{"id":41585,"date":"2020-04-05T00:00:28","date_gmt":"2020-04-04T21:00:28","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/?p=41585"},"modified":"2020-05-26T23:25:26","modified_gmt":"2020-05-26T20:25:26","slug":"osmanli-icin-son-sans-ikinci-viyana-kusatmasi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2020\/04\/05\/osmanli-icin-son-sans-ikinci-viyana-kusatmasi","title":{"rendered":"Osmanl\u0131 i\u00e7in son \u015fans: \u0130kinci Viyana Ku\u015fatmas\u0131"},"content":{"rendered":"

T\u00f6kezlemeye ba\u015flayan devletler tepetaklak d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015flerinden \u00f6nce ini\u015f \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015flarla ge\u00e7en d\u00f6nemler ya\u015far. Kimi zaman toparlanma i\u015faretleri de ta\u015f\u0131yan b\u00f6yle zamanlarda, y\u00fckseli\u015fi sa\u011flam\u0131\u015f de\u011ferlerle d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015f\u00fc ba\u015flatan sorunlar\u0131n \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n kazanan\u0131 tarihin de belirleyicisi olur. Osmanl\u0131 i\u00e7in duraklama d\u00f6neminin en kritik olay\u0131, d\u00f6n\u00fclmez ak\u015fam\u0131n ufkunda sahne alan \u0130kinci Viyana Ku\u015fatmas\u0131d\u0131r.\u00a0 <\/em><\/p>\n

Gerileyen Osmanl\u0131 ile geli\u015fen Avrupa devletleri aras\u0131nda ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan \u00f6nemli ayr\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131c\u0131lardan birisi de, ilkinde toplumsal katmanlar ile \u00e7eki\u015fme i\u00e7indeki y\u00f6netim kademelerinin ortak fayda etraf\u0131nda uyumlu hareket edebilme becerisinin yok olmaya ba\u015flamas\u0131d\u0131r. Her ne kadar Osmanl\u0131\u2019da ilk belirgin taht kavgalar\u0131 I. Beyaz\u0131t\u2019\u0131n Mo\u011fol yenilgisinin sonras\u0131nda ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f olsa da, g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc iktidarlar iki y\u00fczy\u0131l boyunca kurumsal yap\u0131lar\u0131n ayn\u0131 hedef do\u011frultusunda i\u015flemesini sa\u011flayabilmi\u015ftir. Kanuni d\u00f6nemine kadar egemenlik alan\u0131 s\u00fcrekli b\u00fcy\u00fcyen imparatorluk, hazinesini de sava\u015f ganimetleri ve fethedilen topraklar\u0131n vergilendirilmesiyle doldurmaktad\u0131r. Ancak Avrupa\u2019daki bilimsel ve toplumsal geli\u015fmeler dengeleri rakip devletler lehine de\u011fi\u015ftirmeye ba\u015flay\u0131nca, \u00fcretim ve b\u00f6l\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm d\u00fczeni s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir olmayan Osmanl\u0131 ciddi sorunlarla kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya kal\u0131r. \u00d6zellikle Kanuni sonras\u0131ndaki d\u00f6nemde iktidar\u0131n her biri kendi hedefleri do\u011frultusunda hareket eden farkl\u0131 unsurlar aras\u0131nda bir \u00e7eki\u015fme konusu haline gelmesi, devlet y\u00f6netiminde s\u00fcreklilik ve tutarl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n bireysel \u00e7\u0131karlara kurban gitmesi sonucunu do\u011furacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

IV. Mehmet ve sava\u015f\u00e7\u0131 ruhun canlanmas\u0131
\n<\/strong>\u0130mparatorlu\u011fun duraklama d\u00f6nemine denk gelen ve 16. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ortalar\u0131ndan ba\u015flayarak IV. Mehmet\u2019in iktidar\u0131 ele al\u0131\u015f\u0131na kadar ge\u00e7en yakla\u015f\u0131k y\u00fcz y\u0131l, do\u011fuda Celali ayaklanmalar\u0131, bat\u0131da yitirilen askeri \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fck, payitahtta ise sonu gelmez \u00e7eki\u015fmeler ve padi\u015fahlar\u0131 katletmeye kadar varan kanl\u0131 yeni\u00e7eri isyanlar\u0131yla doludur. Ancak sahip olunan g\u00fc\u00e7 ve birikim Osmanl\u0131\u2019ya h\u00e2l\u00e2 bir at\u0131l\u0131m \u015fans\u0131 tan\u0131maktad\u0131r. IV. Mehmet d\u00f6nemi belki de bu son \u015fans\u0131n kullan\u0131lma \u00e7abas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k gelir.
\nIV. Mehmet\u2019in padi\u015fahl\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda \u00e7e\u015fitli y\u00f6netsel ve dinsel unsurlar aras\u0131nda uzun s\u00fcredir g\u00f6r\u00fclmeyen bir uyum yakalanmas\u0131, imparatorlu\u011fun beslendi\u011fi sava\u015f\u00e7\u0131 ruhu canland\u0131rarak Osmanl\u0131\u2019y\u0131 tarihinin en geni\u015f s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131na ula\u015ft\u0131racakt\u0131r. Bu yeniden canlanma s\u00fcrecinin, ba\u015far\u0131ya ula\u015fmas\u0131 halinde tarihin ak\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirebilme g\u00fcc\u00fc de ta\u015f\u0131yan zirve noktas\u0131, 1683 y\u0131l\u0131nda Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pa\u015fa komutas\u0131ndaki ordunun Viyana\u2019y\u0131 ku\u015fatmas\u0131d\u0131r. Ancak, geli\u015fim s\u00fcreci ilgin\u00e7 kararlar ve d\u00f6n\u00fcm noktalar\u0131yla dolu olan \u0130kinci Viyana Ku\u015fatmas\u0131, yaln\u0131z yenilenlerin canlar\u0131na mal olmakla kalmayacak, imparatorlu\u011fun plans\u0131z ve desteksiz ad\u0131mlarla ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmaz hale gelen \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f s\u00fcrecinin de ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131 olacakt\u0131r.
\nBir yeni\u00e7eri ayaklanmas\u0131yla tahttan uzakla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lan babas\u0131 I. \u0130brahim\u2019in yerine yedi ya\u015f\u0131nda padi\u015fah olan IV. Mehmet\u2019in yakla\u015f\u0131k k\u0131rk y\u0131l s\u00fcrecek saltanat\u0131n\u0131n ilk on y\u0131l\u0131, annesi Turhan Hatice Sultan\u2019\u0131n fiili y\u00f6netimi alt\u0131nda ge\u00e7er. Kay\u0131nvalidesi K\u00f6sem Sultan\u2019la olan \u00e7eki\u015fmelerini, bu ya\u015fl\u0131 kurdu mezara g\u00f6ndererek sonland\u0131ran Turhan Hatice, o\u011flu i\u00e7in sorunsuz ge\u00e7ecek bir iktidar s\u00fcrecinin haz\u0131rlay\u0131c\u0131s\u0131d\u0131r. D\u00f6nemin ilk ba\u015flarda fark yaratan olgusu, s\u00fcr\u00fcncemedeki sorunlar\u0131n \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fc olur. \u00d6rne\u011fin, temeli at\u0131ld\u0131ktan sonra yetmi\u015f y\u0131l boyunca yar\u0131m kal\u0131p alay konusu halini alan, ilk ad\u0131yla Adliye bug\u00fcnk\u00fc ismiyle Yeni Cami\u2019nin tamamlanmas\u0131 bir g\u00fc\u00e7 g\u00f6sterisidir. Ard\u0131ndan devletin M\u00fcsl\u00fcman olmayan n\u00fcfusa kar\u015f\u0131 tavr\u0131nda, ihtida, yani M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanla\u015ft\u0131rma y\u00f6n\u00fcnde a\u00e7\u0131k bir e\u011filim ba\u015f g\u00f6sterir. \u00c7evrede yerle\u015fik Yahudi n\u00fcfusun din de\u011fi\u015ftirmeye ya da g\u00f6\u00e7e zorlanmas\u0131 ve b\u00f6ylece b\u00f6lgenin gayrim\u00fcslimlerden ar\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131, IV. Mehmet d\u00f6nemi boyunca \u00f6rneklerine s\u0131k rastlanaca\u011f\u0131 \u00fczere devletin dinsel karakterinde bir keskinle\u015fmenin i\u015faret\u00e7isidir. 1660 yaz\u0131nda \u00e7\u0131k\u0131p \u015fehrin \u00fc\u00e7te birini yok eden b\u00fcy\u00fck yang\u0131n da \u0130stanbul\u2019da yerle\u015fimin inan\u00e7 kriterlerine g\u00f6re yeniden d\u00fczenlenmesini kolayla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r. Bu dinselle\u015fmenin ideolojisi, etkisini giderek art\u0131ran ve \u0130slam\u2019a tutucu bir yorum getiren Kad\u0131zadeliler hareketince sa\u011flanmaktad\u0131r. Bu do\u011frultuda, her ne kadar imparatorlu\u011fun merkezi Turhan Hatice Sultan\u2019\u0131n tam denetimi alt\u0131ndaysa da, s\u00f6z konusu olan ideolojik ba\u011flamda padi\u015fah\u0131n g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir erkek fig\u00fcr\u00fc olarak \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131na gerek olacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

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IV. Mehmet\u2019in silahlarla avc\u0131l\u0131\u011fa, ad\u0131n\u0131 \u201cAvc\u0131 Mehmet\u201de \u00e7\u0131karacak kadar ilgi g\u00f6stermesi devletin sava\u015f\u00e7\u0131 karakterine bir d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f olarak de\u011ferlendirilir.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Kanuni\u2019den sonraki padi\u015fahlar, bir d\u00f6nem IV. Murat\u2019\u0131n halk\u0131 ezen despotlu\u011fuyla birlikte kuvvetli bir karakter olu\u015fturmas\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda, \u00e7o\u011fu saraydan \u00e7\u0131kmaya isteksiz, seferlere ordunun ba\u015f\u0131nda gitmek yerine zaman\u0131n\u0131 haremde ge\u00e7iren, yeni\u00e7eri ayaklanmalar\u0131n\u0131n korkusu alt\u0131nda entrikalara piyon olmu\u015f, y\u00f6netim inisiyatifini de saray\u0131n g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc kad\u0131nlar\u0131na b\u0131rakm\u0131\u015f bir taht profili olu\u015ftururlar. IV. Mehmet\u2019in bu g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcy\u00fc a\u015farak, \u00f6nce payitaht\u0131 annesinin denetimindeki \u0130stanbul\u2019dan Edirne\u2019ye ta\u015f\u0131mas\u0131, sonra da silahlarla avc\u0131l\u0131\u011fa, ad\u0131n\u0131 \u201cAvc\u0131 Mehmet\u201de \u00e7\u0131karacak kadar ilgi g\u00f6stermesi, devletin sava\u015f\u00e7\u0131 karakterine bir d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f olarak de\u011ferlendirilebilir. Bu de\u011fi\u015fimin ilk etkisi, Girit Adas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n fethedilemeden kalan son kalesi Kandiye\u2019nin yirmi bir y\u0131l sonra al\u0131nmas\u0131 olacakt\u0131r. Sadrazam K\u00f6pr\u00fcl\u00fc Faz\u0131l Ahmet Pa\u015fa komutas\u0131ndaki ordu i\u00e7in s\u0131rada Do\u011fu Avrupa seferleri vard\u0131r. Bu d\u00f6nemde ard\u0131 ard\u0131na al\u0131nan kaleler ve vergilendirilen topraklarla Lehistan\u2019a kadar uzanan Osmanl\u0131, tarihinin en geni\u015f y\u00fcz\u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm\u00fcne ula\u015facakt\u0131r. Art\u0131k hedef yak\u0131n d\u00f6nemin ba\u015f d\u00fc\u015fman\u0131 Habsburg \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nun g\u00f6zdesi olan Viyana\u2019d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pa\u015fa ve b\u00fcy\u00fck d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc Viyana
\n<\/strong>Faz\u0131l Ahmet Pa\u015fa\u2019n\u0131n 1676\u2019da \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc, \u00e7ocukluktan beri birlikte b\u00fcy\u00fcd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ve yan yana sava\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 yak\u0131n dostu Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pa\u015fa\u2019ya sadrazaml\u0131k yolunu a\u00e7ar. Babas\u0131n\u0131n erken kayb\u0131yla d\u00f6nemin g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc sadrazam\u0131 K\u00f6pr\u00fcl\u00fc Mehmet Pa\u015fa\u2019n\u0131n korumas\u0131 alt\u0131na girmi\u015f bu \u00f6nemli devlet adam\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7ocuklar\u0131yla birlikte ayn\u0131 e\u011fitimi alm\u0131\u015f, ileride de k\u0131z\u0131yla evlenmi\u015f olan Kara Mustafa Pa\u015fa, \u00f6zellikle Faz\u0131l Ahmet Pa\u015fa\u2019n\u0131n uzun s\u00fcren Kandiye Ku\u015fatmas\u0131\u2019yla u\u011fra\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6nemde padi\u015fah\u0131n yan\u0131nda geni\u015f sorumluluk \u00fcstlenmi\u015f ve devlet y\u00f6netiminde s\u00f6z sahibi olmu\u015ftur. Kaynaklar, etkisi bug\u00fcne kadar uzanan Yahudi tarikat lideri Sabetay Sevi\u2019nin, hayat\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k M\u00fcsl\u00fcman yap\u0131lmas\u0131nda Kara Mustafa Pa\u015fa\u2019n\u0131n etkisinden s\u00f6z eder. Kimi tarih\u00e7iler de, kendisi hakk\u0131nda \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden sonra yarat\u0131lan olumsuz imaj\u0131n alt\u0131nda bu eyleminden kaynaklanan d\u00fc\u015fmanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 arar. Ancak tart\u0131\u015fmas\u0131z olan, Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n kalbine do\u011fru sefere \u00e7\u0131kacak ordunun ba\u015f\u0131ndaki komutan\u0131n, yak\u0131n ge\u00e7mi\u015fi Lehistan ve Rusya kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131ndaki sava\u015f ba\u015far\u0131lar\u0131yla dolu, g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc, kararl\u0131, ancak h\u0131rs\u0131 akl\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcne ge\u00e7en bir devlet adam\u0131 oldu\u011fudur.<\/p>\n

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Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pa\u015fa.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Kara Mustafa Pa\u015fa\u2019n\u0131n d\u00fc\u015flerini s\u00fcsleyen Viyana, \u00f6nemli ticaret yollar\u0131n\u0131n kesi\u015fim yerinde stratejik de\u011fer ta\u015f\u0131yan bir merkez olman\u0131n yan\u0131nda, yaln\u0131z Habsburg hanedan\u0131yla sava\u015f\u0131m i\u00e7in de\u011fil b\u00fct\u00fcn Avrupa\u2019daki \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fck m\u00fccadelesi i\u00e7in de kritik bir hedef halindedir ve yeniden geni\u015fleme yoluna girmi\u015f Osmanl\u0131 i\u00e7in hamle zaman\u0131 yakla\u015fmaktad\u0131r. \u0130mparatorluk topraklar\u0131nda orduyu Viyana\u2019ya ta\u015f\u0131yacak yollar\u0131n onar\u0131lmas\u0131, k\u00f6pr\u00fclerin geni\u015fletilmesi ve \u00fcs olarak kullan\u0131lacak yeni kalelerin fethi, bu \u00f6nemli ad\u0131m\u0131n i\u015faretlerini ya\u015fl\u0131 k\u0131tan\u0131n eski sahiplerine fazlas\u0131yla vermektedir. Her ne kadar yak\u0131n d\u00f6nemde H\u0131ristiyan d\u00fcnyas\u0131 i\u00e7inde yeni bir mezhep olarak ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f olan Protestanl\u0131k ciddi bir g\u00fc\u00e7 b\u00f6l\u00fcnmesi yaratsa da, yakla\u015fan tehlikeyi sezen Katolik devletler Osmanl\u0131\u2019ya kar\u015f\u0131 kutsal bir ittifak\u0131n gereklili\u011finin fark\u0131ndad\u0131r. Bu durumda \u00f6nce Habsburg \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu ile Lehistan Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131 aras\u0131nda yap\u0131lan g\u00fc\u00e7 birli\u011fi anla\u015fmas\u0131, ard\u0131ndan da Papal\u0131k taraf\u0131ndan sa\u011flanan maddi destekler yaln\u0131zca ku\u015fatman\u0131n de\u011fil Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n da kaderini belirleyecek \u00f6nemde olacakt\u0131r.
\nTarihler 1682\u2019ye geldi\u011finde, Habsburg \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu ile bir s\u00fcre \u00f6nce Protestan Macarlar\u0131n lideri olarak isyan edip Osmanl\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan Orta Macaristan Kral\u0131 olarak kabul edilerek desteklenen T\u00f6kelyi \u0130mre aras\u0131nda artan \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar, Kara Mustafa Pa\u015fa\u2019ya harekete ge\u00e7me bahanesi verir. Padi\u015fah IV. Mehmet\u2019ten, buras\u0131 \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli, Macaristan\u2019daki Yan\u0131k ve Komaran kalelerinin ele ge\u00e7irilmesi i\u00e7in sefer izni al\u0131n\u0131r. Ancak Pa\u015fa g\u00f6zlerini daha uzaklara dikmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Merzifon\u2019da yuvarlanan bilyelerden Lehistan\u2019da sallanan k\u0131l\u0131\u00e7lara uzanan rekabet
\n<\/strong>Kanuni zaman\u0131nda ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131z olunan I. Viyana Ku\u015fatmas\u0131, bu g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fcklerle dolu ve uzun seferin amac\u0131na ula\u015fmas\u0131 i\u00e7in gerekli ko\u015fullar\u0131n ancak \u00e7evrede yerle\u015filecek ve k\u0131\u015f\u0131n ge\u00e7irilece\u011fi destek noktalar\u0131 yard\u0131m\u0131yla sa\u011flanaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir. Her ne kadar yola b\u00fcy\u00fck bir orduyla \u00e7\u0131k\u0131lsa da, ta\u015f\u0131nan donan\u0131m, \u00f6zellikle de a\u011f\u0131r silahlar, Viyana gibi b\u00fcy\u00fck bir hedefe sald\u0131r\u0131 i\u00e7in yeterli olamayacakt\u0131r. Ordu Belgrad\u2019a geldi\u011finde Kara Mustafa Pa\u015fa Divan-\u0131 Harbi toplar ve nihai hedefi Be\u00e7 Kalesi, yani Viyana olarak a\u00e7\u0131klar. Sefere kat\u0131lan vezirler ile d\u0131\u015far\u0131dan gelen destek g\u00fc\u00e7lerine komuta edenlerin kar\u015f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcne ra\u011fmen Pa\u015fa\u2019n\u0131n karar\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fmez. Bu durumun iletildi\u011fi Padi\u015fah\u2019\u0131n \u201colur verdi\u011fimiz g\u00f6rev ba\u015fkayd\u0131, Pa\u015fa terbiyesizlik etmi\u015f, bilsem izin vermezdim ama ne yapal\u0131m, Allah kolayl\u0131k versin\u201d demesiyle d\u00f6n\u00fclmez nokta da a\u015f\u0131l\u0131r.
\nTarih\u00e7ilerin bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pa\u015fa\u2019y\u0131 \u015fan \u015f\u00f6hret pe\u015finde ko\u015fan, h\u0131rsl\u0131, kaba ve sert bir karakter olarak anlat\u0131r. Ger\u00e7i bu yorumlara cahil oldu\u011funun da eklenmesi, ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 e\u011fitim ve birka\u00e7 dil bilmesi dolay\u0131s\u0131yla t\u00fcm di\u011fer s\u00f6ylenenleri \u015f\u00fcphe alt\u0131nda b\u0131raksa bile, yabanc\u0131 el\u00e7ilere kar\u015f\u0131 sert ve \u00f6d\u00fcns\u00fcz tavr\u0131, Pa\u015fa\u2019n\u0131n en hafif deyi\u015fiyle zor bir adam oldu\u011funun i\u015faretidir. Bununla birlikte, tarihte b\u0131rakaca\u011f\u0131 izi konusunda selefi Faz\u0131l Ahmet Pa\u015fa\u2019yla yar\u0131\u015fmakta oldu\u011fu da d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclebilir. D\u00f6rt be\u015f ya\u015flar\u0131nda yollar\u0131 kesi\u015fip birlikte b\u00fcy\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f bu iki \u00e7ocu\u011fun aras\u0131nda en masum \u00e7ocuk oyunlar\u0131nda ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f olabilecek bir rekabetin, giderek d\u00fcnya tarihini etkileyecek noktalara varm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131 olmayacak \u015fey de\u011fildir. \u00dcstelik Faz\u0131l Ahmet\u2019in K\u00f6pr\u00fcl\u00fc ailesinin \u00f6z \u00e7ocu\u011fu olu\u015fu, bir par\u00e7a da olsa g\u00f6lgede kalabilecek yetim Mustafa\u2019y\u0131 daha da h\u0131rsland\u0131rm\u0131\u015f ve b\u00fct\u00fcn karakterini etkileyecek \u015fekilde keskinle\u015fmesine yol a\u00e7m\u0131\u015f olabilir. Belki de Merzifon\u2019da yuvarlanan bilyelerden Lehistan\u2019da sallanan k\u0131l\u0131\u00e7lara uzanan rekabetin bi\u00e7imlendirdi\u011fi kararlar, \u0130mparatorlu\u011fun sonunu getiren bir hezimete kadar varacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Ku\u015fatma ba\u015fl\u0131yor
\n<\/strong>1683 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n 14 Temmuz\u2019unda ordu Viyana \u00f6nlerine ula\u015f\u0131r. Habsburg \u0130mparatoru I. Leopold \u00e7ekildi\u011fi Linz\u2019de mevzilenip Viyana\u2019y\u0131 komutan Ernst R\u00fcdiger von Starhemberg ile 15.000 askerine b\u0131rakm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u015eehri ku\u015fatan Osmanl\u0131 ordusu ise o zamana kadar sefere \u00e7\u0131kan en b\u00fcy\u00fck say\u0131yla, kaledekilerin yakla\u015f\u0131k on kat\u0131na ula\u015fmaktad\u0131r. Ancak savunma hatlar\u0131ndaki top say\u0131s\u0131, ku\u015fatmac\u0131lar\u0131n getirebildiklerinden neredeyse \u00fc\u00e7 kat fazlad\u0131r. Kale surlar\u0131n\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki b\u00fct\u00fcn binalar \u00f6nceden y\u0131kt\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve d\u0131\u015far\u0131dan sald\u0131r\u0131 giri\u015fiminde bulunacaklar\u0131 korunmas\u0131z k\u0131lacak geni\u015f alanlar yarat\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bununla birlikte, iyi korunan bir kalede az say\u0131da askerin bulunmas\u0131n\u0131n erzak yeterlili\u011fi konusunda yarataca\u011f\u0131 avantaj da, ku\u015fatman\u0131n ileriki g\u00fcnlerinde ortaya \u00e7\u0131kacakt\u0131r.
\nOsmanl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n geleneksel ku\u015fatma ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131, her zaman d\u00fc\u015fmana bir aman dileme f\u0131rsat\u0131 verilmesi olmu\u015ftur. Yaln\u0131z kendi durumuna g\u00fcvenmekle kalmay\u0131p d\u0131\u015far\u0131dan destek de bekleyen Starhemberg teslim olmay\u0131 reddeder. Kimi askeri tarih\u00e7ilere g\u00f6re Osmanl\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7lerinin bu ilk g\u00fcnlerde giri\u015fecekleri topyek\u00fbn bir sald\u0131r\u0131 \u015fehrin d\u00fc\u015fmesini sa\u011flayabilecekken, beklemek ku\u015fatmac\u0131lar\u0131n aleyhine geli\u015fecektir. Ancak Osmanl\u0131 diplerine geldi\u011fi surlar\u0131 zannetti\u011finden daha sa\u011flam bulmu\u015ftur ve sonu\u00e7 getirici bir hamle \u00f6ncesinde derin t\u00fcneller kazmak gibi zaman isteyen i\u015flere gerek vard\u0131r. Bunun yan\u0131nda, Kara Mustafa Pa\u015fa kaleyi sava\u015fs\u0131z teslim almak istemektedir. Gelene\u011fe g\u00f6re k\u0131l\u0131\u00e7la al\u0131nan bir kalenin halk\u0131 ile zenginlikleri yeni\u00e7erinin ganimeti olurken, teslim olan bir kalede halka dokunulmamakta, b\u00fct\u00fcn mal m\u00fclk ise saltanat\u0131n olmaktad\u0131r. Bu ayr\u0131nt\u0131n\u0131n asker \u00fczerinde yarataca\u011f\u0131 moral etkiyi hafife almamak gerekir. Ku\u015fatma alt\u0131ndaki \u015fehrin teslim olmas\u0131 i\u00e7in bekleyi\u015f s\u00fcrd\u00fck\u00e7e yeni\u00e7erinin hem huzursuzlu\u011fu hem de disiplinsizli\u011fi artar. Sonraki y\u0131llarda bozgunu anlatan tarih\u00e7iler, askerin kutsal \u00fc\u00e7 aylarda bile dine ayk\u0131r\u0131 davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 f\u00fctursuzca sergileyebildiklerini yazar. Zaman daralmakta, tarihi de\u011fi\u015ftirecek kap\u0131\u015fman\u0131n sonucuna i\u015faret edebilecek geli\u015fmeler Kara Mustafa Pa\u015fa\u2019n\u0131n \u00e7ad\u0131r\u0131nda dikkate al\u0131nmamaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Ku\u015fatma uzad\u0131k\u00e7a\u2026
\n<\/strong>Sonbahar yakla\u015f\u0131p mevsim d\u00f6nerken, gereken titizli\u011fin g\u00f6sterilmedi\u011fi belli olan sava\u015f planlar\u0131 ve hamle zamanlamalar\u0131ndaki \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fcs\u00fczl\u00fck, Viyana\u2019n\u0131n Osmanl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n elinden kurtulma olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 art\u0131rmaya ba\u015flar. Kalenin savunmas\u0131n\u0131 yeralt\u0131 t\u00fcnelleriyle zay\u0131flatma giri\u015fimlerinden bir t\u00fcrl\u00fc sonu\u00e7 al\u0131namamaktad\u0131r. Savunmac\u0131lar\u0131n elinde her t\u00fcnelin ucuna yerle\u015ftirilebilecek kadar \u00e7ok say\u0131da k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck top vard\u0131r ve topra\u011f\u0131n alt\u0131nda telef olan yeni\u00e7erinin haddi hesab\u0131 olmaz. Art\u0131k yaln\u0131zca kalenin t\u00fcm kaynak temininin kesilmesine ve teslim olmaya zorlanmalar\u0131na umut ba\u011flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r, ancak s\u00fcre uzad\u0131k\u00e7a erzak yoklu\u011fu daha \u00e7ok yeni\u00e7eriyi vurmaya ba\u015flar. Sipahilerin atlar\u0131na yem ve su bile iki g\u00fcnl\u00fck yoldan gelmekte, b\u00f6yle uzun bir ku\u015fatma i\u00e7in gerekli haz\u0131rl\u0131klar\u0131 do\u011fru d\u00fcr\u00fcst yapmadan sefere \u00e7\u0131kan orduda hem insan hem hayvanlar yokluklarla u\u011fra\u015fmaktad\u0131r. Bu t\u00fcr seferlerde orduyla birlikte ve ganimet beklentisiyle hareket eden ek g\u00fc\u00e7ler ise, sonu ve getirisi belirsiz bir ku\u015fatmada beklemek yerine \u00e7evredeki k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck ya\u011fmalardan elde ettikleriyle yetinip evlerine d\u00f6nmeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Kara Mustafa Pa\u015fa\u2019n\u0131n kuvvetleri g\u00fcnden g\u00fcne erimektedir.
\nBununla birlikte Viyana\u2019daki durumu da g\u00fcll\u00fck g\u00fclistanl\u0131k d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmek do\u011fru olmaz. D\u00f6nemin belki de en g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc ordusu taraf\u0131ndan on katl\u0131k bir insan kuvvetiyle ku\u015fat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bir kalede her an tetikte beklemenin gerginli\u011fi, d\u00fc\u015fman\u0131n ad\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fcp \u00f6nlemler geli\u015ftirme \u00e7abalar\u0131n\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131, giderek azalan kaynaklar\u0131 ekonomik kullanma gere\u011fi, ama en \u00f6nemlisi etkileri bug\u00fcne kadar s\u00fcren bir korku ortam\u0131 Viyana\u2019daki \u00e7anlar\u0131n t\u0131n\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 hazinle\u015ftirmektedir. Yorgunlu\u011fun had safhaya vard\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u015fehirde Starhemberg, n\u00f6bet s\u0131ras\u0131nda uyuyan bir asker g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcrse hemen \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclece\u011fini ilan eder. Viyana\u2019da parmaklar tetikte, ak\u0131llar kutsal koalisyonun g\u00f6nderece\u011fi silahl\u0131 destektedir. Ger\u00e7ekten de Lehistan Kral\u0131 Jan Sobieski, ku\u015fatma \u00f6ncesi yap\u0131lan antla\u015fma gere\u011fince ordusuyla yola \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f, askerlerinin kendi \u00fclkesi d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki masraflar\u0131n\u0131n Habsburg taraf\u0131ndan \u00f6denme garantisini al\u0131nca da Tuna boylar\u0131na yakla\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

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12 Eyl\u00fcl 1683 g\u00fcn\u00fc sabaha kar\u015f\u0131 ya\u015fanan sava\u015f Osmanl\u0131 ordusunun yenilgisiyle sonu\u00e7lan\u0131r.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Osmanl\u0131 ordusu yeniliyor
\n<\/strong>Ku\u015fatmay\u0131 k\u0131racak hamlenin kahraman\u0131 olarak ad\u0131 bug\u00fcne kalacak olan Sobieski, Tuna nehrini beklentilerin aksine kolayca ge\u00e7er. Onu bir k\u00f6pr\u00fc ba\u015f\u0131nda durdurmas\u0131 gereken K\u0131r\u0131m Han\u0131 Giray, z\u0131rhl\u0131 d\u00fc\u015fmana kar\u015f\u0131 istedi\u011fi toplar\u0131 g\u00f6ndermeyen Kara Mustafa Pa\u015fa\u2019yla anla\u015fmazl\u0131\u011fa d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015f, ganimet umutlar\u0131 zay\u0131flayan askerleriyle d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f yoluna ge\u00e7mi\u015ftir. Belli ki k\u0131sa erimli k\u00e2r zarar hesaplar\u0131, Osmanl\u0131\u2019yla uzun s\u00fcredir devam eden kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 destek ve koruma ili\u015fkisinin \u00f6n\u00fcndedir. Bug\u00fcn\u00fcn bak\u0131\u015f\u0131yla bir ihanet olarak yorumlayabilmek i\u00e7in d\u00f6nemin t\u00fcm dengelerini iyi bilmek gereken bu tav\u0131r, ku\u015fatmay\u0131 sona erdirecek sava\u015f\u0131n da ba\u015flat\u0131c\u0131s\u0131 olur. Bununla birlikte, Osmanl\u0131\u2019y\u0131 tehdit eden bir di\u011fer askeri unsur da I. Leopold\u2019\u00fcn bir araya getirdi\u011fi Saksonya, Bavyera, Baden gibi \u00e7e\u015fitli Alman eyaletlerinin kutsal koalisyonu olu\u015fturan g\u00fc\u00e7leridir. Neredeyse t\u00fcm \u00e7evre topraklar Viyana\u2019n\u0131n yard\u0131m\u0131na ko\u015far; Osmanl\u0131\u2019yla uzun s\u00fcredir kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kara dayal\u0131 iyi ili\u015fkileri olan ve tarafs\u0131z kalacaklar\u0131n\u0131 bildiren Frans\u0131zlar d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda. Buraya bir not d\u00fc\u015fmek gerekirse, Kara Mustafa Pa\u015fa\u2019y\u0131 aylar \u00f6nce do\u011frudan Viyana\u2019ya y\u00f6nlendiren karar\u0131n ard\u0131nda da Habsburglarla rekabet i\u00e7indeki Frans\u0131zlar\u0131n tahriklerinin oldu\u011funu s\u00f6ylemek yanl\u0131\u015f olmaz.
\n12 Eyl\u00fcl 1683 g\u00fcn\u00fc sabaha kar\u015f\u0131 Jan Sobieski\u2019nin Leh ordusu ile koalisyon g\u00fc\u00e7lerinin birer u\u00e7tan ba\u015flatt\u0131klar\u0131 sald\u0131r\u0131, say\u0131ca fazla olmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n diren\u00e7siz kalm\u0131\u015f ve iyi y\u00f6netilemeyen Osmanl\u0131 ordusunun saatler s\u00fcren \u00e7arp\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n sonucunda fazlas\u0131yla y\u0131pranmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7ar. Kara Mustafa Pa\u015fa\u2019n\u0131n g\u00fcn ilerlerken b\u00fct\u00fcn g\u00fc\u00e7leriyle Viyana\u2019ya do\u011fru giri\u015fti\u011fi sald\u0131r\u0131, haftalar \u00f6nce ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015f olmas\u0131 gerekirken art\u0131k \u00e7ok ge\u00e7 kalm\u0131\u015f bir giri\u015fimden \u00f6te herhangi bir anlam ta\u015f\u0131mayacakt\u0131r. Sanki \u201cburalara kadar geldik, hi\u00e7 de\u011filse denemedi demesinler\u201d der gibi. Ak\u015fam saatlerinde Kara Mustafa Pa\u015fa yenilgiyi kabul etmi\u015f ve kararg\u00e2h\u0131n\u0131 Sobieski\u2019nin askerlerine terk ederek \u00e7ekilmi\u015ftir. Uzun g\u00fcn\u00fcn sonunda Viyana\u2019ya giren Jan Sobieski, Jul Cesar\u2019\u0131n \u00fcnl\u00fc s\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc \u201cgeldim, g\u00f6rd\u00fcm, Tanr\u0131 yendi\u201d \u015feklinde s\u00f6yleyerek tarihe ge\u00e7er. Pa\u015fa\u2019n\u0131n kararg\u00e2h\u0131nda ele ge\u00e7irilen de\u011ferli e\u015fyalar bug\u00fcn Viyana m\u00fczelerinde sergilenmektedir.<\/p>\n

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Leh ordusu ile koalisyon g\u00fc\u00e7lerini komuta eden Jan Sobieski.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Bu yenilginin hemen ard\u0131ndan kendi sonunu g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015f olmas\u0131n\u0131 bekleyebilece\u011fimiz Kara Mustafa Pa\u015fa, Sobieski kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda sava\u015f meydan\u0131n\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7leriyle ilk \u00f6nce terk eden veziri Uzun \u0130brahim Pa\u015fa\u2019y\u0131 yenilginin nedeni olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcp idam ettirir. Sefer rotas\u0131n\u0131n aylar \u00f6nce Viyana\u2019ya \u00e7evrilmesine itiraz edenler aras\u0131nda da olan \u0130brahim Pa\u015fa\u2019n\u0131n boynu vurulmadan hemen \u00f6nce, \u201chi\u00e7 de\u011filse Mustafa Pa\u015fa\u2019n\u0131n can\u0131n\u0131 ba\u011f\u0131\u015flas\u0131nlar, art\u0131k hatalar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6rd\u00fc, seneye tekrar gelip kaleyi al\u0131r\u201d dedi\u011fi s\u00f6ylenir. Ancak Osmanl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n y\u00f6netim anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 i\u00e7in bu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceyi fazlas\u0131yla iyimser saymak da yanl\u0131\u015f olmaz. Kara Mustafa Pa\u015fa\u2019n\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131 IV. Mehmet\u2019in Belgrad\u2019a g\u00f6nderdi\u011fi cellatlarca vurdurulur. Baz\u0131 kaynaklar padi\u015fah\u0131n verdi\u011fi karardan pi\u015fman olup cellatlar\u0131n ard\u0131ndan yola yeni haberciler \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 iddia etse de, belli ki atlar\u0131n s\u00fcrati infaz\u0131n iptaline yetmemi\u015ftir.
\nHesaba kat\u0131lmam\u0131\u015f bir bozgunla sonu\u00e7lanan \u0130kinci Viyana Ku\u015fatmas\u0131, Osmanl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n Avrupa\u2019da ele ge\u00e7irdi\u011fi kaleleri ve y\u00f6netti\u011fi topraklar\u0131 yava\u015f yava\u015f kaybedi\u015finin ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131d\u0131r. D\u00f6nemin g\u00fc\u00e7 dengeleri ve haz\u0131rdaki kuvvetler d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde, daha iyi bir planlama ve stratejik y\u00f6netim ile ba\u015far\u0131ya ula\u015fmas\u0131 \u00e7ok da zor g\u00f6r\u00fcnmeyen ku\u015fatmada Osmanl\u0131 ad\u0131na tarihsel bir f\u0131rsat\u0131n ka\u00e7\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6ylenebilir. Ancak Osmanl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n Avrupa kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda y\u00fcz k\u00fcsur y\u0131ld\u0131r bilimsel, teknolojik ve en \u00f6nemlisi zihinsel olarak gerileyi\u015fi g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcnde bulunduruldu\u011funda, Viyana ele ge\u00e7irilse bile bu kazan\u0131m\u0131n uzun s\u00fcreli olamayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6ylemek de \u00e7ok yanl\u0131\u015f say\u0131lmaz. Ger\u00e7i tarihin kimi zaman kaotik bir yap\u0131ya b\u00fcr\u00fcnmesi, bu t\u00fcr \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fcleri fantezi olmaktan \u00f6teye de ge\u00e7irmez. Ancak, ge\u00e7mi\u015fin birikimi \u00fczerinde bir s\u00fcre parlayan IV. Mehmet d\u00f6neminin bozgundan birka\u00e7 y\u0131l sonra bir yeni\u00e7eri ayaklanmas\u0131yla sona ermesi, olas\u0131l\u0131klara dayal\u0131 tezlerin, ancak toplumsal dinamiklerin genel e\u011filimleriyle uyumlu olmas\u0131 halinde dikkate al\u0131nabilece\u011fine i\u015faret eder.<\/p>\n

Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pa\u015fa\u2019n\u0131n hatalar\u0131
\n<\/strong>T\u00fcrklerin Viyana \u00f6n\u00fcnde yenilgiye u\u011framas\u0131, yaln\u0131z Osmanl\u0131 de\u011fil, Avrupa tarihinde de \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli bir yer tutar. Her \u015feyden \u00f6nce, k\u0131tan\u0131n dinsel ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel kimli\u011fi uzun s\u00fcreli bir tehditten kurtulmu\u015f durumdad\u0131r. Bunun yan\u0131nda, iki b\u00fcy\u00fck uygarl\u0131k aras\u0131ndaki denge oyunlar\u0131 bundan b\u00f6yle Bat\u0131l\u0131 taraf\u0131n maddi \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc peki\u015ftirecek bir yola girer. 230 y\u0131l \u00f6nce Fatih Sultan Mehmet taraf\u0131ndan Osmanl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n ufkuna yerle\u015ftirilen Avrupa vizyonu, Kara Mustafa Pa\u015fa\u2019n\u0131n ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131yla tarih olur.
\nMerzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pa\u015fa\u2019n\u0131n Viyana\u2019y\u0131 alabilmi\u015f olsa ikinci bir Fatih olarak an\u0131lmay\u0131 hak edece\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnenler ka\u00e7an f\u0131rsata yanmaktad\u0131r. Ancak Kara Mustafa Pa\u015fa ile Fatih Sultan Mehmet\u2019i, Sencer Divit\u00e7io\u011flu\u2019nun antropolog Marshall Sahlins\u2019ten al\u0131p Osman Bey\u2019i incelerken kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u201cB\u00fcy\u00fck Adam (Big Man)\u201d paradigmas\u0131na g\u00f6re kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131racak olursak, arada ciddi farklar\u0131n ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcr\u00fcz. Bu paradigmaya g\u00f6re bir \u201cB\u00fcy\u00fck Adam\u201d\u0131n \u00f6nemli \u00f6zellikleri aras\u0131nda, kendi becerisiyle elde etti\u011fi ba\u015far\u0131lar\u0131 ile g\u00f6z\u00fcpekli\u011fi ve kahramanl\u0131\u011f\u0131na ek olarak, yan\u0131 ba\u015f\u0131nda g\u00fcvenilir bir ekip kurmas\u0131 ve ele ge\u00e7irdi\u011fi zenginlikleri \u00e7evresine b\u00f6l\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrme \u00f6zelli\u011fi bulunur. Fatih\u2019in Konstantinopolis hamlesi s\u0131ras\u0131nda yan\u0131na kendisiyle ayn\u0131 ama\u00e7 i\u00e7in \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan etkili ki\u015filer toplamas\u0131, buna bir itiraz olarak akla gelse bile \u00c7andarl\u0131 Halil\u2019den de \u015fehir al\u0131nana kadar yararlanmaya devam etmesi, Kara Mustafa Pa\u015fa\u2019n\u0131n Viyana Seferi s\u0131ras\u0131nda \u00e7evresindeki komutanlar\u0131 inanmad\u0131klar\u0131 bir giri\u015fime y\u00f6nlendirmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131ndan olduk\u00e7a farkl\u0131d\u0131r. Fatih t\u00fcm ku\u015fatma boyunca komutanlar\u0131ndan destek al\u0131rken, Kara Mustafa d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerini dikkate almad\u0131\u011f\u0131, isteklerini reddetti\u011fi, giderek uluorta hakaret etmekten \u00e7ekinmedi\u011fi bir ekibin katk\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 bo\u015f yere bekleyecektir. Bununla birlikte, Fatih\u2019in yeni\u00e7eriye ganimet vaadi surlar\u0131n \u00fczerindeki \u00e7arp\u0131\u015fmalarda kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 fazlas\u0131yla bulurken, Kara Mustafa\u2019n\u0131n Viyana\u2019n\u0131n teslim olmas\u0131n\u0131 bekleyip askerdeki ganimet beklentisini bo\u015fa \u00e7\u0131karmas\u0131, sava\u015f meydan\u0131nda insan unsurunun bir avantaj haline gelmesini engelleyecektir. Ayr\u0131ca unutmamak da gerekir ki, Fatih\u2019in ku\u015fatmay\u0131 y\u0131llar boyu planlamas\u0131 ve ak\u0131ll\u0131ca hamleleri, Kara Mustafa\u2019n\u0131n yeterince haz\u0131rlanmadan, hatta bir emrivaki olarak ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdi\u011fi seferde atlar\u0131n yeminin bile d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmedi\u011fi ger\u00e7e\u011finin tam kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131ndad\u0131r. \u0130ki tarihsel karakter aras\u0131ndaki b\u00f6ylesine b\u00fcy\u00fck farklar, ikincisi kendi giri\u015fiminde ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 olacak bile olsa ilkinin yan\u0131na kolay kolay yakla\u015famayaca\u011f\u0131 sonucuna g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fcr bizi. Tabi bu kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmay\u0131 yaparken, tarihsel ko\u015fullar ile imparatorlu\u011fa y\u00f6n veren d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnsel iklimin d\u00f6nemler aras\u0131 farkl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, ki\u015filerin konum ve yetkilerindeki farkl\u0131l\u0131klarla birlikte d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcp, olas\u0131 yanl\u0131\u015f \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131mlara da izin vermemek gerekir.<\/p>\n

\"\"
Kara Mustafa Pa\u015fa IV. Mehmet\u2019in Belgrad\u2019a g\u00f6nderdi\u011fi cellatlarca \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcr.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Osmanl\u0131 tarihi i\u00e7inde unutulmak istenen bir sayfa olarak katlanm\u0131\u015f kalan \u0130kinci Viyana Ku\u015fatmas\u0131, bu Avrupa \u015fehrinin an\u0131t ve m\u00fczelerinde h\u00e2l\u00e2 ya\u015f\u0131yor olman\u0131n yan\u0131nda, m\u00fczik k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcnden damak tad\u0131na kadar pek \u00e7ok alanda iz b\u0131rakm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bug\u00fcn Klasik Bat\u0131 M\u00fczi\u011fi orkestralar\u0131nda yer alan \u00e7alg\u0131lardan timpani ve \u00e7embalo, Viyana \u00f6nlerinde terkedilmi\u015f Osmanl\u0131 \u00e7ad\u0131rlar\u0131nda bulunan mehter \u00e7alg\u0131lar\u0131ndan dev\u015firilmi\u015ftir. Yine bu \u00e7ad\u0131rlarda bulunan kahve \u00e7ekirdekleri, Viyana\u2019da Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck kahve d\u00fckk\u00e2nlar\u0131ndan birinin kurulmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7ar. Ku\u015fatma alt\u0131ndaki \u015fehrin en erken uyananlar\u0131 olan f\u0131r\u0131nc\u0131lar\u0131n sabah\u0131n k\u00f6r karanl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda d\u0131\u015far\u0131dan gelen t\u00fcnel kazma seslerini duyup kendi askerlerini haberdar ederek \u015fehri kurtarmalar\u0131n\u0131n an\u0131s\u0131na, her y\u0131l Osmanl\u0131 hilali \u015feklinde yapmaya ba\u015flad\u0131klar\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6rekler, Viyana do\u011fumlu Marie-Antoinette taraf\u0131ndan Fransa\u2019ya g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fclecek ve o enfes kruvasan \u00e7\u00f6rekler b\u00f6ylece yayg\u0131nla\u015facakt\u0131r. Son olarak bir de, ku\u015fatmay\u0131 izleyen y\u0131llarda kurulup da tek g\u00f6revi \u015fehrin y\u00fcksek bir kulesinden ufka bakarak T\u00fcrklerin gelip gelmedi\u011fini gece g\u00fcnd\u00fcz kontrol etmek olan belediye memurlu\u011fu, 1950\u2019li y\u0131llarda art\u0131k bu g\u00f6zc\u00fcye gerek kalmad\u0131\u011f\u0131na karar verilerek kald\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

T\u00f6kezlemeye ba\u015flayan devletler tepetaklak d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015flerinden \u00f6nce ini\u015f \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015flarla ge\u00e7en d\u00f6nemler ya\u015far. Kimi zaman toparlanma i\u015faretleri de ta\u015f\u0131yan b\u00f6yle zamanlarda, y\u00fckseli\u015fi sa\u011flam\u0131\u015f de\u011ferlerle d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015f\u00fc ba\u015flatan sorunlar\u0131n \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n kazanan\u0131 tarihin de belirleyicisi olur. Osmanl\u0131 i\u00e7in duraklama d\u00f6neminin en kritik olay\u0131, d\u00f6n\u00fclmez ak\u015fam\u0131n ufkunda sahne alan \u0130kinci Viyana Ku\u015fatmas\u0131d\u0131r.\u00a0 Gerileyen Osmanl\u0131 ile geli\u015fen Avrupa devletleri aras\u0131nda ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":177,"featured_media":41587,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[5947],"tags":[6022,5705,6023,1612,5602],"class_list":["post-41585","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-olaganustu-nisan-sayisi","tag-2-viyana-kusatmasi","tag-hasan-goren","tag-merzifonlu-kara-mustafa-pasa","tag-osmanli","tag-rivayet-muhtelif"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t