Matematik d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131n \u00fcnl\u00fc \u201cd\u00f6rt renk teoremi\u201dni, meslekta\u015f\u0131 Wolfgang Haken ile birlikte kan\u0131tlayan Kenneth Appel, Nisan ay\u0131nda ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131 yitirdi. Ekim ay\u0131nda \u00f6zofagus kanseri te\u015fhisi konan Appel, 80 ya\u015f\u0131ndayd\u0131. Appel ve Haken, sadece eski bir matematik problemini \u00e7\u00f6zd\u00fckleri i\u00e7in de\u011fil, bunu yaparken kulland\u0131klar\u0131 y\u00f6ntem itibariyle de \u00e7ok konu\u015fulmu\u015ftu.<\/p>\n
1932\u2019de do\u011fan Appel, 1959\u2019da Michigan \u00dcniversitesi matematik b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden doktoras\u0131n\u0131 ald\u0131. K\u0131sa bir s\u00fcre \u015firketler i\u00e7in bilgisayar programlamas\u0131 yapt\u0131. Sonras\u0131nda Savunma Analizi Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc\u2019nde kriptografi ve say\u0131 teorileri \u00fczerine ara\u015ft\u0131rmalarda bulundu. 1961 y\u0131l\u0131nda ise Illinois \u00dcniversitesi\u2019nde profes\u00f6r olarak g\u00f6reve ba\u015flad\u0131. Haken ile birlikte Appel\u2019i matematik d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda bilinir k\u0131lacak \u201cd\u00f6rt renk teoremi\u201d \u00fczerindeki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 ise 1972\u2019de ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/p>\n
D\u00f6rt renk teoremi Harita konfig\u00fcrasyonlar\u0131n\u0131n (\u00f6rne\u011fin d\u00f6rt kom\u015fusu olan bir \u00fclke, bir konfig\u00fcrasyondur.) \u00e7ok say\u0131da olmas\u0131 sebebiyle Haken problemi \u00e7\u00f6zmek i\u00e7in bilgisayar kullanmay\u0131 tasarlad\u0131; fakat uzmanlar Haken\u2019\u0131 bunun imk\u00e2ns\u0131z oldu\u011funa ikna ettiler. Appel da daha \u00f6nceki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 nedeniyle bilgisayar teknolojisiyle tan\u0131\u015f\u0131kt\u0131 ve uzmanlardan daha iyimserdi. Bilgisayarlarla yap\u0131lamayacak hi\u00e7bir \u015feyin olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, sadece baz\u0131 i\u015flerin di\u011ferlerinden daha uzun s\u00fcrece\u011fini s\u00f6yl\u00fcyordu.<\/p>\n Birlikte \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalara ba\u015flayan iki matematik\u00e7i, \u00f6ncelikle, evrendeki t\u00fcm olas\u0131 haritalar\u0131n \u201cka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmaz k\u00fcme\u201d denilen 1936 farkl\u0131 konfig\u00fcrasyonu oldu\u011funu kan\u0131tlad\u0131lar. Bir sonraki g\u00f6revleri ise ayn\u0131 renkteki herhangi iki alan yan yana gelmeden haritan\u0131n yaln\u0131zca d\u00f6rt renkle boyanabilece\u011fini kan\u0131tlamakt\u0131. Bu en a\u011f\u0131r hesaplamalar\u0131n i\u015fin i\u00e7ine girdi\u011fi yerdi. Yard\u0131m i\u00e7in, bilgisayar bilimi b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde lisans \u00f6\u011frencisi olan John Koch i\u015fe al\u0131nd\u0131. Appel da \u00fcniversiteden, y\u00f6netim i\u015fleri i\u00e7in al\u0131nan yeni bilgisayar\u0131 kullanma iznini edindi.<\/p>\n D\u00f6nemin bilgisayarlar\u0131, haf\u0131za kapasiteleri bug\u00fcn\u00fcn ak\u0131ll\u0131 telefonlar\u0131yla k\u0131yasland\u0131\u011f\u0131nda k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcc\u00fck kalsa da fiziksel olarak bir oda b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcndeydi. Fakat bilgisayar, ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar\u0131n da beklemedi\u011fi cevaplar vermi\u015fti. Appel, bilgisayarlar\u0131n bir matematik\u00e7i gibi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmedi\u011fi i\u00e7in ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyordu.<\/p>\n Problemin kan\u0131t\u0131 i\u00e7in, bilgisayar zaman\u0131 ile 1200 saat (50 g\u00fcn) ve bir bilgisayar taraf\u0131ndan otomatik olarak yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f 10 milyar mant\u0131ksal karar gerekmi\u015fti. Devrim niteli\u011findeki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 yay\u0131nlanmadan Appel ve Haken, y\u00fczlerce sayfal\u0131k hesaplamalar\u0131 kontrol etmek, harita konfig\u00fcrasyonlar\u0131na ili\u015fkin \u015femalar\u0131 bilgisayar \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131lar\u0131yla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmak ve yaz\u0131m hatalar\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fczeltmek \u00fczere aile bireylerini de incelemeye dahil etti. Appel\u2019in o\u011flu Andrew, k\u0131z karde\u015fi Laurel ile birlikte 800 civar\u0131nda hata bulduklar\u0131n\u0131 ve bunlar\u0131n pek \u00e7o\u011funu k\u0131z karde\u015finin d\u00fczeltti\u011fini s\u00f6yl\u00fcyor.<\/p>\n Y\u0131llarca s\u00fcren hesaplamalardan sonra, 1976 yaz\u0131nda Illinois \u00dcniversitesi Matematik B\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc\u2019n\u00fcn panosunda bir yaz\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc: \u201cD\u00f6rt renk yeterli.\u201d Bu, Appel ve Haken\u2019\u0131n \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma sonucunu meslekta\u015flar\u0131na bildirdi\u011fi ilk iland\u0131. \u0130kilinin \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 1977\u2019de Illinois Journal of Mathematics<\/em>\u2019de yay\u0131nland\u0131. D\u00f6rt renk kan\u0131t\u0131 gazete ba\u015fl\u0131klar\u0131nda yer buldu ve Delbert Ray Fulkerson \u00d6d\u00fcl\u00fc\u2019n\u00fc kazand\u0131rd\u0131.<\/p>\n \u00d6klid ve Pisagor zamanlar\u0131ndan beri, matematik problemlerinin \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fc, herhangi bir matematik\u00e7inin anlayabilece\u011fi ve \u00fczerine s\u00f6z s\u00f6yleyebilece\u011fi uzun denklem dizileri veya geometrik g\u00f6sterimler i\u00e7eriyordu. Appel ve Haken\u2019\u0131n 1976 y\u0131l\u0131nda sundu\u011fu \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm ise kullan\u0131lan bilgisayar teknolojisinin izlerini bar\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n Bu y\u00f6ntem, baz\u0131 matematik\u00e7iler taraf\u0131ndan takdir edilmekle birlikte, baz\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 tedirgin etti. Yaz\u0131l\u0131m hatalar\u0131 ve kan\u0131t\u0131n matematik\u00e7ilerce anla\u015f\u0131lamamas\u0131 ya da kontrol edilememesi tedirginli\u011fin ana sebepleriydi. Appel\u2019in son y\u0131llar\u0131n\u0131 ge\u00e7irdi\u011fi New Hampshire \u00dcniversitesi\u2019nde matematik\u00e7i olan Kevin Short ise, kan\u0131t\u0131 \u201cmodern matemati\u011fin bir d\u00f6n\u00fcm noktas\u0131\u201d olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcyor.<\/p>\n 1993 y\u0131l\u0131nda New Hampshire \u00dcniversitesi\u2019nde Matematik B\u00f6l\u00fcm Ba\u015fkan\u0131 g\u00f6revine ba\u015flayan Apple, 2003\u2019te emekliye ayr\u0131ld\u0131. Haken ve Appel, eski bir matematik problemini bilgisayar \u00e7a\u011f\u0131na ta\u015f\u0131yarak \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm sunmakla kalmad\u0131lar, ayn\u0131 zamanda matematikte teknoloji kullan\u0131m\u0131na ili\u015fkin b\u00fcy\u00fck bir ad\u0131m att\u0131lar. Teoremi bilgisayar kullanmadan kan\u0131tlama \u00e7abalar\u0131 ise h\u00e2l\u00e2 s\u00fcrmekte.<\/p>\n Kaynak Matematik d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131n \u00fcnl\u00fc \u201cd\u00f6rt renk teoremi\u201dni, meslekta\u015f\u0131 Wolfgang Haken ile birlikte kan\u0131tlayan Kenneth Appel, Nisan ay\u0131nda ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131 yitirdi. Ekim ay\u0131nda \u00f6zofagus kanseri te\u015fhisi konan Appel, 80 ya\u015f\u0131ndayd\u0131. Appel ve Haken, sadece eski bir matematik problemini \u00e7\u00f6zd\u00fckleri i\u00e7in de\u011fil, bunu yaparken kulland\u0131klar\u0131 y\u00f6ntem itibariyle de \u00e7ok konu\u015fulmu\u015ftu. 1932\u2019de do\u011fan Appel, 1959\u2019da Michigan \u00dcniversitesi matematik b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden doktoras\u0131n\u0131 […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":448,"featured_media":41807,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[149,19,38,235],"tags":[6078,6080,6077,6079],"class_list":["post-41805","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-112-sayi","category-bilim-gundemi","category-dergi-sayilari","category-guncel","tag-dort-renk-teoremi","tag-francis-guthrie","tag-kenneth-appel","tag-sayi-teorileri"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t
\n<\/em><\/strong>Matemati\u011fin baz\u0131 \u00e7etrefilli problemleri kolayca ifade edilebilir fakat arkas\u0131nda karma\u015f\u0131kl\u0131klar gizler. 1852\u2019de bir \u0130ngiliz haritac\u0131 Francis Guthrie taraf\u0131ndan ortaya at\u0131lan d\u00f6rt renk teoremi de bunlardan biridir. Teorem, ayn\u0131 renklerin yan yana gelmedi\u011fi bir harita olu\u015fturmak i\u00e7in d\u00f6rt rengin yeterli oldu\u011funu belirtiyordu. Herkes, bu sav\u0131n do\u011fru oldu\u011funa inansa da, kan\u0131t\u0131 Appel ve Haken\u2019\u0131n \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131na kadar yap\u0131lamad\u0131.<\/p>\n
\n<\/strong>1)http:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/national\/kenneth-appel-mathematician-who-solved-map-problem-dies-at-80\/2013\/04\/30\/3f56f132-b14c-11e2-bbf2-a6f9e9d79e19_story.html<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"