{"id":40991,"date":"2020-03-28T20:32:12","date_gmt":"2020-03-28T17:32:12","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/?p=40991"},"modified":"2020-03-28T21:56:09","modified_gmt":"2020-03-28T18:56:09","slug":"covid-19-salgini-ve-afet-yonetimi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2020\/03\/28\/covid-19-salgini-ve-afet-yonetimi","title":{"rendered":"COVID-19 salg\u0131n\u0131 ve afet y\u00f6netimi"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u0130T\u00dc Jeofizik M\u00fchendisli\u011fi B\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc E. \u00d6\u011fretim \u00dcyesi<\/p>\n

SARS ve MERS salg\u0131nlar\u0131ndan sonra onlar\u0131n yeni mutasyonu COVID-19 (Coronavir\u00fcs-19) Aral\u0131k 2019\u2019da \u00c7in\u2019den yola \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131 ve \u00e7ok k\u0131sa s\u00fcrede t\u00fcm d\u00fcnyaya yay\u0131larak k\u00fcresel salg\u0131na (pandemi) d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. H\u0131z\u0131 ve g\u00fcc\u00fc baz\u0131 \u00fclkelerde yava\u015flasa da yay\u0131lmay\u0131 ve insanlar\u0131 \u00f6ld\u00fcrmeyi s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fcyor. Bu yaz\u0131n\u0131n yay\u0131na verildi\u011fi tarihte COVID-19 salg\u0131n\u0131 nedeniyle d\u00fcnyada pozitif bula\u015fan ki\u015fi say\u0131s\u0131 455.437\u2019ye ve ne yaz\u0131k ki can kayb\u0131 28.791 ki\u015fiye ula\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n

Ge\u00e7mi\u015f y\u00fczy\u0131llarda d\u00fcnyam\u0131zda b\u00fcy\u00fck can kay\u0131plar\u0131na neden olan \u00e7ok say\u0131da pandemi ya\u015fanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu ilk de\u011fildir. Ancak de\u011fi\u015fime (mutasyon) u\u011fram\u0131\u015f COVID-19 d\u00fcnyay\u0131 \u015fu anda kas\u0131p kavuruyor. Bu sefer, d\u00fcnya SARS ve MERS salg\u0131nlar\u0131nda ya\u015fanan yay\u0131lma g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc ve can kayb\u0131n\u0131 a\u015fan bir durum ile kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya. Bu vir\u00fcs\u00fcn kimli\u011fi konusunda h\u00e2l\u00e2 bilinmeyen bir\u00e7ok \u00f6zellik var. Bir\u00e7ok \u00fclke ve uluslararas\u0131 kurum bunu durdurma ve a\u015f\u0131\/ila\u00e7 bulma yar\u0131\u015f\u0131na girdi. Bir\u00e7ok \u00fclkede biliminsanlar\u0131 a\u015f\u0131 ve ila\u00e7 bulmak i\u00e7in gece g\u00fcnd\u00fcz \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yor. D\u00fcnyay\u0131 h\u0131zla saran, \u00e7ok say\u0131da \u00f6l\u00fcme neden olan ve k\u00fcresel \u00e7apta ekonomiyi sarsan bu salg\u0131n ne zaman ve ne d\u00fczeyde kay\u0131plarla bitecek halen belirsizdir. Yineleme olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 da halen tart\u0131\u015fma konusudur. COVID-19 bir k\u00fcresel afete d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

\"\"Afetlere haz\u0131rl\u0131k, risk azaltma ve m\u00fcdahalede her \u00fclke kendi devlet \u00f6rg\u00fctlenme yap\u0131lar\u0131 i\u00e7erisinde kurduklar\u0131 afet y\u00f6netimi ile g\u00f6revli kurumlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fc ve kararlar\u0131 do\u011frultusunda \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rlar. \u00dclkeler afetlerde \u00f6nce kendi olanaklar\u0131n\u0131 kullan\u0131rlar ancak yetersiz kald\u0131klar\u0131 durumda ba\u015fka \u00fclkelerden ve ilgili uluslararas\u0131 kurulu\u015flardan yard\u0131m isterler. Ancak, COVID-19 salg\u0131n\u0131 k\u00fcresel bir boyut kazanm\u0131\u015f ve daha \u00f6nceki vir\u00fcs salg\u0131nlar\u0131nda (SARS ve MERS) edinilen deneyimleri ve ba\u015f etme olanaklar\u0131n\u0131 a\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Geli\u015fmi\u015f \u00fclkeler dahil devletlerin afet y\u00f6netim d\u00fczenini felce u\u011fratm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu vir\u00fcs sald\u0131r\u0131s\u0131 bir deprem, tayfun, sel, sava\u015f ve ter\u00f6r gibi de\u011fildir. Bu afet ne zaman biter ve herkes normal hayat\u0131na ne zaman d\u00f6ner bilemiyoruz, ancak salg\u0131n hastal\u0131klarla ilgili m\u00fccadele altyap\u0131s\u0131, strateji ve eylem planlar\u0131 dahil afet y\u00f6netim sistemi yerelde ve d\u00fcnyada bu afetten sonra yeniden g\u00f6zden ge\u00e7irilecektir. S\u0131n\u0131r ve co\u011frafya dinlemeyen bu vir\u00fcs salg\u0131n\u0131 do\u011fal afet olarak s\u0131n\u0131flanabilir ama insan hatalar\u0131, yetersiz \u00f6nlemler ve insandan insana bula\u015fma nedeniyle insan kaynakl\u0131 bir afete d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Di\u011fer bir deyi\u015fle \u201chibrit afet\u201d kimli\u011fi kazanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Bu salg\u0131n\u0131n her \u00f6l\u00e7ekte neden oldu\u011fu tahribat ve travma, \u00fclkeler ve d\u00fcnya i\u00e7in k\u00fcresel afet politikalar\u0131n\u0131 ve stratejilerin tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 g\u00fcndeme getirecektir. Afet t\u00fcrleri listesinde k\u00fcresel salg\u0131nlar\u0131n ne kadar \u00f6nemli oldu\u011fu ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Uluslararas\u0131 afet politikalar\u0131 i\u00e7in belirli zamanlarda uluslararas\u0131 toplant\u0131lar yap\u0131l\u0131yor (\u00f6rn. Hyogo veya Sendai Toplant\u0131lar\u0131), deneyimler de\u011ferlendiriliyor ve gerekti\u011finde yeni strateji ve eylem planlar\u0131 \u00f6neriliyor. Bu \u00f6nerilere dayanarak her \u00fclke y\u00f6netim \u015femas\u0131 ne olursa olsun afet politikalar\u0131nda her \u00f6l\u00e7ekte strateji de\u011fi\u015fiklikleri, bu stratejilere genel uyum sa\u011flama ve eylem programlar\u0131n\u0131n s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilirli\u011fi \u00fczerine g\u00fcncelleme yap\u0131yor. \u00d6rne\u011fin \u00e7ok say\u0131da \u00fclkenin kat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 (T\u00fcrkiye dahil) Sendai Eylem \u00c7er\u00e7evesi 2015-2030 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda afet risklerinin azalt\u0131lmas\u0131na y\u00f6nelik her \u00fclke i\u00e7in d\u00f6rt \u00f6ncelik ile yedi temel g\u00f6sterge belirlemi\u015ftir. Sendai \u00f6nerisi, tan\u0131mlanan d\u00f6rt \u00f6ncelik olan k\u00fcresel, ulusal ve yerel d\u00fczeylerde \u015fu etkinliklerin kapsanmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nerir:<\/p>\n

1) Afet risklerini anlamak,<\/p>\n

2) Ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 risk azaltma i\u00e7in y\u00f6netimleri g\u00fc\u00e7lendirmek,<\/p>\n

3) Diren\u00e7 artt\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 yat\u0131r\u0131mlar yapmak,<\/p>\n

4) Etkili kar\u015f\u0131 koyma i\u00e7in haz\u0131rl\u0131k ve daha g\u00fcvenli iyile\u015ftirmeler yapmak.<\/p>\n

Sendai\u2019nin \u00f6nerdi\u011fi yedi hedef ve bunlara ili\u015fkin \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fctler \u015funlard\u0131r:<\/p>\n

1) Can kay\u0131plar\u0131n\u0131 azaltmak,<\/p>\n

2) Etkilenen ki\u015fi say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 azaltmak,<\/p>\n

3) Ekonomik kay\u0131plar\u0131 azaltmak,<\/p>\n

4) Ya\u015famsal altyap\u0131 ve hizmetler kay\u0131plar\u0131n\u0131 azaltmak,<\/p>\n

5) \u00d6nlem alan \u00fclkelerin say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 art\u0131rmak,<\/p>\n

6) Uluslararas\u0131 i\u015fbirli\u011fini peki\u015ftirmek,<\/p>\n

7) Erken uyar\u0131 sistemlerini geli\u015ftirmek.<\/p>\n

Bu \u00f6neriler salg\u0131n ve bula\u015f\u0131c\u0131 hastal\u0131klar dahil her t\u00fcrl\u00fc do\u011fal ve insan kaynakl\u0131 afetler i\u00e7in ge\u00e7erlidir. Sendai s\u00f6yleminin i\u00e7erdi\u011fi bu \u00f6nerilerin hayata ge\u00e7irilmesi i\u00e7in kalan s\u00fcre 10 y\u0131ld\u0131r. \u00d6n\u00fcm\u00fczdeki on y\u0131l olas\u0131 afet risklerini azaltma hedefine kilitlenerek, hem her \u00fclke kendi i\u00e7erisinde hem de \u00fclkeler aras\u0131 i\u015fbirlikleriyle bu \u00f6devlerini yerine getirmesi gerekmektedir. Her t\u00fcrl\u00fc tehlike kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda korunmas\u0131zl\u0131k ve maruz kalma risklerini azaltacak \u00e7ok y\u00f6nl\u00fc \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar yaparak ve kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 sa\u011flayarak yeni afet risklerinin olu\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 engelleyebiliriz.<\/p>\n

\"\"Sendai \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fcleri her d\u00fczeyde y\u00f6netim birimlerine sorumluluklar y\u00fcklemenin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, \u00f6zellikle yerel y\u00f6netimlerin g\u00f6rev g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn art\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 istemektedir. Afetlerle m\u00fccadelede \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclen \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalarda do\u011fal tehlikeler kadar teknolojik, biyolojik ve \u00e7evresel tehlikeler ve risklerin g\u00f6zetilmesi, sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 ya\u015fam d\u00fczeyinin y\u00fckseltilmesinin gerekli oldu\u011fu vurgulanmaktad\u0131r. \u00d6yle anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131yor ki, epidemi ve pandeminin olumsuz sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 bertaraf etmede daha \u00f6zel eylemlerle m\u00fccadeleye odaklan\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekmektedir.<\/p>\n

COVID-19 salg\u0131n\u0131nda her \u00fclke afet m\u00fccadelesini kendi afet y\u00f6netim sistemine g\u00f6re yapmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yor. Baz\u0131 \u00fclkeler T\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki gibi \u0130\u00e7 \u0130\u015fleri Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019na ba\u011fl\u0131 Afet ve Acil Durum Ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 (AFAD) gibi kurumlarla yaparken, baz\u0131 \u00fclkeler farkl\u0131 bakanl\u0131k ve devlet kurumlar\u0131 alt\u0131nda afet y\u00f6netimi yapmaktad\u0131rlar. Her \u00fclkenin afetler y\u00f6netimi i\u00e7in \u00f6rg\u00fctlenme bi\u00e7imi ne olursa olsun, bug\u00fcne kadar edinilen deneyimlerin \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131nda genel bir sak\u0131n\u0131m disiplini i\u00e7erisinde afet senaryolar\u0131, haz\u0131rl\u0131k, m\u00fcdahale, kurtarma, iyile\u015ftirme ve yeniden yap\u0131lanma gibi s\u00fcre\u00e7leri i\u00e7eren afet y\u00f6netim d\u00f6ng\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn i\u015fletilmesi gerekiyor. Ancak COVID-19\u2019un tahribat d\u00fczeyi bir\u00e7ok \u00fclkede bu salg\u0131n\u0131n afetlerle m\u00fccadele s\u00fcre\u00e7lerin etkin olarak s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclemedi\u011fini g\u00f6steriyor. Daha \u00f6nceki SARS ve MERS salg\u0131n\u0131ndan edinilen deneyimlerle yap\u0131lan senaryolar, haz\u0131rl\u0131klar ve m\u00fcdahale yetersiz kal\u0131yor. B\u00f6yle geni\u015f yay\u0131l\u0131ml\u0131 bir salg\u0131n hastal\u0131k olunca sa\u011fl\u0131k birimleri, altyap\u0131s\u0131 ve elemanlar\u0131 say\u0131sal ve \u00f6rg\u00fctlenme bi\u00e7imi olarak yetmiyor. COVID-19\u2019un \u00f6zellikleri ve yay\u0131lma h\u0131z\u0131 kestirilemedi\u011finden, h\u0131zla bir seferberlik durumuna ge\u00e7ilememi\u015f ve bireylerin di\u011ferlerine bula\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131 tam olarak engellenememi\u015ftir. \u015eu anda COVID-19 salg\u0131n\u0131n\u0131n ne zaman yava\u015flayaca\u011f\u0131 ve bitece\u011fi tam olarak bilinemiyor. Ancak bu salg\u0131ndan sonra benzer yeni bir mutasyonla vir\u00fcs\u00fcn bunun gibi veya daha k\u00f6t\u00fc bir salg\u0131na yol a\u00e7mayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131n da garantisi olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 anl\u0131yoruz.<\/p>\n

\"\"Gece-g\u00fcnd\u00fcz ve b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6zverilerle \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan sa\u011fl\u0131k personelimizin tarihe ge\u00e7ecek bu m\u00fccadelesinde sa\u011fl\u0131k sisteminin ve hastanelerin \u00fczerine b\u00fcy\u00fck g\u00f6revler d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Ancak, t\u00fcm \u00fclkeyi saran, toplumu derinden etkileyen ve kay\u0131plar\u0131n her g\u00fcn giderek artt\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu salg\u0131nla ba\u015f etme eylemleri tek ba\u015f\u0131na sa\u011fl\u0131k sistemin alt\u0131ndan kalkaca\u011f\u0131 bir konu de\u011fildir. Bundan sonraki benzer salg\u0131nlarda Afet ve Acil Durum Y\u00f6netimi\u2019nin (AFAD), yasas\u0131nda belirtilen \u201cgerekli o\u0308nlemlerin al\u0131nmas\u0131 ve olaylar\u0131n meydana gelmesinden o\u0308nce haz\u0131rl\u0131k ve zarar azaltma, olay s\u0131ras\u0131nda yap\u0131lacak mu\u0308dahale ve olay sonras\u0131nda gerc\u0327ekles\u0327tirilecek iyiles\u0327tirme c\u0327al\u0131s\u0327malar\u0131n\u0131 yu\u0308ru\u0308ten kurum ve kurulus\u0327lar aras\u0131nda koordinasyonun sag\u0306lanmas\u0131 ve bu konularda politikalar\u0131n u\u0308retilmesi ve uygulanmas\u0131 hususlar\u0131\u201d \u00e7er\u00e7evesindeki g\u00f6revi gere\u011fi salg\u0131n risklerini azaltma (zarar azaltma de\u011fil!) ve m\u00fcdahale konusunda sa\u011fl\u0131k sistemi ve ilgili birimlerinin koordine olmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayacak daha etkin bir konuma gelmesi gerekecektir. Tabi bu konu \u00fclkemizin maruz kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 deprem, sel, iklim ve \u00e7evre afetlerini ilgilendirmektedir. AFAD \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmesinde ve ilgili di\u011fer mevzuatta epidemi ve pandemi konular\u0131nda ve daha etkin ve yetkin olmay\u0131 sa\u011flayacak baz\u0131 yeni d\u00fczenlemeler yap\u0131laca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve 2017\u2019den beri bekleyen T\u00fcrkiye Afet Risklerini Azaltma Plan\u0131\u2019n\u0131n (TARAP) en k\u0131sa zamanda y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe girece\u011fini umar\u0131z.<\/p>\n

KAYNAKLAR:<\/strong><\/p>\n

1) UNISDR (2015). Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030, Cenevre, \u0130svi\u00e7re.<\/p>\n

2) Balamir, M. (2018). Afetler, Risk Y\u00f6netimi ve Sak\u0131n\u0131m Planlamas\u0131, A\u00e7\u0131klamal\u0131 Kavram ve Terimler, TMMOB, \u015eehir Planc\u0131lar\u0131, Odas\u0131, 262 sayfa.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u0130T\u00dc Jeofizik M\u00fchendisli\u011fi B\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc E. \u00d6\u011fretim \u00dcyesi SARS ve MERS salg\u0131nlar\u0131ndan sonra onlar\u0131n yeni mutasyonu COVID-19 (Coronavir\u00fcs-19) Aral\u0131k 2019\u2019da \u00c7in\u2019den yola \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131 ve \u00e7ok k\u0131sa s\u00fcrede t\u00fcm d\u00fcnyaya yay\u0131larak k\u00fcresel salg\u0131na (pandemi) d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. H\u0131z\u0131 ve g\u00fcc\u00fc baz\u0131 \u00fclkelerde yava\u015flasa da yay\u0131lmay\u0131 ve insanlar\u0131 \u00f6ld\u00fcrmeyi s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fcyor. Bu yaz\u0131n\u0131n yay\u0131na verildi\u011fi tarihte COVID-19 salg\u0131n\u0131 nedeniyle d\u00fcnyada pozitif […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1575,"featured_media":40344,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[19],"tags":[5683,5848,5941,5891,5764,5850],"class_list":["post-40991","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-bilim-gundemi","tag-afet","tag-covid-19","tag-mers","tag-pandemi","tag-salgin","tag-sars"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/40991","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1575"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=40991"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/40991\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/40344"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=40991"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=40991"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=40991"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}