D\u00f6neminde hangi dil ge\u00e7erliyse, anlamas\u0131 gereken \u00e7evre hangi dili anl\u0131yorsa Anadolu tarihinde o dile \u00e7eviri yapmak en eski \u00e7a\u011flardan bu yana gelenekselle\u015fmi\u015ftir. Bu d\u00f6nem, antik \u00e7a\u011flardaki iki dilli yaz\u0131tlara de\u011fin geri gider. Bunlar olmasa \u015fimdi uzmanlar pek \u00e7ok eski Anadolu dilini bilmiyor, pek \u00e7ok metni okuyam\u0131yor olacakt\u0131. S\u00f6z gelimi en eski Mezopotamya s\u00f6ylencesi olan G\u0131lgam\u0131\u015f Destan\u0131\u2019n\u0131n Hitit\u00e7e tabletleri de bulunmu\u015ftur. Kimi zaman \u00e7eviriyi sosyal-tarihsel olaylar zorlam\u0131\u015f, s\u00f6z gelimi Kade\u015f anla\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n metinleri hem Antik M\u0131s\u0131r, hem Hitit dilinde yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Roma \u0130mparatoru Augustus\u2019un, yapt\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 anlatt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde Ankara\u2019da Augustus tap\u0131na\u011f\u0131n\u0131n duvarlar\u0131nda bulunan, \u201cAnkara An\u0131d\u0131\u201d ad\u0131yla an\u0131lan metin, hem \u00f6zg\u00fcn dili olan Latincesiyle, hem de o g\u00fcnlerde Anadolu\u2019nun yayg\u0131n dili olan Rumca \u00e7evirisiyle kaz\u0131l\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
13.y\u00fczy\u0131l Anadolu\u2019sunda Ahi Evren, Hace Nasuri\u2019d Din Mahmut, yani Nasrettin Hoca\u2019n\u0131n Arap\u00e7a\u2019dan Fars\u00e7a\u2019ya yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 S\u00fchreverdi al-Maktul, \u0130bn Sina, Fahru\u2019d Din R\u00e2z\u00ee, Sadru\u2019d Din Konev\u00ee \u00e7evirileri bug\u00fcn elimizdedir.<\/p>\n
Yine ayn\u0131 y\u00fczy\u0131lda Hace Bekta\u015f\u2019\u0131n \u201cMakal\u00e2t\u201d adl\u0131 kitab\u0131n\u0131n hem d\u00fczyaz\u0131, hem de \u015fiir olarak T\u00fcrk\u00e7e\u2019ye \u00e7evirileri vard\u0131r. Bu kitaplar\u0131n Arap\u00e7a\u2019dan \u00e7eviri oldu\u011fu sav\u0131 varsa da Arap\u00e7a asl\u0131na henuz rastlanamam\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131, elimizdeki metinlerin Hace Bekta\u015f taraf\u0131ndan T\u00fcrk\u00e7e olarak yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olabilece\u011fi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesini de uyand\u0131rmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Osmanl\u0131\u2019da kitaplar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011falt\u0131lmas\u0131 ve da\u011f\u0131t\u0131lmas\u0131 Daha sonra \u00e7eviri hareketini h\u0131zland\u0131ran Sultan II. Mehmet (Fatih), yeni bir k\u00fclt\u00fcrel dalga ba\u015flatm\u0131\u015f, bunun i\u00e7inde \u00e7eviriler de yerini alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Sadru\u2019d Din Konevi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesinin temel kitab\u0131 olan \u201cM\u00fcftah \u00fcl Cem \u00fcl \u011eayb\u201d\u0131, \u0130znik, bilimci Ekberiyye ekol\u00fcnden gelme Molla Ahmed \u0130lah\u00ee ile \u0130znik\u2019te yeti\u015fmi\u015f olan Kutbu\u2019d Din-i \u0130znik\u00ee\u2019ye \u015ferhettirdi\u011fini ve bilim dili olan Fars\u00e7a\u2019ya \u00e7evirtti\u011fini biliyoruz.<\/p>\n Osmanl\u0131, kitaba verdi\u011fi \u00f6nemi ahiler eliyle y\u00fcr\u00fctm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Yeni yaz\u0131lan ya da \u00e7evrilen bir kitap beyaza \u00e7ekilmek (elyaz\u0131s\u0131yla \u00e7o\u011falt\u0131lmak) \u00fczere hattata verildi\u011finde, hat \u00f6\u011frencilerinin say\u0131s\u0131 kadar \u00e7o\u011falt\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131. \u00c7ok g\u00fczel olmasa da usta hattat taraf\u0131ndan denetlenmi\u015f ve d\u00fczeltilmi\u015f olan \u00f6\u011frenci hatlar\u0131, kervanc\u0131ba\u015f\u0131na teslim edilir, o da Osmanl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n \u00e7e\u015fitli yerlerinde sat\u0131lmak \u00fczere kervanlara da\u011f\u0131t\u0131rd\u0131. Kitaplar ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 yerlerde yeniden ayn\u0131 \u00e7o\u011faltma ve da\u011f\u0131tma i\u015flemine tabi tutulurdu. B\u00f6ylece alt\u0131 ay i\u00e7inde bir kitap b\u00fct\u00fcn Osmanl\u0131 illerine ula\u015f\u0131r, \u015ferh edilir (a\u00e7\u0131klamalar\u0131 yaz\u0131l\u0131r, ele\u015ftirilir), ha\u015fiyyeleri (notlar\u0131) haz\u0131rlan\u0131r, yaz\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 yere d\u00f6ner, b\u00f6ylece \u00fczerine olan tart\u0131\u015fmalar olgunla\u015f\u0131r, sona bile ererdi.<\/p>\n Yaz\u0131nda Cumhuriyet miras\u0131 Bu k\u00fclt\u00fcrel yap\u0131n\u0131n etkisi, hem bilim hem yaz\u0131n alan\u0131nda, yazarlar\u0131n, kendi yaz\u0131lar\u0131 kadar \u00e7evirilere de \u00f6nem vermelerine ve zaman ay\u0131rmalar\u0131na neden olmu\u015ftur. Bu d\u00f6nemde pek \u00e7ok kitap, hem yabanc\u0131 dil, hem de k\u00fclt\u00fcr bak\u0131m\u0131ndan yetkin yazarlar taraf\u0131ndan T\u00fcrk\u00e7e\u2019ye kazand\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Birka\u00e7 \u00f6rnek vermek gerekirse, felsefede \u0130smail Tunal\u0131\u2019n\u0131n, Bedia Akasu\u2019nun, Suat Baydur\u2019un; yaz\u0131nda Orhan Veli\u2019nin, Halikarnas Bal\u0131k\u00e7\u0131s\u0131 Cevat \u015eakir Kabaa\u011fa\u00e7l\u0131\u2019n\u0131n, Attila \u0130lhan\u2019\u0131n, Beh\u00e7et Necatigil\u2019in \u00e7evirileri aranan \u00e7eviriler olarak zaman\u0131m\u0131za kadar ula\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bilimde pek \u00e7ok \u00fcniversite hocas\u0131, bildikleri dillerin temel kitaplar\u0131n\u0131 T\u00fcrk\u00e7e\u2019ye \u00e7evirmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n Karanl\u0131kta kalan eserler Tarih alan\u0131nda, Ahmet Ya\u015far Ocak gibi, Mik\u00e2il Bayram gibi ilahiyat k\u00f6kenli Fars\u00e7a bilen hocalar \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Bunlara bir de ilahiyat alan\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131na \u00e7\u0131kmamakla birlikte, bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 do\u011frultusunda bilimsel ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar da yapmakta olan ve bunu kitaplar\u0131na yans\u0131tan Ya\u015far Nuri \u00d6zt\u00fcrk\u2019\u00fcn \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 eklemek do\u011fru olur.<\/p>\n Son d\u00f6nem: Ge\u00e7imlik \u00e7eviri T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de \u00e7evirinin son d\u00f6nemi neredeyse b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcyle ticari bir etkinlik haline gelmi\u015ftir. Art\u0131k felsefe, bilim ve yaz\u0131n alanlar\u0131nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan biliminsanlar\u0131, \u00e7eviri yapmak yerine yaln\u0131zca kendi yap\u0131tlar\u0131n\u0131 yazmaya zaman ay\u0131r\u0131yor. \u00c7evirmenlerse \u00e7eviriye, ge\u00e7im sorunu olarak bakmak zorunda olduklar\u0131ndan, olabildi\u011fince h\u0131zl\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmay\u0131 ye\u011fliyor. Bu durumda da yap\u0131lmakta olan \u00e7eviriler, \u201cyap\u0131t\u201d niteli\u011fi kazanam\u0131yor. \u00c7o\u011funlukla, \u00e7evirenin bile ne dedi\u011fini anlamad\u0131\u011f\u0131, dolay\u0131s\u0131yla ne dedi\u011fi anla\u015f\u0131lmayan, T\u00fcrk\u00e7esi bozuk \u00e7eviriler ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yor. Sat\u0131\u015fa uygun oldu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmeyen kitaplar \u00e7evrilmeye de\u011fer bulunmuyor. \u015eeyh Bedreddin\u2019in Varidat <\/em>adl\u0131 kitab\u0131 pek \u00e7ok kez \u00e7evrildi\u011fi halde, 42 kitab\u0131ndan geri kalanlar\u0131n ele al\u0131nmam\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131 gibi, pek \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli ve de\u011ferli yap\u0131t bu y\u00fczden h\u00e2l\u00e2 \u00e7evrilmeyi bekliyor.<\/p>\n \u00d6zellikle Turgut \u00d6zal sonras\u0131, k\u00e2r ba\u011flaml\u0131 kapitalist ekonomik yap\u0131n\u0131n iyice oturmas\u0131, b\u00fct\u00fcn alanlarda oldu\u011fu gibi k\u00fclt\u00fcr alan\u0131nda da \u201cge\u00e7im\u201d denilen \u201cay\u0131c\u0131 halkas\u0131\u201dyla insanlar\u0131 zorlamaktad\u0131r. \u00d6zellikle e\u011fitim, sa\u011fl\u0131k vb. sosyal alanlarda oldu\u011fu gibi felsefe, bilim ve sanat alanlar\u0131nda da sat\u0131\u015fa gelmeyen pek \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli konunun d\u0131\u015flanmas\u0131na, unutulmas\u0131na neden olmaktad\u0131r. Ge\u00e7im sa\u011flayabilece\u011fi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclen alanlarda da, inan\u0131lmaz say\u0131da niteli\u011fi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck \u00e7evirinin ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131 sonucunu do\u011furmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde k\u00fclt\u00fcr emperyalizmi, art\u0131k uluslar\u0131n kendi k\u00fclt\u00fcrlerini ba\u015fka k\u00fclt\u00fcrlere bask\u0131n k\u0131lma \u00e7abas\u0131 olarak de\u011fil, burjuva devlet y\u00f6netimlerini elinde tutan sermaye s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n, yaln\u0131zca kat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fcretimde eme\u011fini kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 robotla\u015fm\u0131\u015f insanlara, yani tanr\u0131la\u015fm\u0131\u015f paran\u0131n kullar\u0131na gerek duymas\u0131, \u201cinsan\u201d\u0131 tehlikeli bulmas\u0131 ve bireyin d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnsel geli\u015fimini \u00f6nlemeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 olarak anla\u015f\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r. Emperyalizme kar\u015f\u0131 sava\u015f\u0131m, art\u0131k, insan\u0131 insan yapan felsefe, bilim ve sanat alanlar\u0131nda, sermayenin kulla\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131, insan\u0131n kendisini kurtarma sava\u015f\u0131m\u0131 olarak anla\u015f\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r:<\/p>\n \u201cNe kadar az yer, i\u00e7er, kitap okursan, tiyatroya, dansa, meyhaneye ne kadar az gidersen, ne kadar az d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcr, sever, kuram yarat\u0131r, \u015fark\u0131 s\u00f6yler, resim ve eskrim yaparsan, o kadar fazla sermaye biriktirirsin; mezar b\u00f6ceklerinin ve topra\u011f\u0131n yok edemeyece\u011fi hazinen o kadar b\u00fcy\u00fcr. Kendin ne kadar azal\u0131rsan o kadar \u00e7o\u011fa sahip olursun; kendi \u00f6z hayat\u0131n\u0131 dile getirmenle d\u0131\u015fsalla\u015fm\u0131\u015f hayat\u0131n\u0131 dile getirmen ters orant\u0131l\u0131d\u0131r; yabanc\u0131la\u015fm\u0131\u015f varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n gitgide b\u00fcy\u00fcr.\u201d (Karl Marx, 1844 El Yazmalar\u0131<\/em>\u2019ndan)<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" D\u00f6neminde hangi dil ge\u00e7erliyse, anlamas\u0131 gereken \u00e7evre hangi dili anl\u0131yorsa Anadolu tarihinde o dile \u00e7eviri yapmak en eski \u00e7a\u011flardan bu yana gelenekselle\u015fmi\u015ftir. Bu d\u00f6nem, antik \u00e7a\u011flardaki iki dilli yaz\u0131tlara de\u011fin geri gider. Bunlar olmasa \u015fimdi uzmanlar pek \u00e7ok eski Anadolu dilini bilmiyor, pek \u00e7ok metni okuyam\u0131yor olacakt\u0131. S\u00f6z gelimi en eski Mezopotamya s\u00f6ylencesi olan G\u0131lgam\u0131\u015f […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":474,"featured_media":41822,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[149,38,535],"tags":[571,1139,604,694,460,1612,6085],"class_list":["post-41821","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-112-sayi","category-dergi-sayilari","category-forum","tag-anadolu","tag-ceviri","tag-cumhuriyet","tag-dil","tag-kultur","tag-osmanli","tag-yazin"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t
\n<\/em><\/strong>13.y\u00fczy\u0131l bilimci Ekberiye k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn yans\u0131mas\u0131 ile Osmanl\u0131 da bilime \u00f6nem vermi\u015ftir. Orhan Gazi taraf\u0131ndan 30 y\u0131l i\u00e7inde \u0130znik\u2019te kurulan medreseleri (be\u015f medresenin ad\u0131 var, ancak bug\u00fcn yaln\u0131zca S\u00fcleyman Pa\u015fa Medresesi g\u00f6r\u00fclebilir durumdad\u0131r), \u00f6rg\u00fctlemekle g\u00f6revlendirilen Davud-u Kayser\u00ee, bu \u0130slam ak\u0131lc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, do\u011fa bilimlerini de i\u00e7erecek bi\u00e7imde geni\u015fletmi\u015ftir. Bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar s\u0131ras\u0131nda \u0130znik medreselerinde pek \u00e7ok \u00e7eviri ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
\n<\/em><\/strong>Cumhuriyet d\u00f6nemi de \u00e7eviriye \u00f6nem veren bir d\u00f6nem olmu\u015ftur. \u00d6zellikle 1940 sonras\u0131 Hasan Ali Y\u00fccel\u2019in Milli E\u011fitim Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6neminde Ankara\u2019da kurulan Terc\u00fcme B\u00fcrosu ve bunun \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131\u011f\u0131 Terc\u00fcme<\/em> dergisi ile Milli E\u011fitim Klasikleri kitap dizisi, bug\u00fcn h\u00e2l\u00e2 ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar\u0131n temel kaynaklar\u0131ndan olmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
\n<\/em><\/strong>Cumhuriyet d\u00f6neminde \u00f6nemli bir eksiklik, bilimsel alanlarda Arap\u00e7a ve Fars\u00e7a\u2019n\u0131n, d\u0131\u015flanmas\u0131 ile ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f, bu diller yaln\u0131zca ilahiyat\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n alan\u0131nda kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u0130lahiyat\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n onaylad\u0131\u011f\u0131 metinler d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda, Osmanl\u0131 elyazmas\u0131 k\u00fct\u00fcphanelerinde ad\u0131n\u0131 ve yerini bildi\u011fimiz pek \u00e7ok d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnsel ve bilimsel yap\u0131t, \u00e7evrilmemi\u015f, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze ula\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu durum, Ahi Evren \u015eeyh Nasuri\u2019d Din Mahmut\u2019un 25 kadar kitab\u0131ndan yaln\u0131zca ikisinin, \u015eeyh Bedreddin\u2019in 42 kitab\u0131ndan yaln\u0131zca birinin T\u00fcrk\u00e7e\u2019ye \u00e7evrilmesi sonucunu do\u011furmu\u015ftur. Davud-u Kayser\u00ee ba\u015fta olmak \u00fczere \u0130znik Ekberiye ekol\u00fcn\u00fcn hemen hi\u00e7 bir kitab\u0131 g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze ula\u015famam\u0131\u015f, bu \u0130slam ak\u0131lc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ekol\u00fc b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcyle karanl\u0131klara g\u00f6m\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla, bug\u00fcn bilim d\u00fcnyas\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, M\u00fceyyedi\u2019d Din Cendi, Davud-u Kayseri, Yar Ali \u015eirazi, Fahr\u00fc\u2019d Din-i Iraki, Kutbu\u2019d Din-i \u015eiraz\u00ee, Fenar\u00ee ailesi, Kara Hoca, Tac\u00fc\u2019d Din-i K\u00fcrd\u00ee\u2019nin yaln\u0131zca adlar\u0131na rastlayabiliyoruz. S\u00f6z gelimi, Davud-u Kayser\u00ee\u2019nin, maddenin ve evrenin enerjiden olu\u015ftu\u011funu s\u00f6ylemi\u015f oldu\u011funu bir dedikodu gibi biliyoruz. Kitaplar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6remedi\u011fimiz i\u00e7in bunun hangi ba\u011flamda s\u00f6ylenmi\u015f oldu\u011funu bilmiyoruz. Sel\u00e7uklu ve Osmanl\u0131 k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc tam olarak tan\u0131yabilmek ve \u00fczerine bilimsel ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar yapabilmek i\u00e7in \u00fcniversitelerde ve bilim alanlar\u0131nda h\u0131zla Arap\u00e7a, Fars\u00e7a bilen biliminsanlar\u0131 yeti\u015ftirilmesi ve belki de Arap ve Fars filolojilerinin geli\u015ftirilmesi zorunluluk olarak \u00f6n\u00fcm\u00fczde durmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
\n<\/em><\/strong>1970\u2019li y\u0131llarda T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de yaz\u0131n alan\u0131nda \u00e7eviride bir at\u0131l\u0131m daha g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. Yazarlar ve \u00e7evirmenlerin birle\u015fip kurduklar\u0131 Yazarlar Kooperatifi \/ YAZKO, 1940\u2019lar\u0131n Terc\u00fcme B\u00fcrosu\u2019nun \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131\u011f\u0131 Terc\u00fcme<\/em> dergisini, yeni bir anlay\u0131\u015fla ve \u00c7eviri<\/em> ad\u0131yla s\u00fcrd\u00fcrme \u00e7abas\u0131na girer. Bu dergi, \u00e7eviri \u00fczerine \u00e7ok de\u011ferli d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce yaz\u0131lar\u0131 ve \u00e7eviriler yay\u0131nlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ancak Yazarlar Kooperatifi gibi, bu \u00e7aba da, uzun soluklu olmaz. \u201c\u00c7eviri\u201d dergisi 16 say\u0131 yay\u0131nlan\u0131r ve sona erer.<\/p>\n