald\u0131ramamaktad\u0131r. Bonneval\u2019in amac\u0131na ula\u015fabilmek i\u00e7in Bosna\u2019da iki y\u0131l beklemesi, bu s\u00fcre boyunca Avusturyal\u0131lar\u0131n \u00fc\u00e7 ayr\u0131 zehirleme giri\u015fiminden kurtulmas\u0131, M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanl\u0131\u011fa ge\u00e7erek Ahmet ad\u0131n\u0131 almas\u0131, ama daha \u00f6nemlisi Osmanl\u0131\u2019da iktidar\u0131n el de\u011fi\u015ftirmesi gerekmektedir.<\/p>\n

Humbarac\u0131 Oca\u011f\u0131
\n<\/em><\/strong>En sonunda kendisini \u0130stanbul\u2019a davet eden, I. Mahmut\u2019un sadrazam\u0131 Topal Osman Pa\u015fa olur. Bonneval\u2019den, Osmanl\u0131 Ordusu\u2019nda patlay\u0131c\u0131 \u00fcretip kullanan Humbarac\u0131 Oca\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131 d\u00fczenleyip geli\u015ftirmesi istenmektedir. Bab\u0131ali\u2019de iltifatlarla kar\u015f\u0131lanan ve \u00fc\u00e7 olmasa da iki tu\u011fu kapan Bonneval, Pera\u2019da, bug\u00fcn kendi ad\u0131yla an\u0131lan Kumbarac\u0131 Yoku\u015fu\u2019nda bir ev tutar ve ikinci ya\u015fam\u0131na ba\u015flar.<\/p>\n

\u00c7i\u00e7e\u011fi burnunda Ahmet Bonneval\u2019e teslim edilen, humbara denilen ve demir ya da tun\u00e7tan d\u00f6kme el bombalar\u0131n\u0131 bir t\u00fcr havan topu d\u00fczene\u011fi i\u00e7inde kullanmak amac\u0131yla bir s\u00fcre \u00f6nce kurulmu\u015f ama giderek i\u015flevsiz kalm\u0131\u015f bir ocakt\u0131r. Bonneval i\u015fe, \u00fc\u00e7 y\u00fcz\u00fcn\u00fc Bosna\u2019dan getirtti\u011fi yakla\u015f\u0131k alt\u0131 y\u00fcz ki\u015filik maa\u015fl\u0131 askerlerden olu\u015fan bir s\u0131n\u0131f olu\u015fturarak ba\u015flar. Birka\u00e7 y\u0131ll\u0131k haz\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131n ard\u0131ndan 1734\u2019te \u00dcsk\u00fcdar Topba\u015f\u0131\u2019ndaki Ayazmasaray\u0131, Hendesehane ad\u0131yla kullan\u0131lmaya ba\u015flan\u0131r. Burada verilen e\u011fitimlerde Bonneval\u2019e Fransa\u2019dan getirtti\u011fi \u00fc\u00e7 arkada\u015f\u0131 yard\u0131m etmektedir; bir humbara imalathanesinin kuruldu\u011fu mek\u00e2nda, ocak \u00fcyelerine at\u0131\u015f talimleriyle birlikte matematik e\u011fitimi verilir. Yak\u0131n ge\u00e7mi\u015fte matematik ve astronomi \u00f6\u011fretilen Dar\u00fclhendese\u2019nin dine ayk\u0131r\u0131l\u0131k gerek\u00e7esiyle kapat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcl\u00fcrse, Hendesehane\u2019nin Osmanl\u0131\u2019daki ilk modern e\u011fitim kurumu olarak \u00f6nemi de daha iyi anla\u015f\u0131lacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Bilimsel y\u00f6ntemlerle yetkinle\u015fen Humbarac\u0131 Oca\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n i\u015f disiplini ve verimlili\u011fi \u0130ranl\u0131larla yap\u0131lan sava\u015flarda etkili sonu\u00e7lar al\u0131n\u0131p Saray \u00e7evrelerinin takdirini kazanm\u0131\u015f olmal\u0131 ki, Bonneval\u2019e \u00f6nce \u00fc\u00e7 tu\u011flu Pa\u015fa r\u00fctbesi verilir, ard\u0131ndan da Beylerbeyi yap\u0131l\u0131r. Altm\u0131\u015f ya\u015f\u0131na gelmi\u015f olan Humbarac\u0131 Ahmet art\u0131k en ba\u015fta istedi\u011fi r\u00fctbeye kavu\u015fmu\u015ftur. \u00dcstelik ge\u00e7mi\u015f deneyimi nedeniyle Saray\u2019\u0131n d\u0131\u015f i\u015flerinde kendisine de dan\u0131\u015f\u0131lan bir otorite haline gelmi\u015ftir. D\u00f6nemin etkili isimlerinden \u0130brahim M\u00fcteferrika ve Yirmisekizzade Mehmet Sait Pa\u015fa ile \u00e7o\u011fu kez birlikte hareket eder. Bununla birlikte, Pa\u015fa\u2019n\u0131n, sava\u015f\u0131n yan\u0131nda diplomasiyi de \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131karan, geleneksel d\u00fc\u015fmanl\u0131klara de\u011fil taktik ittifaklara dayal\u0131 politika tarz\u0131, b\u00fct\u00fcn ya\u015fam\u0131 boyunca oldu\u011fu gibi, dostlar\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131nda kar\u015f\u0131tlar\u0131n\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 da art\u0131rmaktad\u0131r. \u00d6yle ki, 1738\u2019de Ye\u011fen Mehmet Pa\u015fa\u2019yla birlikte, \u00e7\u0131k\u0131lmas\u0131nda \u0131srarc\u0131 oldu\u011fu Avusturya seferine kat\u0131l\u0131r ve eski ordusuna kar\u015f\u0131 sava\u015fma f\u0131rsat\u0131n\u0131 da sonunda yakalar. Ancak istenen sonucun al\u0131namad\u0131\u011f\u0131 seferin d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnde, ele\u015ftirilen kararlar\u0131n ana sorumlular\u0131ndan biri olarak g\u00f6zden d\u00fc\u015fer ve devletin politikas\u0131n\u0131 ba\u015fka \u00e7\u0131karlara g\u00f6re y\u00f6nlendirmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6ylenerek -sanki bu ithamlarda ger\u00e7eklik pay\u0131 olduk\u00e7a fazlad\u0131r- Kastamonu\u2019ya s\u00fcrg\u00fcn g\u00f6nderilir.<\/p>\n

Humbarac\u0131 Kont Bonneval Ahmet Pa\u015fa!
\n<\/em><\/strong>Pa\u015fa\u2019n\u0131n s\u00fcrg\u00fcnde alt\u0131 ay kal\u0131p affedildikten sonra \u0130stanbul\u2019a d\u00f6nd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc son d\u00f6nemi, eski r\u00fctbeleriyle ama ge\u00e7mi\u015f etkinli\u011finin uza\u011f\u0131nda ge\u00e7ecektir. Pera\u2019daki evinde iki ayr\u0131 d\u00fczen kuran, birisinde geleneksel giysiler ve sar\u0131\u011f\u0131yla Osmanl\u0131 Pa\u015fas\u0131 Humbarac\u0131 Ahmet, di\u011ferinde ise Avrupa tarz\u0131 giysi ve mobilyalar i\u00e7inde Frans\u0131z soylusu Kont Bonneval olarak ya\u015fayan kahraman\u0131m\u0131z, \u0130stanbul\u2019a gelen ve aralar\u0131nda Marki Casanova gibi \u00fcnl\u00fclerin de bulundu\u011fu yabanc\u0131 el\u00e7i ve temsilcilerin sarayla ili\u015fkilerindeki y\u00f6nlendirici etkisiyle yetinmek durumundad\u0131r. Bu d\u00f6nemde Fransa\u2019daki dostlar\u0131 ve \u00f6zellikle k\u0131z karde\u015fiyle yaz\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131, g\u00fcn\u00fcn Osmanl\u0131 d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131 bat\u0131ya ilk elden tan\u0131tan de\u011ferli birer kaynak niteli\u011fi ta\u015f\u0131yacakt\u0131r. Humbarac\u0131 Bonneval, son zamanlar\u0131nda kurdu\u011fu Fransa\u2019ya d\u00f6nme planlar\u0131n\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftiremeden 1747 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u0130stanbul\u2019da, y\u0131llard\u0131r \u00e7ekti\u011fi gut hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan \u00f6l\u00fcr. Galata Mevlevihanesi\u2019ne, kendisinden iki y\u0131l \u00f6nce \u00f6len yak\u0131n dostu \u0130brahim M\u00fcteferrika\u2019n\u0131n yak\u0131n\u0131na bir M\u00fcsl\u00fcman olarak g\u00f6m\u00fcl\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

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Compte de Bonneval, Humbarac\u0131 Ahmet Pa\u015fa oldu\u011funda.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Kont Bonneval\u2019in \u0130stanbul y\u0131llar\u0131ndaki ya\u015fam tarz\u0131 ve tercihleri, ki\u015fisel hedeflerine ula\u015ft\u0131ktan sonra \u00fclkesine d\u00f6nerek as\u0131l kimli\u011fiyle ya\u015famay\u0131 ama\u00e7lad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6steren ipu\u00e7lar\u0131yla doludur. O g\u00fcnlere ili\u015fkin \u00f6nemli bir kaynak, ziyaret\u00e7isi Casanova\u2019n\u0131n ileriki y\u0131llarda kaleme ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 an\u0131lar\u0131d\u0131r. Marki\u2019ye, T\u00fcrkleri ve \u0130stanbul\u2019u tan\u0131mas\u0131 ve herhangi bir zarar g\u00f6rmemesi i\u00e7in kol kanat geren Bonneval, konu\u011funa bilgiler verirken kendi bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n da i\u015faretlerini verir. S\u00f6yledi\u011fine g\u00f6re, daha Venedik\u2019teyken kendisine \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f yolu olarak Yahudi olmas\u0131 \u00f6nerilse solu\u011fu \u0130stanbul yerine Kud\u00fcs\u2019te almas\u0131 i\u015ften de\u011fildir. Anla\u015f\u0131lan o ki, uygar bir insan olarak ve kendi deyimiyle \u201cbarbarlar\u0131n aras\u0131nda\u201d ya\u015faman\u0131n yollar\u0131n\u0131 bulmu\u015ftur. Evinin alafranga k\u0131sm\u0131ndaki dolaplarda tuttu\u011fu \u015faraplar\u0131, \u0130talyanca bilen T\u00fcrk konuklar\u0131n\u0131n da yer ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 yemeklerde ikram edebilmekte, engizisyonun olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 topraklarda dinsel bir bask\u0131ya u\u011framad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6ylemektedir. Humbarac\u0131\u2019ya g\u00f6re T\u00fcrkler, zaten \u00f6b\u00fcr d\u00fcnyada fazlas\u0131yla ac\u0131 \u00e7ekecek olanlara bir de bu d\u00fcnyada eziyet etmeye gerek g\u00f6rmemektedir.<\/p>\n

G\u00f6r\u00fcnd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc kadar\u0131yla, Saray hizmetine girebilmek i\u00e7in g\u00f6stermelik bir bi\u00e7imde din de\u011fi\u015ftirmesi, ya\u015fam bi\u00e7iminde herhangi bir farkl\u0131l\u0131\u011fa yol a\u00e7mam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Casanova\u2019ya M\u00fcsl\u00fcman olurken s\u00fcnnet edilmek istemedi\u011fini ve ya\u015f\u0131ndan dolay\u0131 bunun kabul g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc anlat\u0131r. Y\u0131llar boyu i\u00e7inde ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 Osmanl\u0131 toplumunun dilini \u00f6\u011frenme konusunda ise \u00f6nceleri hi\u00e7bir \u00e7aba g\u00f6stermez. Yaln\u0131zca Kastamonu\u2019daki s\u00fcrg\u00fcn d\u00f6neminde T\u00fcrk\u00e7e \u00f6\u011frenmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 s\u00f6z konusu olur ki o da belki arkas\u0131ndan i\u015f \u00e7evirenlerin s\u00f6zlerini anlayabilmek i\u00e7indir. Yeni kimli\u011fiyle evlenip \u00e7ocuk sahibi olma giri\u015fiminde de bulunmaz. Yine Casanova\u2019n\u0131n aktard\u0131\u011f\u0131na g\u00f6re, Bonneval kad\u0131nlardan \u00f6mr\u00fcn\u00fc azaltacaklar\u0131 gerek\u00e7esiyle art\u0131k uzak durmaktad\u0131r. Bir tek evlatl\u0131\u011f\u0131 vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

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Osmanl\u0131 ordusundaki humbarac\u0131lar.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Humbarac\u0131 Ahmet Pa\u015fa, ilgin\u00e7 ya\u015fam\u0131 ve renkli karakterinin \u00f6tesinde, Osmanl\u0131 y\u00f6netim kademelerindeki \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclmeyi g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcne seren etkilili\u011fiyle de \u00f6nemli bir fig\u00fcr olarak de\u011ferlendirilebilir. Saray\u2019\u0131n d\u0131\u015f politikas\u0131na m\u00fcdahale etmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 noktalarda, kimi zaman Frans\u0131z \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6zetmesi, kimi zamansa Avusturya\u2019yla olan ki\u015fisel hesapla\u015fmas\u0131 \u00f6n plana \u00e7\u0131kar. \u00dcstelik Bonneval, d\u00f6nemin devlet politikas\u0131n\u0131 y\u00f6nlendirmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan tek yabanc\u0131 de\u011fildir. Daha o y\u0131llarda Saray, Frans\u0131zlar, Avusturyal\u0131lar, Ruslar ve \u0130sve\u00e7lilere d\u00f6n\u00fck hamleleri kendi \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131 do\u011frultusunda y\u00f6nlendirmek isteyen prensler, temsilciler ve ajanlar i\u00e7in bir t\u00fcr at ko\u015fturma alan\u0131 haline gelmeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Geni\u015f kabule dayal\u0131 belirgin bir devlet politikas\u0131n\u0131n olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir ortamda, iktidar \u00e7evrelerinde etkili olmak isteyen farkl\u0131 unsurlar i\u00e7in r\u00fc\u015fvet da\u011f\u0131tma ve entrikac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n kullan\u0131\u015fl\u0131 hale gelmesi normaldir. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla, b\u00f6yle bir d\u00fczensizlik i\u00e7inde askeri kurumlardan ba\u015flamak \u00fczere giri\u015filen yenile\u015fme ve iyile\u015fme aray\u0131\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n, sa\u011flam bir temele oturmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00fcrece kal\u0131c\u0131 ve yararl\u0131 olmas\u0131 da olanakl\u0131 de\u011fildir.<\/p>\n

Yabanc\u0131lar\u0131n bilgi ve y\u00f6ntemlerinden bu \u015fekilde yararlanma giri\u015fimleri sonraki y\u0131llarda Baron de Tott, Moltke, Liman von Sanders gibi ba\u015fka uzmanlar\u0131 \u00e7a\u011f\u0131rarak de yinelenecek, ancak t\u00fcm bu ad\u0131mlar en iyi olas\u0131l\u0131kla ulusal futbol tak\u0131m\u0131na pasaport verilmi\u015f yabanc\u0131 oyuncular getirmekten farkl\u0131 olmayacak, imparatorlu\u011fun son g\u00fcnlerinde ise ciddi y\u0131k\u0131mlara yol a\u00e7acakt\u0131r. Kurumsal t\u0131kan\u0131kl\u0131klar\u0131 a\u015fmak i\u00e7in neredeyse ilk tercih haline gelen bu ithal \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm denemelerinin g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde de pek \u00e7ok alanda \u00f6rne\u011fi vard\u0131r, ancak kal\u0131c\u0131l\u0131k s\u00f6z konusu oldu\u011funda bu t\u00fcr giri\u015fimlerden geriye genellikle bir enkaz kal\u0131r. Bu durumda, Bonneval\u2019in bir bilimsel e\u011fitim kurumu olarak a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131na \u00f6n ayak oldu\u011fu Hendesehane\u2019nin de sonraki y\u0131llarda ilk \u00f6nce t\u0131marhaneye ard\u0131ndan da mahpushaneye d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f olmas\u0131 kimseyi \u015fa\u015f\u0131rtmamal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Giderek kronikle\u015fen sorunlar\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f yollar\u0131 \u00fcretme yetene\u011fini kaybeden Osmanl\u0131, Lale Devri\u2019nden ba\u015flamak \u00fczere g\u00f6stermelik uyum \u00e7abalar\u0131yla makyajlanm\u0131\u015f ithal \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmlere y\u00f6nelir. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze kadar s\u00fcrecek olan \u201cbat\u0131n\u0131n iyi y\u00f6nlerinin al\u0131nmas\u0131\u201d y\u00f6neliminin ilk \u00f6rne\u011fi de, bir Frans\u0131z soylusu olarak ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131n son on alt\u0131 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131 Osmanl\u0131 ordusunun hizmetinde ge\u00e7iren Claude Alexandre Compte de Bonneval ya da bizde […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":177,"featured_media":40465,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[5844,38],"tags":[5870,5602],"class_list":["post-40464","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-193-sayi","category-dergi-sayilari","tag-humbaraci-ahmet-pasa","tag-rivayet-muhtelif"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t