{"id":41188,"date":"2020-04-01T14:24:48","date_gmt":"2020-04-01T11:24:48","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/?p=41188"},"modified":"2020-05-26T23:27:39","modified_gmt":"2020-05-26T20:27:39","slug":"dedektif-newton","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2020\/04\/01\/dedektif-newton","title":{"rendered":"Dedektif Newton!"},"content":{"rendered":"

22 Mart 1699 g\u00fcn\u00fc sabah\u0131 idam sehpas\u0131na \u00e7\u0131kan <\/em>William Chaloner\u2019\u0131n \u00fcnl\u00fc fizik\u00e7i Isaac Newton\u2019a kar\u015f\u0131 duydu\u011fu kin ve nefret, biraz sonra hayat\u0131na mal olacak yer\u00e7ekimi olay\u0131ndan kaynaklanm\u0131yordu elbette. Hay\u0131r, yer\u00e7ekimi yasas\u0131n\u0131 ke\u015ffetmi\u015f, gelmi\u015f ge\u00e7mi\u015f en b\u00fcy\u00fck biliminsanlar\u0131ndan biri olan Newton\u2019a kar\u015f\u0131 \u00f6fkesinin nedeni bamba\u015fkayd\u0131… \u00a0\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n

William Chaloner zaman\u0131n\u0131n bir numaral\u0131 doland\u0131r\u0131c\u0131s\u0131 ve hilek\u00e2r\u0131 idi. Gaddarl\u0131k ve kurnazl\u0131k konular\u0131nda bile\u011fini b\u00fckecek biri yoktu. 1680\u2019li y\u0131llar\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda (do\u011fum tarihi tam olarak belli de\u011fildir), 600 bin k\u00fcsurluk bir n\u00fcfusa ula\u015fm\u0131\u015f, dev bir megapol haline gelmi\u015f, imk\u00e2ns\u0131zlar\u0131 vaat eden ba\u015fkent Londra\u2019ya ayak att\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, kendine bir servet kurmay\u0131 hayal eder. Ancak \u00e7etelerin, arak\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n, gasp\u00e7\u0131 ve yankesicilerin kol gezdi\u011fi ba\u015fkent yeralt\u0131 d\u00fcnyas\u0131, ta\u015fradan gelme, \u00e7i\u00e7e\u011fi burnunda ve k\u0131sa yoldan zengin olmaya hevesli efrada kap\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 pek de kolayca a\u00e7maz. Chaloner\u2019\u0131n su\u00e7 kariyerinin \u00e7\u0131rakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 tamamlayabilmesi, tam 10 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131 alacakt\u0131r. Bu s\u00fcre zarf\u0131nda banliy\u00f6lerde i\u015f tutacak, i\u015f ortaklar\u0131, su\u00e7 ortaklar\u0131 edinecek, karanl\u0131k i\u015fler \u00e7evirecek, \u015farlatan hekimli\u011fe soyunacakt\u0131r. Kariyerini belirleyecek ba\u015fl\u0131ca olay ise, \u0130ngiliz devletinin 17. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ikinci yar\u0131s\u0131 i\u00e7inde ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ekonomik ve finansal s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131lar ve bunlara ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak madeni para \u00fcretimi olacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

O d\u00f6nemde \u0130ngiltere\u2019de esasen iki tip madeni para tedav\u00fcldeydi. Bir tarafta, olduk\u00e7a ilkel y\u00f6ntemlerle bas\u0131lm\u0131\u015f 1662 y\u0131l\u0131 \u00f6ncesi paralar: bunlar\u0131n kenarlar\u0131 kolayca k\u0131rp\u0131labilir oldu\u011fundan, 1690\u2019l\u0131 y\u0131llarda, k\u0131rp\u0131c\u0131l\u0131k ciddi bir salg\u0131n haline gelecek, \u00f6rne\u011fin \u201cger\u00e7ekte 400 ons a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda olmas\u0131 gereken para, Bristol\u2019da 240 ons, Cambridge\u2019de 203 ons ve Oxford\u2019da 103 ons a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda\u201d olacakt\u0131. Di\u011fer tarafta, 1662 sonras\u0131 bas\u0131lan paralar, makinalarla \u00fcretilen, kenarlar\u0131na i\u015flenmi\u015f yaz\u0131dan dolay\u0131 k\u0131rp\u0131lmas\u0131 zor, a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131klar\u0131 hassasiyetle dengelenmi\u015f paralard\u0131. Ancak sahtek\u00e2rlara ne gam! Her iki tip paray\u0131 da ustaca taklit edebileceklerdi!<\/p>\n

Bu son derece elveri\u015fli ortamda Chaloner, Patrick Coffee isimli bir sarraftan kalpazanl\u0131k sanat\u0131na dair temel beceriler edinir: bo\u015f sikke basmak, sikkeleri presleyerek oymak, kal\u0131p kullanarak kenar yaz\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 m\u00fckemmelce taklit etmek… 1691 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u00fcretti\u011fi ilk sahte paralar, su\u00e7 orta\u011f\u0131 Thomas Holloway ve onun e\u015fi taraf\u0131ndan piyasaya s\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcr. \u0130lk aylarda edindikleri k\u00e2r, 1000 Sterling\u2019in \u00fczerindedir (Londra\u2019da kalifiye bir i\u015f\u00e7inin y\u0131ll\u0131k maa\u015f\u0131n\u0131n yakla\u015f\u0131k 20 kat\u0131na denk gelir). Chaloner\u2019\u0131n t\u00fcm kalpazanl\u0131k kariyeri boyunca \u00fcretti\u011fi sahte paran\u0131n toplam de\u011ferinin, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz paras\u0131yla 4 milyon Pound Sterling mertebesinde oldu\u011fu tahmin edilmektedir.<\/p>\n

Bu denli h\u0131zl\u0131 bir ba\u015far\u0131, ba\u015f d\u00f6nd\u00fcr\u00fcr elbette. Bu kez centilmenli\u011fe soyunan Chaloner, g\u00f6rkemli bir eve ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131r, kad\u0131nlarla \u00e2lem yapar, metresler edinir, ta ki bir s\u00fcre sonra bir ihbara maruz kal\u0131p s\u0131rra kadem bas\u0131ncaya kadar. Birka\u00e7 ay sonra tekrar ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, yitirdi\u011fi serveti geri kazanabilmek i\u00e7in yeni planlar olu\u015fturur. Bir \u00f6rnek verelim.<\/p>\n

1688 y\u0131l\u0131nda, Muhte\u015fem Devrim (The Glorious Revolution) ad\u0131yla tarihe ge\u00e7en bir darbeyle III. William, II. James\u2019i taht\u0131ndan indirmi\u015fti. Ancak Kral James\u2019in bir kar\u015f\u0131 darbe ile iktidar\u0131 tekrar ele ge\u00e7irebilme olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 William i\u00e7in s\u00fcrekli bir endi\u015fe kayna\u011f\u0131 idi ve bu y\u00fczden James yanl\u0131s\u0131 faaliyetler \u00e7ok a\u011f\u0131r bi\u00e7imde cezaland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131yordu. 1693 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n ortalar\u0131na do\u011fru, Chaloner, James\u2019nin kaleminden \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f gibi, yak\u0131nda tekrar tahta \u00e7\u0131kaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131, vicdan h\u00fcrriyetinin garanti alt\u0131na al\u0131naca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve bir genel af uygulanaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 duyuran bir bro\u015f\u00fcr haz\u0131rlar. Bro\u015f\u00fcr\u00fcn, James sempatizanlar\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda ba\u015fka hi\u00e7 kimseye da\u011f\u0131t\u0131lmayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131n s\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc vererek basma ve \u00e7o\u011faltma i\u015flemlerini \u00fcstlenmeleri i\u00e7in iki matbaac\u0131y\u0131 ikna eder. Ancak k\u0131sa bir s\u00fcre sonra her ikisini bizzat ihbar eder ve tutuklatt\u0131r\u0131p hapse att\u0131r\u0131r. \u0130ki matbaac\u0131, a\u011f\u0131r ihanet su\u00e7undan idam edilir. Sonralar\u0131 bu ihbar\u0131 i\u00e7in 1000 pound\u2019luk bir \u00f6d\u00fcl alacakt\u0131r…<\/p>\n

Zamanla Chaloner farkl\u0131 aray\u0131\u015flara girer, yeni stratejiler geli\u015ftirir. \u00d6rne\u011fin 1693 y\u0131l\u0131nda, Darphane\u2019nin i\u00e7erisine s\u0131zarak b\u00fcy\u00fck bir vurgun yapman\u0131n yollar\u0131n\u0131 ararken, kendini bir maliye uzman\u0131 olarak ortaya atar, 1694 y\u0131l\u0131nda vergi politikalar\u0131 hakk\u0131nda bir risale yay\u0131nlar ve art\u0131k bu kadar\u0131 da olmaz dedirten bir hamle ile, para sahtek\u00e2rl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nlemeye y\u00f6nelik birtak\u0131m \u00f6nerilerde bulunur. Maliye Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n Dan\u0131\u015fma Meclisi nezdindeki bir ifadesinde, Darphane\u2019ye sata\u015f\u0131r, bu kurulu\u015fun \u00e7ok bariz ehliyetsizli\u011finden, hatta kendi i\u00e7erisinde baz\u0131 su\u00e7 unsurlar\u0131n\u0131 bar\u0131nd\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan dem vurur.<\/p>\n

\u0130ngiltere Merkez Bankas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n, Haziran 1695 tarihi itibar\u0131yla ger\u00e7ek banknot uygulamas\u0131na ge\u00e7mesi ile (b\u00f6ylece \u0130ngiltere\u2019de, modern finans sisteminin temelini olu\u015fturan k\u0131smi rezerv bankac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131na ba\u015flanm\u0131\u015f olur), yeni bir f\u0131rsat\u0131n olu\u015ftu\u011funu sezinleyen Chaloner, hemen i\u015fe koyulup, sahte banknot \u00fcretimine ba\u015flar. Ancak ne var ki, iki ay gibi \u00e7ok k\u0131sa bir s\u00fcrede, A\u011fustos 1695\u2019te, foyas\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar. Bu olay \u00fczerine sorguya \u00e7ekilen Chaloner, Merkez Bankas\u0131 dedektiflerine ba\u015fka doland\u0131r\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n isimlerini ihbar ederek pa\u00e7ay\u0131 s\u0131y\u0131r\u0131r, hatta \u00f6rnek davran\u0131\u015f\u0131ndan \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fc bankan\u0131n \u00f6zel takdir ve te\u015fekk\u00fcrlerine mazhar olur.<\/p>\n

1696 y\u0131l\u0131na gelindi\u011finde, Chaloner\u2019\u0131n Isaac Newton ismiyle tan\u0131\u015fmas\u0131na \u00e7ok az kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fman\u0131n arka plan\u0131n\u0131 anlayabilmek i\u00e7in, \u0130ngiliz Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n finansal durumu konusuna geri d\u00f6nmemiz gerekecek.<\/p>\n

\u0130ngiltere\u2019nin ekonomik durumu (1660-1695)
\n<\/strong>1660\u2019l\u0131 y\u0131llar\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131ndan beri Darphane ve Maliye, sahte para ve k\u0131rp\u0131c\u0131l\u0131k belas\u0131yla ba\u015f etmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yordu. Ancak 1680\u2019lerin sonuna do\u011fru, yeni bir tehdit ba\u015f g\u00f6stermeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131: Londra\u2019ya k\u0131yasla, ayn\u0131 miktar g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015fle, Paris veya Amsterdam gibi merkezlerde daha fazla alt\u0131n sat\u0131n almak m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fc. B\u00f6ylece \u0130ngiltere\u2019de toplanan g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f paralar eritilip k\u00fcl\u00e7elerle Man\u015f Denizi \u00fczerinden Fransa\u2019ya ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131yor, burada bu g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f ile sat\u0131n al\u0131nan alt\u0131n \u0130ngiltere\u2019ye sokulup, bu sefer daha fazla g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f sat\u0131n almak i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131yordu. Bir \u201cfinansal devridaim makinesi\u201d icat edilmi\u015fti adeta.<\/p>\n

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Bir zamanlar \u0130ngiltere Kraliyet Darphanesi.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Sonu\u00e7ta \u00fclke d\u0131\u015f\u0131na g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f madeni ak\u0131\u015f\u0131 o denli kayg\u0131 verici boyutlara ula\u015f\u0131r ki, 1690 y\u0131l\u0131nda olu\u015fturulan bir parlamenter ara\u015ft\u0131rma komisyonunun durum tespit \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131, son 5 y\u0131l i\u00e7erisinde Darphane\u2019de \u00fcretilmi\u015f g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f paran\u0131n % 10\u2019dan fazlas\u0131n\u0131n, tam 6 ay i\u00e7erisinde, Fransa ve Hollanda\u2019ya ta\u015f\u0131nm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011funu ortaya koyar. 1686-1690 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131 5 y\u0131ll\u0131k s\u00fcre zarf\u0131nda yakla\u015f\u0131k yar\u0131m milyon pound de\u011ferinde g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f para \u00fcretmi\u015f olan Darphane, 1691-1695 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131, yani bir sonraki 5 y\u0131ll\u0131k s\u00fcre zarf\u0131nda, g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f madeni eksikli\u011finden dolay\u0131 ancak 17 bin pound de\u011ferinde para \u00fcretebilir.<\/p>\n

Bu durumu daha da vahim k\u0131lan, Kral William\u2019\u0131n o s\u0131ralar Frans\u0131zlara kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7ok maliyetli bir sava\u015f y\u00fcr\u00fctmekte olmas\u0131d\u0131r. 1695 y\u0131l\u0131 itibar\u0131yla \u0130ngiliz Merkez Bankas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n h\u00fck\u00fcmete 1,2 milyon pound bor\u00e7 vermi\u015f olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, daha fazlas\u0131na ihtiya\u00e7 duyulur. Kral William\u2019\u0131n bizzat kendisi, para krizine bir \u00e7are bulmas\u0131 y\u00f6n\u00fcnde Avam Kamaras\u0131\u2019na \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131da bulunur. Bu durum kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm aray\u0131\u015f\u0131na giren Maliye Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131, Eyl\u00fcl 1695\u2019te, \u00fclkenin baz\u0131 \u00f6nde gelenlerine bir mektup yazarak izlenmesi gereken stratejiye dair g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f talep eder. Bu ki\u015filer aras\u0131nda, Isaac Newton da vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Newton: \u0130nzivadan Darphane\u2019ye
\n<\/strong>Newton, 1687 y\u0131l\u0131nda ba\u015fyap\u0131t\u0131 Principia Mathematica<\/em>\u2019y\u0131 yay\u0131mlad\u0131ktan sonra, yeni kral William\u2019\u0131n olu\u015fturdu\u011fu Konvansiyon Parlamentosu\u2019na Cambridge \u00dcniversitesi temsilcisi olarak atanm\u0131\u015f, bu g\u00f6revini Ocak 1690\u2019a kadar icra etmi\u015f, akabinde Cambridge Trinity College\u2019daki sakin hayat\u0131na geri d\u00f6nm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. A\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7as\u0131 fazla sakin bir hayatt\u0131 bu Newton i\u00e7in. Cambridge\u2019de ge\u00e7irdi\u011fi g\u00fcnler, zorunlu bir inzivaya d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. Kald\u0131 ki Londra ya\u015fam\u0131, sahip oldu\u011fu maddi imk\u00e2nlar\u0131 a\u015f\u0131yordu, dolay\u0131s\u0131yla ba\u015fkentte mek\u00e2n tutabilmesi i\u00e7in, geliri uygun bir pozisyona ihtiyac\u0131 vard\u0131. Bu ama\u00e7la, n\u00fcfuz sahibi tan\u0131d\u0131k ki\u015filere haber salmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, emeline bir t\u00fcrl\u00fc ula\u015famam\u0131\u015f ve Trinity College\u2019da simya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131na devam etmeye karar vermi\u015fti.<\/p>\n

Ancak 1693 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n ortalar\u0131na gelince, hi\u00e7 beklenmedik bir geli\u015fme ya\u015fan\u0131r: Newton\u2019un akli dengesi \u00e7\u00f6ker. Bu \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn nedeni hakk\u0131nda farkl\u0131 varsay\u0131mlar ortaya at\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bunlar aras\u0131nda, bir taraftan simya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131nda kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131k, di\u011fer taraftan \u0130svi\u00e7reli matematik\u00e7i Nicholas Fatio de Duillier ile ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 romantik ili\u015fkinin sona eri\u015fi, san\u0131r\u0131z en olas\u0131 nedenlerdir. Newton\u2019un sa\u011fl\u0131k durumu ancak y\u0131lsonuna do\u011fru iyile\u015fmeye ba\u015flar. 1694-95 y\u0131llar\u0131n\u0131 art\u0131k iyice s\u0131k\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 Cambridge\u2019de ge\u00e7irmekten ba\u015fka \u00e7aresi yoktur, Ta ki Eyl\u00fcl 1695\u2019te, yukar\u0131da s\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc etti\u011fimiz Maliye Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n mektubu eline ge\u00e7inceye kadar.<\/p>\n

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Haziran 1699\u2019a gelindi\u011finde, Darphane, Newton\u2019un idaresi alt\u0131nda 6 milyon 840 bin 719 pound de\u011ferinde g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f para \u00fcretmi\u015ftir.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Newton, bu mektuba cevaben iki \u00f6neride bulunur. Bunlardan ilki, madeni paralar\u0131n t\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc eritip topyek\u00fbn bir yeni para bas\u0131m\u0131na gidilmesi, ikincisiyse shilling ba\u015f\u0131na g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f miktar\u0131n\u0131n d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fclmesidir ki bu da fiilen \u0130ngiliz paras\u0131n\u0131n deval\u00fcasyonu demektir. Deval\u00fcasyon teklifi uzun tart\u0131\u015fmalara yol a\u00e7m\u0131\u015f ve sonunda reddedilmi\u015f olsa da (kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kanlar aras\u0131nda filozof John Locke da yer almaktad\u0131r), Ocak 1696\u2019da parlamento, ba\u015fka kanaat \u00f6nderlerinin benzer \u00f6nerileri \u00fczerine de, madeni paralar\u0131n topyek\u00fbn yenilenmesine karar verir.<\/p>\n

M\u00fcnzevi Newton\u2019un hayat\u0131, ancak 1696 Mart ay\u0131nda, Maliye Bakan\u0131\u2019n\u0131n imzas\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131yan ve Kral\u2019\u0131n \u201cMr. Newton\u2019u Darphane Muhafaza M\u00fcd\u00fcr\u00fc yapmak\u201d istedi\u011fini bildiren bir mektup ile bamba\u015fka bir mecraya oturacakt\u0131r. Nisan ay\u0131nda bu pozisyona resmi olarak g\u00f6revlendirilen Newton, Trinity College\u2019i nihayet terk eder ve 1 May\u0131s 1696 g\u00fcn\u00fc Londra Kraliyet Darphanesinde i\u015fba\u015f\u0131 yapar. Londra Kulesi\u2019nin i\u00e7 k\u0131sm\u0131nda konumlanan Darphane, \u00fc\u00e7 ki\u015fi taraf\u0131ndan y\u00f6netilmektedir: Binalar, makineler ve atlardan sorumlu Muhafaza M\u00fcd\u00fcr\u00fc, \u00fcretimden sorumlu Ustaba\u015f\u0131 M\u00fcd\u00fcr ve t\u00fcm operasyonlar\u0131 denetleyen Denetim M\u00fcd\u00fcr\u00fc.<\/p>\n

Newton\u2019un \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 ve B\u00fcy\u00fck Para Bas\u0131m\u0131 (Great Recoinage)
\n<\/strong>Newton\u2019u devasa bir i\u015f beklemektedir: En fazla 3 y\u0131l i\u00e7erisinde, son 30 y\u0131lda \u00fcretilmi\u015f yakla\u015f\u0131k 7 milyon pound\u2019luk metal paralar\u0131n eritilip tekrar bas\u0131lmas\u0131. D\u00fczenledi\u011fi toplant\u0131lar, yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmeler, yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 mektup ve dilek\u00e7elerin haddi hesab\u0131 yoktur. Darphane\u2019deki her bir s\u00fcre\u00e7 ile a\u015fina olur. Bir s\u00fcre sonra pozisyonu o denli g\u00fc\u00e7lenir ki, Ustaba\u015f\u0131 M\u00fcd\u00fcr\u2019\u00fcn g\u00f6revini de \u00fcstlenmi\u015f olur, t\u00fcm Darphane fiilen kontrol\u00fc alt\u0131na ge\u00e7er. 1697 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n sonunda, Darphane\u2019nin yakla\u015f\u0131k 500 i\u015f\u00e7isi, ayr\u0131ca dev bask\u0131 de\u011firmenlerinin g\u00fc\u00e7 kayna\u011f\u0131 olan 50 at\u0131n bak\u0131m i\u015fleri y\u00f6netimi alt\u0131ndad\u0131r. Makine park\u0131n\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fct\u00fcr ve tedarik ve \u00fcretim s\u00fcre\u00e7lerini o kadar ustaca y\u00f6netir ki, devasa projenin neredeyse tamam\u0131 1698 ortalar\u0131na do\u011fru tamamlanm\u0131\u015f olur. Haziran 1699\u2019a gelindi\u011finde, Darphane, Newton\u2019un idaresi alt\u0131nda 6 milyon 840 bin 719 pound de\u011ferinde g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f para \u00fcretmi\u015f olur. Maliye Bakan\u0131\u2019n\u0131n kendi s\u00f6z\u00fcyle, e\u011fer Newton olmasayd\u0131, t\u00fcm proje ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131kla sonu\u00e7lanmaya mahk\u00fbmdu.<\/p>\n

T\u00fcm bu g\u00f6revleri yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, bir di\u011fer g\u00f6rev geleneksel olarak Muhafaza M\u00fcd\u00fcr\u00fc\u2019n\u00fcn sorumluluk alan\u0131n\u0131n bir par\u00e7as\u0131 haline gelmi\u015ftir: Devlet paras\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 i\u015flenen su\u00e7lar\u0131n tespiti ve soru\u015fturmas\u0131. Newton bu g\u00f6revi de titizlikle icra etmekte kararl\u0131d\u0131r. Chaloner\u2019\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck hatas\u0131, Darphane\u2019ye kar\u015f\u0131 sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fcrken, bu yeni m\u00fcd\u00fcr\u00fcn s\u0131ra d\u0131\u015f\u0131 yeteneklerini g\u00f6z ard\u0131 etmek olacakt\u0131r. Burnunu kime s\u00fcrtt\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc anlay\u0131nca, art\u0131k i\u015f i\u015ften ge\u00e7mi\u015ftir. Dedektif romanlar\u0131n\u0131 aratmayacak olaylar\u0131 k\u0131saca \u00f6zetleyelim.<\/p>\n

Chaloner\u2019\u0131n pe\u015finde
\n<\/strong>Darphane\u2019ye ait baz\u0131 bask\u0131 kal\u0131plar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu haberi g\u00fcndeme oturunca, f\u0131rsat kollayan Chaloner harekete ge\u00e7er. Maliye Bakan\u0131\u2019na yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 mektupta, h\u0131rs\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n asl\u0131nda Darphane\u2019nin i\u00e7erisinden baz\u0131 Darphane \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirildi\u011fini duyurur. Hatta o kadar ileri gider ki, Darphane\u2019de bile sahte para bas\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ileri s\u00fcrer. (Bask\u0131 kal\u0131plar\u0131n\u0131n, bizzat Chaloner\u2019\u0131n emri alt\u0131nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan bir \u00e7ete taraf\u0131ndan \u00e7al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f olabilece\u011fi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmektedir.) \u0130ddialar\u0131na inand\u0131r\u0131c\u0131l\u0131k kazand\u0131rmak ad\u0131na, iki eski su\u00e7 orta\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ihbar etmekten geri kalmaz.<\/p>\n

Bir noktadan sonra Chaloner, b\u00fcy\u00fck oynamaya, Darphane\u2019yi i\u00e7eriden fethetmeye karar verir. Parlamenter Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Komisyonu ile yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmede, Darphane\u2019nin sorunlar\u0131na bir \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm getirebilece\u011fini ileri s\u00fcrer, \u00fcretim s\u00fcre\u00e7lerinin ne \u015fekilde iyile\u015ftirilebilece\u011fini g\u00f6sterebilmek i\u00e7in Darphane\u2019ye eri\u015fim hakk\u0131 ister. Ve ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 olur. Ara\u015ft\u0131rma komisyonu, \u201cMr Chaloner\u2019\u0131n guinea paralar\u0131 ile ilgili baz\u0131 deneyler yapabilmesi i\u00e7in\u201d Darphane\u2019ye eri\u015fimini sa\u011flayan \u00f6zel bir izin \u00e7\u0131kart\u0131r. Newton bu karara itaat etmeyece\u011fini bildirince, Chaloner\u2019\u0131n plan\u0131 akamete u\u011frar. T\u00fcm bu s\u00fcre\u00e7 boyunca, Chaloner\u2019\u0131n Darphane M\u00fcd\u00fcr\u00fc\u2019ne att\u0131\u011f\u0131 iftiralar\u0131, ehliyetsizlik ve suiniyet su\u00e7lamalar\u0131 Newton\u2019u o kadar yaralar ki, \u00fcnl\u00fc fizik\u00e7i, bundan b\u00f6yle Chaloner\u2019\u0131n tutuklan\u0131p yarg\u0131lanmas\u0131n\u0131 ki\u015fisel bir mesele haline getirir.<\/p>\n

\"\"
Newton\u2019un Chaloner ile ilgili soru\u015fturmas\u0131, bir \u201campirik ara\u015ft\u0131rma \u015faheseri\u201d olarak ortaya \u00e7\u0131kacakt\u0131r.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Newton\u2019un Chaloner ile ilgili soru\u015fturmas\u0131, bir \u201campirik ara\u015ft\u0131rma \u015faheseri\u201d olarak ortaya \u00e7\u0131kacakt\u0131r. 1697 y\u0131l\u0131 itibar\u0131yla, ajan ve ispiyonculardan olu\u015fan \u00f6ylesine muazzam bir a\u011f kurmu\u015ftur ki, Londra\u2019n\u0131n gelmi\u015f ge\u00e7mi\u015f en etkin hafiye ordusuna sahiptir. Masa ba\u015f\u0131nda oturmakla yetinmez, tutuklatt\u0131\u011f\u0131 su\u00e7lular\u0131 bizzat gidip h\u00fccrelerinde ziyaret eder, sorguya \u00e7eker. Gizli g\u00f6revler i\u00e7in ajan g\u00f6revini \u00fcstlenecek pek \u00e7ok ki\u015fiyi i\u015fe al\u0131r, bilgi toplamak amac\u0131yla h\u0131rs\u0131z ve hara\u00e7\u00e7\u0131 ayak tak\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 kullanmakta teredd\u00fct etmez. Chaloner, parlamento \u00fcyeleri \u00fczerine bask\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 devam ettirse de, her te\u015febb\u00fcs\u00fc gelir Newton\u2019a toslar.<\/p>\n

Bu arada h\u00fck\u00fbmet, Kral William\u2019\u0131n ordusunu finanse edebilmek amac\u0131yla Malt Lottery isimli yeni bir devlet tahvili \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131r. Uygulama o denli ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 olur ki, kuponlar k\u0131sa s\u00fcrede bir yasal \u00f6deme arac\u0131, yani nakit niteli\u011fi kazan\u0131r. Chaloner\u2019\u0131n bu geli\u015fmeye kay\u0131ts\u0131z kalmas\u0131 beklenemezdi \u015f\u00fcphesiz: Haziran 1698 itibar\u0131yla sahte kupon basmaya ba\u015flar ve yeni \u201c\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn\u00fc\u201d ba\u015far\u0131yla tedav\u00fcle sokar. Ancak sahtek\u00e2rl\u0131\u011f\u0131n g\u00fcn y\u00fcz\u00fcne \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131yla, bu sefer bakanl\u0131k m\u00fcste\u015far\u0131 James Vernon\u2019un bizzat kendisi harekete ge\u00e7er. Bu do\u011frultuda bir\u00e7ok giri\u015fiminin sonu\u00e7suz kald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcnce, son \u00e7are olarak, Chaloner\u2019\u0131n yakalanmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayan ki\u015fi ya da ki\u015filere 50 pound\u2019luk bir \u00f6d\u00fcl verilece\u011fini duyurur. B\u00f6ylece olduk\u00e7a k\u0131sa bir s\u00fcre sonra, Kas\u0131m 1698\u2019de, istedi\u011fi sonuca ula\u015f\u0131r: Darphane\u2019nin eski jurnalcilerinden biri, Chaloner\u2019\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irip Newgate hapishanesine teslim eder.<\/p>\n

Son perde
\n<\/strong>Bu a\u015famadan sonra Newton, sa\u011flam bir iddianame ortaya koymak i\u00e7in \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 h\u0131zland\u0131r\u0131r. \u015eunu \u00e7ok iyi bilmektedir ki, sahte tahvil olay\u0131yla ilgili Chaloner\u2019a kar\u015f\u0131 kesin bir delil \u00fcretemeyecektir, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc tan\u0131klar\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n sicili zaten bozuktur ve kendi su\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6rtmek ad\u0131na, davaya zarar verebilirler. Bu y\u00fczden farkl\u0131 bir strateji izlemeye karar verir: \u0130ddianamenin kapsam\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7ok daha geni\u015fleterek, Chaloner\u2019\u0131 o kadar \u00e7ok su\u00e7 olay\u0131n\u0131n merkezine oturtmak ki, art\u0131k detaylar\u0131n \u00f6nemi kalmas\u0131n, j\u00fcri heyeti su\u00e7lama ve dosyalar y\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 alt\u0131nda adeta bo\u011fulsun\u2026<\/p>\n

Newton, onlarca tan\u0131k ifadesi toplayarak Londra kentinin kalpazanl\u0131k ekosisteminin kapsaml\u0131 bir tablosunu ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131r. Bir seferinde, 10 g\u00fcn art arda \u015fahit dinler. Ar\u015fivlerde yer alan 140 tutanak, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131n yo\u011funlu\u011funu g\u00f6sterir. \u0130ddianamesini g\u00fc\u00e7lendirmek amac\u0131yla, Chaloner\u2019\u0131n h\u00fccresine, John Ignatius Lawson ad\u0131nda eski bir kalpazan\u0131 k\u00f6stebek olarak sokar. Bu ki\u015fiden hi\u00e7 \u015f\u00fcphelenmeyen Chaloner, Lawson\u2019a i\u015fledi\u011fi bir\u00e7ok su\u00e7u \u00f6v\u00fcnerek anlat\u0131r, itirafta bulunur ve de\u011ferli bilgiler if\u015fa eder. Ancak ayn\u0131 zamanda durumunun vahametini de anlayan Chaloner, Newton\u2019a mektuplar d\u00f6\u015fer, neden hayat\u0131n\u0131n ba\u011f\u0131\u015flanmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini a\u00e7\u0131klar ve s\u0131k\u00e7a yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi baz\u0131 su\u00e7 ortaklar\u0131n\u0131 ihbar eder. \u201cBu alt\u0131 y\u0131l i\u00e7erisinde herhangi bir su\u00e7 i\u015flemedim\u201d der. Komplocular, al\u00e7aklar ve hainler taraf\u0131ndan aldat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, onu su\u00e7layanlar\u0131n vebal alt\u0131nda kalacaklar\u0131n\u0131 vurgular. \u201cE\u011fer \u00f6l\u00fcrsem, bir cinayete kurban gitmi\u015f olurum.\u201d Newton, t\u00fcm mektuplar\u0131 yan\u0131ts\u0131z b\u0131rak\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\"\"
William Chaloner 22 Mart 1699 g\u00fcn\u00fc idam edilir.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

3 Mart 1699 g\u00fcn\u00fc, Chaloner\u2019\u0131n duru\u015fmas\u0131 ba\u015flar. Davan\u0131n t\u00fcm ayr\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131na h\u00e2kim olan Newton, her ihtimale kar\u015f\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7 ayr\u0131, birbirinden farkl\u0131 iddianame haz\u0131rlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r; tan\u0131kl\u0131k etmeleri i\u00e7in, g\u00fcvendi\u011fi alt\u0131 \u015fahidi kullan\u0131r. O devirde savunma avukat\u0131 uygulamas\u0131 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan Chaloner kendi savunmas\u0131n\u0131 yapar; su\u00e7lamalar\u0131n t\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc reddetti\u011fi gibi, \u015fahitlerin kendilerini kurtarabilmek i\u00e7in yalan s\u00f6ylediklerini \u00f6fkeyle ileri s\u00fcrer. Newton, Chaloner\u2019\u0131 dar bir alana s\u0131k\u0131\u015ft\u0131rm\u0131\u015f, herhangi bir savunma imk\u00e2n\u0131 b\u0131rakmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r; lehine tan\u0131kl\u0131k edebilecek veya dan\u0131\u015f\u0131p hukuki yard\u0131m alabilecek hi\u00e7 kimse yoktur. Duru\u015fman\u0131n sonuna gelindi\u011finde, j\u00fcri heyeti, ba\u015fka bir odaya \u00e7ekilip aralar\u0131nda tart\u0131\u015fmaya bile ihtiya\u00e7 duymadan, hemen orada, k\u0131sa bir isti\u015fareden sonra, daval\u0131y\u0131 a\u011f\u0131r ihanetten su\u00e7lu buldu\u011funu ilan eder. Ertesi g\u00fcn, mahkeme heyeti tekrar toplan\u0131r ve hakk\u0131nda verilen idam karar\u0131n\u0131 Chaloner\u2019\u0131n y\u00fcz\u00fcne okur. H\u00fckm\u00fcn kesinlik kazanmas\u0131yla Chaloner, Newton\u2019a son bir mektup yazacakt\u0131r: \u201cAh Sevgili Sir beni sizin d\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131zda hi\u00e7 kimse kurtaramaz Ah Tanr\u0131 Tanr\u0131m e\u011fer beni kurtarmazsan\u0131z cinayete kurban gitmi\u015f olaca\u011f\u0131m Ah \u00fcmit ederim Tanr\u0131 y\u00fcre\u011finizi merhamet ve ac\u0131ma hisleriyle doldursun ki bu \u015feyleri benim i\u00e7in yapabilesiniz.\u201d Newton mektubu yan\u0131ts\u0131z b\u0131rak\u0131r.<\/p>\n

22 Mart 1699 g\u00fcn\u00fc idam karar\u0131 uygulan\u0131rken, Newton infaz yerinde bulunmaz.<\/p>\n

KAYNAKLAR<\/strong><\/p>\n

– T. Levinson, Newton and the Counterfeiter, Faber and Faber, 2009.
\n– F. Freistetter, Isaac Newton, Prometheus Books, 2018.
\n– https:\/\/www.headstuff.org\/culture\/history\/william-chaloner-master-counterfeiter\/
\n– http:\/\/www.newtonproject.ox.ac.uk\/view\/texts\/normalized\/MINT00918: William Chaloner’\u0131n Isaac Newton\u2019a mektubu.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

22 Mart 1699 g\u00fcn\u00fc sabah\u0131 idam sehpas\u0131na \u00e7\u0131kan William Chaloner\u2019\u0131n \u00fcnl\u00fc fizik\u00e7i Isaac Newton\u2019a kar\u015f\u0131 duydu\u011fu kin ve nefret, biraz sonra hayat\u0131na mal olacak yer\u00e7ekimi olay\u0131ndan kaynaklanm\u0131yordu elbette. Hay\u0131r, yer\u00e7ekimi yasas\u0131n\u0131 ke\u015ffetmi\u015f, gelmi\u015f ge\u00e7mi\u015f en b\u00fcy\u00fck biliminsanlar\u0131ndan biri olan Newton\u2019a kar\u015f\u0131 \u00f6fkesinin nedeni bamba\u015fkayd\u0131… \u00a0\u00a0 William Chaloner zaman\u0131n\u0131n bir numaral\u0131 doland\u0131r\u0131c\u0131s\u0131 ve hilek\u00e2r\u0131 idi. Gaddarl\u0131k […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":508,"featured_media":41189,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1473,5947,510],"tags":[802,3514,4146],"class_list":["post-41188","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-genis-aci","category-olaganustu-nisan-sayisi","category-surekli-bolumler","tag-genis-aci","tag-isaac-newton","tag-sedat-olcer"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t