{"id":41946,"date":"2013-04-01T16:24:49","date_gmt":"2013-04-01T13:24:49","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/?p=41946"},"modified":"2020-04-09T16:41:19","modified_gmt":"2020-04-09T13:41:19","slug":"chavez-doneminde-ve-sonrasinda-venezuelada-bolivarci-sosyalizm","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2013\/04\/01\/chavez-doneminde-ve-sonrasinda-venezuelada-bolivarci-sosyalizm","title":{"rendered":"Chavez d\u00f6neminde ve sonras\u0131nda Venezuela\u2019da Bolivarc\u0131 Sosyalizm"},"content":{"rendered":"

Chavez\u2019in \u201c\u00f6l\u00fcs\u00fc\u201d ABD\u2019ye dirisinden pahal\u0131ya patlad\u0131. Uluslararas\u0131 medyan\u0131n yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 t\u00fcm kar\u015f\u0131 kampanyaya ra\u011fmen Comandante\u2019nin mesaj\u0131 d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en uzak k\u00f6\u015felerine ula\u015ft\u0131. Chavez t\u00fcm d\u00fcnyada anti-emperyalist bir sembole d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc ve ezilen uluslarda yeniden ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k idealini uyand\u0131rd\u0131. Comandante, vedas\u0131yla emperyalizmin yenemeyece\u011fi bir \u201cm\u00fckemmel d\u00fc\u015fman\u201da d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. O art\u0131k d\u00fcnyan\u0131n herhangi bir yerinde y\u00fckselecek halk\u00e7\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7lerin en \u00f6nemli esin kayna\u011f\u0131d\u0131r.<\/em><\/p>\n

Hugo Ch\u00e1vez 6 Aral\u0131k 1998\u2019de oylar\u0131n %56\u2019s\u0131ndan fazlas\u0131n\u0131 alarak devlet ba\u015fkan\u0131 se\u00e7ildi\u011finde Venezuela neoliberal ekonominin y\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131 alt\u0131nda i\u00e7 sava\u015fa s\u00fcr\u00fcklenen bir \u00fclkeydi. Halk\u0131n yar\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00e7o\u011fu i\u015fsiz ve a\u00e7l\u0131k s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n\u0131n alt\u0131nda ya\u015famaya \u00e7abal\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n

Neoliberal d\u00f6neme giri\u015fin ilk g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc etkisi 1989 ayaklanmas\u0131nda hissedilmi\u015fti. Be\u015f binden fazla Venezuela yurtta\u015f\u0131n\u0131n sokaklarda katledilmesi \u00f6zellikle ordu kademelerinde \u00fclkenin gelece\u011fine ili\u015fkin kayg\u0131lar\u0131 art\u0131rd\u0131. 1982\u2019den bu yana ordu i\u00e7inde MBR-200 (Bolivarc\u0131 Devrim Hareketi-200. y\u0131l) adl\u0131 bir \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmenin kurucular\u0131ndan olan Yarbay Ch\u00e1vez IMF \u00e7izgisindeki h\u00fck\u00fcmete kar\u015f\u0131 darbe haz\u0131rl\u0131klar\u0131na giri\u015fti. (1) Hava \u0130ndirme Birliklerinin bu gen\u00e7 komutan\u0131 1992\u2019de Ba\u015fkent Caracas\u2019ta, di\u011fer yolda\u015flar\u0131 Valencia ve Maracay\u2019da h\u00fck\u00fcmete ba\u011fl\u0131 kuvvetlerle girdikleri \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmada ba\u015far\u0131ya ula\u015famad\u0131lar. Ch\u00e1vez 4 \u015eubat gecesi bas\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcnde Bolivarc\u0131 operasyonun ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131z oldu\u011funu kabul ederek isyanc\u0131 askerlerden teslim olmalar\u0131n\u0131 istedi ve t\u00fcm sorumlulu\u011fun kendisine ait oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yledi.<\/p>\n

Ch\u00e1vez Ba\u015fkent Caracas\u2019\u0131n kuzeyinde San Carlos cezaevine kapat\u0131ld\u0131. Fakat hareket iktidar\u0131 derin bi\u00e7imde sarsm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Daha g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir darbeden korkan iktidar onu ba\u015fkentten uza\u011fa Miranda\u2019daki bir cezaevine nakletti. Beklenildi\u011fi gibi 27 Kas\u0131m\u2019da Hava Kuvvetleri i\u00e7inde bir kalk\u0131\u015fma ya\u015fand\u0131. 20 May\u0131s 1993\u2019de Carlos Andres Perez h\u00fck\u00fcmeti mecliste yap\u0131lan yolsuzluk su\u00e7lamalar\u0131yla d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. Yap\u0131lan yeni se\u00e7imlerde Sosyal H\u0131ristiyan Parti iktidara geldi. Ch\u00e1vez ve silah arkada\u015flar\u0131 27 Mart 1994\u2019de serbest kald\u0131lar.<\/p>\n

Devrimci komutan\u0131n ordudan tasfiye edilmesi ve hatta hapsedilmesi bile halk aras\u0131ndaki deste\u011fini yitirmesine yol a\u00e7mad\u0131. Hapiste bulundu\u011fu s\u00fcre i\u00e7inde irili ufakl\u0131 sol parti ve hareketlerle iyi ili\u015fkiler geli\u015ftirdi. \u00c7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131nda V. Cumhuriyet Hareketi\u2019ni (MVR) kurdu ve 14 Ekim\u2019de K\u00fcba\u2019da Fidel Castro\u2019yla g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc.<\/p>\n

\u0130\u00e7lerinde Venezuela Kom\u00fcnist Partisi (PCV) ve Sosyalizme Do\u011fru Hareket\u2019in (MAS) de bulundu\u011fu bir cepheyle 1997\u2019ye kadar yeni bir anayasan\u0131n yap\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6ng\u00f6ren projesini halka anlatt\u0131. MVR 8 Kas\u0131m 1998 parlamento se\u00e7imlerinde 49 sandalye elde ederek en g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc grubu olu\u015fturdu. 6 Ekim Ba\u015fkanl\u0131k se\u00e7imlerinde oylar\u0131n %56\u2019s\u0131ndan fazlas\u0131n\u0131 alan Hugo Ch\u00e1vez iktidara geldi.<\/p>\n

Bolivarc\u0131 Venezuela Cumhuriyeti
\n<\/em><\/strong>Ch\u00e1vez iktidara gelir gelmez program\u0131nda a\u00e7\u0131klad\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi yeni anayasay\u0131 olu\u015fturacak meclisin se\u00e7im s\u00fcrecini ba\u015flatt\u0131. Venezuela Anayasas\u0131 1961\u2019den bu yana de\u011fi\u015fmemi\u015f ve bir fa\u015fist cuntayla kesintiye u\u011framam\u0131\u015f nadir Latin Amerika anayasalar\u0131ndan biriydi. Sadece 1973 ve 1983\u2019te s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 iki de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fe u\u011frayan 1961 anayasas\u0131nda federalizme g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir vurgu hakimdi. Ch\u00e1vez ba\u015fkanl\u0131k yetkilerini daha da art\u0131ran fakat ayn\u0131 zamanda ekonomik ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel a\u00e7\u0131dan halk\u0131n \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131na bir demokratik anayasa hedefliyordu. Fakat bunu eski sistemin kurumlar\u0131yla ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftiremeyece\u011fine emindi. Venezuela\u2019da 1959\u2019dan beri sistem sosyal demokrat e\u011filimli Demokratik Eylem Partisi\u2019yle H\u0131ristiyan Sosyal Partisi aras\u0131ndaki dengeye dayan\u0131yordu. Ch\u00e1vez\u2019in iktidara geli\u015fi ve anayasa hamlesi k\u0131rk y\u0131ll\u0131k sisteme son verdi.<\/p>\n

\u0130lk sorun anayasay\u0131 yapacak temsilcilerin g\u00f6rev tan\u0131m\u0131nda ya\u015fand\u0131. Normalde yeni meclisin se\u00e7ilmesiyle 1998\u2019de se\u00e7ilen temsilcilerin g\u00f6revinin sona ermesi gerekiyordu fakat Y\u00fcksek Mahkeme yeni meclisi \u201cyedek bir meclis\u201d gibi de\u011ferlendirdi. Kurucu Meclis yarg\u0131ya m\u00fcdahale etti ve yolsuzlu\u011fa bula\u015fm\u0131\u015f be\u015f bine yak\u0131n memur ve hakimi g\u00f6revden ald\u0131. Kurucu Meclis\u2019in anayasay\u0131 \u00e7i\u011fnedi\u011fi karar\u0131n\u0131 alan Y\u00fcksek Mahkeme Ba\u015fkan\u0131 istifa etti. \u0130ki meclis aras\u0131ndaki kriz derinle\u015fti. Ancak yeni Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 15 Aral\u0131k 1999\u2019da %72 oyla referandumda onaylanmas\u0131 eski d\u00fczenin savunucular\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan bir k\u0131r\u0131lma noktas\u0131 oldu. 30 Temmuz 2000\u2019de yeni anayasaya g\u00f6re yap\u0131lan genel se\u00e7imlerde Ch\u00e1vez\u2019e %60 destek \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131 ise iki meclis sorununu ortadan kald\u0131rd\u0131.<\/p>\n

Ayr\u0131ca Ch\u00e1vez b\u00fcrokrasiyi etkisizle\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in 3 Aral\u0131k 2000\u2019de sendika se\u00e7imlerinin 180 g\u00fcn i\u00e7inde yap\u0131lamas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6ng\u00f6ren bir referandumu halka onaylatt\u0131.<\/p>\n

Ch\u00e1vez\u2019e kar\u015f\u0131 darbe
\n<\/em><\/strong>11 Eyl\u00fcl\u2019\u00fc izleyen g\u00fcnlerde ABD\u2019nin Florida Tampa Askeri \u00dcss\u00fc\u2019ne yaln\u0131zca \u00fc\u00e7 saat mesafedeki Venezuela ba\u015fkentinde durum hi\u00e7 kolay de\u011fildi. ABD\u2019nin d\u00fcnyan\u0131n \u00f6teki ucundaki petrol kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irmek i\u00e7in y\u00fcz binlerce askerini haz\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u0131rada kendisine en yak\u0131n ve d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en \u00f6nemli petrol rezervlerinden birine sahip Venezuela\u2019da milli bir y\u00f6netimi kendi haline b\u0131rakaca\u011f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclemezdi. 2001 Kas\u0131m\u0131nda Venezuela devlet radyo ve televizyonlar\u0131ndan Afganistan\u2019da ABD bombard\u0131man\u0131nda \u00f6len \u00e7ocuklar g\u00f6sterildi\u011finde iki y\u00f6netim aras\u0131ndaki ilk resmi gerilim ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. ABD D\u0131\u015fi\u015fleri yay\u0131nlar\u0131 protesto ederek Caracas\u2019taki el\u00e7isini geri \u00e7a\u011f\u0131rd\u0131.<\/p>\n

Birka\u00e7 ay sonra bat\u0131l\u0131 \u015firketlerle ortak olan patronlar\u0131n ittifak\u0131ndan olu\u015fan bir sa\u011f muhalefet soka\u011fa d\u00f6k\u00fcld\u00fc. Bu ittifak son bir y\u0131ld\u0131r Toprak, Hidrokarbon ve Bal\u0131k\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k Yasalar\u0131yla Toprak Reformuna kar\u015f\u0131 birlikte m\u00fccadele s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fcyordu. \u015eubat boyunca baz\u0131 askerler bas\u0131nda a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a Ch\u00e1vez\u2019in istifas\u0131n\u0131 istediler. Mart\u2019ta \u00fclkenin en b\u00fcy\u00fck i\u015f\u00e7i sendikas\u0131 CTV i\u015fveren sendikas\u0131yla ve Vatikan\u2019a ba\u011fl\u0131 Katolik kilise y\u00f6netimiyle Ch\u00e1vez\u2019e kar\u015f\u0131 bir deklarasyona imza att\u0131. Bunu takip eden g\u00fcnlerde silahl\u0131 kuvvetlerden sa\u011fc\u0131 ittifaka y\u00f6nelik deste\u011fin artt\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6zlendi.<\/p>\n

Ba\u015fkan Ch\u00e1vez 7 Nisan\u2019da PDVSA y\u00f6netimini g\u00f6revden ald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ilan etti. CTV ve i\u015fveren sendikas\u0131 PDVSA y\u00f6neticilerine destek i\u00e7in genel grev ba\u015flatt\u0131. 11 Nisan\u2019da Ba\u015fkanl\u0131k saray\u0131na y\u00f6nelen on binlerce muhalif Ch\u00e1vez taraftarlar\u0131nca durduruldu. \u0130ki grubun \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmas\u0131na Ulusal Muhaf\u0131zlar ve Kent Polisi m\u00fcdahale etmekte yetersiz kald\u0131. Bununla beraber medya Caracas sokaklar\u0131nda muhaliflere sald\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 y\u00f6n\u00fcnde yay\u0131nlara ba\u015flad\u0131. Bu g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fclerde bir tak\u0131m sivil ki\u015filer halka ate\u015f a\u00e7maktayd\u0131. CNN ve BBC ba\u015fta olmak \u00fczere uluslararas\u0131 medya Venezuela olaylar\u0131n\u0131 kesintisiz yay\u0131nlarla vermeye ba\u015flad\u0131. (2) Bir g\u00fcn \u00f6nce silahl\u0131 kuvvetlerden \u00fclkede s\u00fckunetin sa\u011flanmas\u0131 i\u00e7in harekete ge\u00e7mesini isteyen (Plan Avila) Ba\u015fkan Ch\u00e1vez gece yar\u0131s\u0131ndan sonra g\u00f6zalt\u0131na al\u0131nd\u0131. Sabaha kar\u015f\u0131 kendisine sad\u0131k General Garc\u00eda Carneiro\u2019yla (3) beraber ba\u015fkentteki Fuerte Tiuna askeri \u00fcss\u00fcnde al\u0131kondu.<\/p>\n

12 Nisan\u2019da Miraflores\u2019teki Ba\u015fkanl\u0131k Saray\u0131na gelen i\u015fveren sendikas\u0131 ba\u015fkan\u0131 Pedro Carmona ard\u0131na baz\u0131 asker, politikac\u0131, i\u015fadam\u0131, gazeteci, kilise ve \u00fcniversite y\u00f6netimini alarak kendini ba\u015fkan ilan etti. ABD ve \u0130spanya Carmona\u2019ya deste\u011fini deklare etti. Ba\u015f\u0131nda neoliberal h\u00fck\u00fcmetlerin bulundu\u011fu Ekvador, Kosta Rika ve Nikaragua da ayn\u0131 cephede yer ald\u0131.<\/p>\n

Y\u00f6netimi destekleyen g\u00fcvenlik g\u00fc\u00e7leri ba\u015fkent sokaklar\u0131nda Ch\u00e1vez taraftarlar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6ld\u00fcrmeye ve kaybetmeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015flard\u0131. B\u00fct\u00fcn kentlerde bir s\u00fcrek av\u0131 ba\u015flat\u0131ld\u0131. Kentlerdeki K\u00fcba temsilcilikleri ku\u015fat\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n

13 Nisan sabah\u0131 Ch\u00e1vez taraftarlar\u0131 \u00f6rg\u00fctlenerek ba\u015fkente giden t\u00fcm ana yollar\u0131n\u0131 kesti. Turiamo Deniz \u00dcss\u00fc\u2019nde tutulan Ch\u00e1vez istifa etmedi\u011fine dair bir el yaz\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 d\u0131\u015far\u0131ya ula\u015ft\u0131rmay\u0131 ba\u015fard\u0131. Ordu y\u00f6netimi Ch\u00e1vez\u2019i Caracas\u2019\u0131n 160 km kuzeyinde Karayip denizindeki bir askeri \u00fcs olan Orchila Adas\u0131\u2019na nakletti.<\/p>\n

\u00dclkenin her yan\u0131nda sokaklara d\u00f6k\u00fclen milyonlarca Venezuelal\u0131y\u0131 hi\u00e7bir televizyon kanal\u0131 g\u00f6stermiyordu. Ch\u00e1vez taraftarlar\u0131 sonunda Venezuela Televizyonunu ele ge\u00e7irmeyi ba\u015fard\u0131lar. Ak\u015fam\u0131n ilk saatlerinde bir milyon Ch\u00e1vez destek\u00e7isi ba\u015fkanl\u0131k saray\u0131n\u0131 ku\u015fat\u0131nca ordu birli\u011fi yetersiz kald\u0131 ve darbenin ele ba\u015flar\u0131 Ba\u015fkanl\u0131k Saray\u0131\u2019ndan ka\u00e7t\u0131lar. Ayn\u0131 s\u0131ralarda Maracay\u2019daki Ch\u00e1vez\u2019in eskiden komutan\u0131 oldu\u011fu 42. Hava \u0130ndirme Tugay\u0131 t\u00fcm komuta kademesi ve ba\u011fl\u0131 birliklerle yasad\u0131\u015f\u0131 darbe h\u00fck\u00fcmetine kar\u015f\u0131 ayakland\u0131.<\/p>\n

Meclis Ba\u015fkan\u0131 Ch\u00e1vez\u2019in yard\u0131mc\u0131s\u0131 Diosdado Cabello\u2019yu ge\u00e7ici devlet ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131na atad\u0131. Bir grup komando Ch\u00e1vez\u2019i Orchila adas\u0131ndan alarak ba\u015fkente helikopterle getirdi. Darbenin sorumlular\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irildi. Olaylar sona erdi\u011finde resmi rakamlara g\u00f6re 19, yerel kaynaklara g\u00f6re 40 ki\u015fi hayat\u0131n\u0131 kaybetmi\u015fti.<\/p>\n

2002 darbesinin analizi
\n<\/em><\/strong>Ku\u015fkusuz darbenin 72 saatte ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131\u011fa u\u011framas\u0131ndaki temel etken Ch\u00e1vez liderli\u011findeki Bolivarc\u0131 Harekete b\u00fcy\u00fck kitle deste\u011fiydi. Bununla beraber kar\u015f\u0131-devrimci cephenin de \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00fcr\u00fclt\u00fc kadar g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. \u00d6ncelikle Venezuela ordusu darbeye \u00fcst kademelerden verilen s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 destekle kat\u0131ld\u0131 ve asla daha ileri gitmedi. Y\u00fcksek komuta kademesinde Koramiral Hector Ramirez Perez gibileri genelkurmay ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131na g\u00f6z dikmi\u015fti, di\u011ferleri de kendilerine vaat edilen ganimetin pe\u015findeydi. Ordu i\u00e7indeki darbe taraftarlar\u0131n\u0131n bir harekat plan\u0131na sahip olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ya da varsa da bunu uygulamaya koyamad\u0131\u011f\u0131 anla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Darbeci ekip meseleyi Chavez\u2019in etkisizle\u015ftirilmesine indirgemi\u015f, onu iktidara getiren toplumsal taban\u0131 g\u00f6rmezden gelmi\u015fti.<\/p>\n

Darbenin sivil ve askeri uygulay\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131 eylemlerinin bir h\u00fck\u00fcmet darbesi anlam\u0131na gelmedi\u011fini savundular. 11-14 Nisan 2002 tarihleri aras\u0131nda Venezuela\u2019da bir iktidar bo\u015flu\u011fu bulundu\u011funu ifade ettiler. Savunmalar\u0131ndaki en kritik nokta Ch\u00e1vez\u2019in Genelkurmay Ba\u015fkan\u0131\u00a0Lucas Rinc\u00f3n Romero\u2019nun (4) 12 Nisan\u2019\u0131n ilk saatlerinde Ba\u015fkan\u0131n istifay\u0131 kabul etti\u011fini a\u00e7\u0131klamas\u0131yd\u0131. \u00dcstelik bir s\u00f6ylentiye g\u00f6re Ba\u015fkan Ch\u00e1vez K\u00fcba\u2019ya s\u00fcrg\u00fcne gitmeyi kabul etmi\u015fti. Her ne kadar Romero b\u00f6yle bir a\u00e7\u0131klama yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kabul etse de Ch\u00e1vez\u2019in istifas\u0131n\u0131 kan\u0131tlayan bir belge mevcut de\u011fildi. Ayr\u0131ca Anayasa\u2019ya g\u00f6re Ba\u015fkan\u0131n g\u00f6revini s\u00fcrd\u00fcremedi\u011fi hallerde Ba\u015fkan Yard\u0131mc\u0131s\u0131 onun i\u015flevini yerine getirirdi. Darbeciler Anayasa ve meclisi t\u00fcmden yok sayarak \u201ciktidar bo\u015flu\u011fu\u201d oldu\u011funu iddia etmekteydiler.<\/p>\n

Ch\u00e1vez kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 harekete destek veren generaller darbeye kalk\u0131\u015fmad\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131, Plan Avila\u2019n\u0131n uygulamaya konulmas\u0131n\u0131 engelleyerek bir katliam\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcne ge\u00e7tiklerini iddia ettiler. Avila ya da \u201cEgemenlik Plan\u0131\u201d olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lan askeri plan 30 May\u0131s 1988 ve 20 \u015eubat 1990 kararnamelerine dayanmaktayd\u0131. Plan, Bolivarc\u0131 Venezuela Anayasas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n 236. ve 326. maddesinde tan\u0131mlanan Ulusal G\u00fcvenlik tan\u0131m\u0131na ve \u0130\u00e7 Hizmet Kanunu\u2019na uygun bi\u00e7imde ge\u00e7erlili\u011fini s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmekteydi. Sorumluluk alan\u0131 co\u011frafi, k\u00fclt\u00fcrel, siyasi, sosyal, ekonomik ve askeri olaylar\u0131 kapsamaktayd\u0131. Amac\u0131 ulusal ya da b\u00f6lgesel \u00f6l\u00e7ekte Venezuela vatanda\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n e\u011fitim, sa\u011fl\u0131k, enerji, g\u0131da ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131lanmas\u0131; haberle\u015fme ve ula\u015f\u0131m (istasyonlar, limanlar ve havaalanlar\u0131na) gibi hizmetlerin g\u00fcvenli\u011finin garanti edilmesiydi.<\/p>\n

Avila Plan\u0131 basit\u00e7e \u00fc\u00e7 a\u015famadan olu\u015fmaktayd\u0131: \u0130lki, alarm ve haz\u0131rl\u0131k a\u015famas\u0131 (Bu a\u015famada g\u00fcvenlik kuvvetlerinin koordinasyonu da sa\u011flanmal\u0131yd\u0131), ikincisi stratejik noktalar\u0131n ele ge\u00e7irilmesi ve son olarak g\u00fcvenli\u011fin kal\u0131c\u0131la\u015fmas\u0131yla beraber birliklerin \u00e7ekilmesi.<\/p>\n

Ch\u00e1vez\u2019e ba\u011fl\u0131 T\u00fcmgeneral Carniero ve Orgeneral Romero\u2019nun a\u00e7\u0131klamalar\u0131na g\u00f6re Ba\u015fkan 10 Nisan\u2019da Avila Plan\u0131\u2019n\u0131n ba\u015flat\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 emretmi\u015fti. Ayn\u0131 g\u00fcn M\u00fc\u015fterek Komuta Merkezi\u2019nde bir toplant\u0131 yap\u0131larak haz\u0131rl\u0131klar g\u00f6zden ge\u00e7irilmi\u015f 11 Nisan \u00f6\u011fleden sonra -Carniero\u2019nun Meclis Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Komisyonuna verdi\u011fi ifadeye g\u00f6re- Ba\u015fkan harekat\u0131n ba\u015flamas\u0131na s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 bir izin vermi\u015fti. Bu ama\u00e7la yaln\u0131zca Ba\u015fkanl\u0131k Saray\u0131 \u00e7evresinin g\u00fcvenli\u011finin al\u0131nmas\u0131 i\u00e7in iki tank b\u00f6l\u00fc\u011f\u00fc Miraflores\u2019e do\u011fru harekete ge\u00e7ti.<\/p>\n

Ch\u00e1vez kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 Koramiral Carlos Molina Tamayo\u2019nun ifadesine g\u00f6re ise tanklar Silahl\u0131 Kuvvetler \u0130kinci Ba\u015fkan\u0131 T\u00fcmgeneral Jose Felix Ruiz Guzman\u2019n\u0131n emriyle geri d\u00f6nm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. Ayr\u0131ca Silahl\u0131 Kuvvetler Birle\u015fik Komutas\u0131 (CUFAN) Ba\u015fkan\u0131 General Manuel Antonio Rosendo da Avila Plan\u0131\u2019n\u0131n uygulanmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Orduya ait a\u011f\u0131r silahlar\u0131n bar\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131l g\u00f6sterilere kar\u015f\u0131 kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 Anayasa\u2019ya ayk\u0131r\u0131yd\u0131. Avila Plan\u0131 1989 olaylar\u0131nda uyguland\u0131\u011f\u0131nda katliama yol a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n

Ba\u015fkan Ch\u00e1vez, Avila Plan\u0131\u2019n\u0131n bar\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131l ama\u00e7 ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 iddia etmektedir. Papa\u2019n\u0131n ziyaretinde de benzer \u00f6nlemler al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, bu t\u00fcr uygulamalar\u0131n normal oldu\u011funu s\u00f6ylemi\u015ftir. Plan\u0131n uygulanmas\u0131 i\u00e7in General Carniero\u2019ya do\u011frudan emir vermesinin nedenini ise CUFAN Ba\u015fkan\u0131 General Guzman\u2019\u0131n hi\u00e7bir \u015fekilde telefon ya da telsizden yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131lara cevap vermemesi olarak a\u00e7\u0131klamaktad\u0131r. Guzman harekata engel olmu\u015ftu; \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc bir darbe haz\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7indeydi. E\u011fer o g\u00fcn harekata engel olunmasayd\u0131 ajan-provokat\u00f6rler taraf\u0131ndan \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclen 19 sivilin hayat\u0131 kurtar\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olacakt\u0131.<\/p>\n

Aylar s\u00fcren yo\u011fun Ch\u00e1vez kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 medya propagandas\u0131 sonucunda kitlesel \u00e7at\u0131\u015fma ortam\u0131 yarat\u0131lmas\u0131na, Anayasal Ba\u015fkan Hugo Ch\u00e1vez\u2019in al\u0131konmas\u0131na, sermaye \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcn ba\u015fkan\u0131 Pedro Carmona\u2019n\u0131n kendi kendini ba\u015fkan ilan edip meclisi ve anayasay\u0131 ortadan kald\u0131rmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n 14 A\u011fustos 2002\u2019de Y\u00fcksek Mahkeme Venezuela\u2019da bir darbenin ya\u015fanmad\u0131\u011f\u0131na h\u00fckmetti. Darbecilerin k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir k\u0131sm\u0131 k\u0131sa s\u00fcreli\u011fine tutukland\u0131lar ve serbest b\u0131rak\u0131ld\u0131lar. (5) Ayn\u0131 Y\u00fcksek Mahkeme 2005 ve 2007\u2019de \u00f6nceki karar\u0131n\u0131 ortadan kald\u0131rarak darbenin sorumlular\u0131n\u0131n yarg\u0131lanmas\u0131na h\u00fckmetti. Darbeciler \u00fclkeyi terk ettiler.<\/p>\n

Petrol ve \u00e7ok kutuplu d\u00fcnya stratejisi
\n<\/em><\/strong>1999 Bolivarc\u0131 Venezuela Anayasas\u0131 petrol kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6zelle\u015ftirilmesini durduruyor ve bu kaynaklar\u0131n cumhuriyetin mal\u0131 oldu\u011funa g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir vurgu yap\u0131yordu. Asl\u0131nda Venezuela\u2019da petrol 1976\u2019dan beri ulusun mal\u0131yd\u0131. Fakat bu m\u00fclk sahipli\u011fi bi\u00e7imseldi. Venezuela devleti petrol kaynaklar\u0131 \u00fczerindeki kontrol\u00fcn\u00fc \u00e7oktan yitirmi\u015fti. Yabanc\u0131 ta\u015feron firmalar ve \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc \u015firketler \u00fczerinden kontrol Kuzey Amerikal\u0131lar\u0131n eline ge\u00e7mi\u015fti.<\/p>\n

Ulusal kaynaklar\u0131 yeniden kontrole almak Bolivarc\u0131 y\u00f6netim i\u00e7in hayati \u00f6nemdeydi. Venezuela\u2019da ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z bir ekonomi ve halk\u0131n refah\u0131n\u0131n sa\u011flanmas\u0131n\u0131n tek yolu petrol ve gazdan elde edilen geliri ulusalla\u015ft\u0131rmakt\u0131. Bat\u0131l\u0131 petrol \u015firketlerinin destekledi\u011fi patronlar ve sendika buna kar\u015f\u0131 2002 Aral\u0131\u011f\u0131nda genel grev ba\u015flatt\u0131. Petrol \u00fcretimi ve ihrac\u0131 durdu. Darbe d\u00f6neminde oldu\u011fu gibi tv yay\u0131nlar\u0131 ve sokak eylemleri ba\u015flad\u0131. Petrol kuyular\u0131 ate\u015fe verildi. \u00dclke milyarlarca dolar zarara girdi. \u00dclkeden d\u0131\u015far\u0131ya petrol ak\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n durmas\u0131 krizi uluslararas\u0131 hale getirdi\u011finden Amerikan Devletleri \u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fc, ABD ve AB arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla uzla\u015fma temaslar\u0131 sa\u011fland\u0131. \u015eubat 2003\u2019te grev k\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n

Ch\u00e1vez\u2019in iktidara geldi\u011fi y\u0131l ham petrol\u00fcn varili 9,72 dolard\u0131. D\u00fcnyan\u0131n be\u015finci b\u00fcy\u00fck ham petrol ihracat\u00e7\u0131s\u0131 olan Venezuela sefalet i\u00e7indeydi. Ch\u00e1vez \u00f6zelle\u015ftirmeye son verdi ve at\u0131l durumda olan OPEC\u2019i (Petrol \u0130hra\u00e7 Eden \u00dclkeler \u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fc) harekete ge\u00e7irdi. 25 y\u0131ld\u0131r toplanmayan OPEC Ch\u00e1vez\u2019in \u00e7abalar\u0131yla bir araya geldi. Ch\u00e1vez\u2019in \u00f6rg\u00fct arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla uygulamaya koydu\u011fu petrol\u00fcn fiyat\u0131n\u0131 koruma stratejisi ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 oldu ve be\u015f y\u0131l i\u00e7inde ham petrol\u00fcn varil de\u011feri \u00fc\u00e7 kat\u0131na \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. (6) \u00c7\u0131kart\u0131lan ham petrol rezervi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan, Chavez\u2019in PVDSA\u2019n\u0131n kontrol\u00fcn\u00fc ele ge\u00e7irdi\u011fi 2005 tarihinden itibaren, %285 artarak d\u00fcnyan\u0131n bir numaral\u0131 \u00fcreticisi haline geldi. PVDSA bu s\u00fcre i\u00e7inde PB, Chevron, Shell gibi \u015firketleri ge\u00e7erek Exxon\u2019dan sonra d\u00fcnyan\u0131n d\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc b\u00fcy\u00fck petrol \u015firketi oldu.<\/p>\n

Ba\u015fkan Chavez, petrol silah\u0131n\u0131n uluslararas\u0131 ekonomik ve stratejik avantajlar\u0131ndan faydalanarak, d\u0131\u015f politikas\u0131n\u0131 ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z ittifaklar \u00fczerine kurdu. Petrol stratejisini \u0130ran\u2019la birlikte hareket ederek m\u00fcmk\u00fcn k\u0131ld\u0131. 1991 K\u00f6rfez Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019ndan beri Irak Devlet Ba\u015fkan\u0131 Saddam H\u00fcseyin\u2019i ziyaret ederek destek veren ilk lider oldu. \u0130srail\u2019in b\u00f6lgedeki politikalar\u0131na a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a tav\u0131r ald\u0131. ABD\u2019nin tek kutuplu d\u00fcnya stratejisine kar\u015f\u0131 Rusya, \u00c7in ve kontroll\u00fc bi\u00e7imde Avrupa Birli\u011fi\u2019yle ekonomik-siyasal ili\u015fkilerini g\u00fc\u00e7lendirdi.<\/p>\n

Venezuela\u2019n\u0131n \u00c7in\u2019le 1999\u2019da 358 milyon dolar olan ticaret hacmi 2011\u2019de 17 milyar dolara y\u00fckseldi. (7) Bolivarc\u0131 y\u00f6netim Rusya\u2019yla kapsaml\u0131 bir i\u015fbirli\u011fine gitti. Rusya gaz-petrol \u00fcretiminde jeopolitik \u00f6nemde g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc Venezuela\u2019yla petro-kimya, lojistik ve ula\u015ft\u0131rma alan\u0131nda \u00f6nemli ortakl\u0131klar kurdu. PVDSA Rus petrol \u015firketleriyle yeni rezervlerin i\u015fletilmesi i\u00e7in anla\u015fmalar imzalad\u0131. Gazprombank bu kapsamda Venezuela\u2019ya 4 milyar dolarl\u0131k kredi a\u00e7t\u0131. 2010 y\u0131l\u0131ndan itibaren ise bu ortakl\u0131k askeri bir boyut ald\u0131. Venezuela Rusya\u2019dan S-300 f\u00fczelerinin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, Varshavinka s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7 denizalt\u0131, 92 T-72 tank\u0131, 24 Sukhoi-30 sava\u015f u\u00e7a\u011f\u0131 ve 53 helikopter al\u0131m\u0131 anla\u015fmas\u0131 yapt\u0131. (8)<\/p>\n

Birle\u015fik Latin Amerika politikas\u0131
\n<\/em><\/strong>Chavez y\u00f6netiminin Latin Amerika\u2019ya y\u00f6nelik politikalar\u0131n\u0131n bir \u00f6rne\u011fi G\u00fcney Amerika\u2019daki b\u00fct\u00fcn uluslar\u0131 yeni bir siyasal ve ekonomik proje alt\u0131nda bir araya getiren G\u00fcney Amerika Uluslar\u0131 Birli\u011fi\u2019nin (UNASUR) kurulmas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Bolivarc\u0131 y\u00f6netim K\u00fcba\u2019yla ortak bir politik hat \u00fczerinde Latin Amerika\u2019n\u0131n ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z kurumlar\u0131n\u0131 yaratma \u00e7abas\u0131 i\u00e7inde oldu. ABD egemenli\u011findeki ALCA\u2019ya (9) kar\u015f\u0131 \u201cAmerikan Halklar\u0131 \u0130\u00e7in Bolivarc\u0131 \u0130ttifak (ALBA)\u201d\u0131n kurulmas\u0131na \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fck etti. Chavez ALBA\u2019y\u0131 Venezuela, K\u00fcba, Bolivya, Ekvador ve Nikaragua\u2019n\u0131n temel bile\u015fkeni oldu\u011fu; ortak para birimi \u201cSucre\u201dyi gelecekte kullanmay\u0131 hedefleyen bir k\u0131tasal \u00f6rg\u00fct olarak form\u00fcle etti. (10)<\/p>\n

Venezuela 2011\u2019de Karayip ve Latin Amerika Devletler Toplulu\u011fu\u2019nun (CELAC) kurulu\u015funa \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fck etti. 2012\u2019de ise Venezuela\u2019n\u0131n G\u00fcney Amerika Ortak Pazar\u0131 MERCOSUR\u2019a \u00fcyeli\u011fiyle d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck be\u015finci ekonomik devletler grubu olu\u015ftu. (11)<\/p>\n

\u201cAmerikal\u0131lar Okulu\u201dnun egemenli\u011fini k\u0131rmaya d\u00f6n\u00fck \u00f6nemli ad\u0131mlar Ch\u00e1vez h\u00fck\u00fcmetince desteklendi. ALBA\u2019ya ba\u011fl\u0131 \u201cOnur ve Egemenlik Askeri Okulu\u201d Bolivya\u2019da a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131. UNASUR kapsam\u0131nda \u201cG\u00fcney Amerika Savunma Stratejileri E\u011fitim Merkezi\u201d Buenos Aires\u2019de hizmete girdi.<\/p>\n

Hugo Chavez y\u00f6netimindeki Venezuela, K\u00fcba\u2019yla stratejik d\u00fczeyde politik ve ekonomik ili\u015fkiler kurdu. 2000 y\u0131l\u0131nda yap\u0131lan enerji anla\u015fmas\u0131na g\u00f6re ambargo alt\u0131ndaki adaya g\u00fcnl\u00fck 40 bin varil ham, 13 bin varil i\u015flenmi\u015f petrol ihrac\u0131na ba\u015flad\u0131. (12) 2012\u2019de 82 bin varile \u00e7\u0131kan bu oran Venezuela\u2019n\u0131n politik ittifak\u0131 olan K\u00fcba\u2019y\u0131 \u00f6nemli bir ticaret orta\u011f\u0131 haline getirdi. \u0130ki \u00fclke aras\u0131nda kurulan 36 ortak \u015firket 2011\u2019e kadar 200\u2019den fazla ticari giri\u015fimi tamamlad\u0131. Venezuela ile K\u00fcba aras\u0131nda maliyeti 70,4 milyon dolar olan 1630 km uzunlu\u011funda fiber optik kablo d\u00f6\u015fendi.<\/p>\n

K\u00fcba, adaya ta\u015f\u0131nan petrole kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k, \u00f6demelerinin b\u00fcy\u00fck k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 Venezuela\u2019n\u0131n ihtiyac\u0131 olan doktor, \u00f6\u011fretmen, pedagog ve teknik personel deste\u011fi sa\u011flayarak yapmaktad\u0131r. K\u00fcba\u2019dan \u00e7o\u011fu t\u0131p alan\u0131ndan 2000\u2019de 13 bin, 2003\u2019te 45 bin 174 personel Venezuela\u2019ya geldi. (13) Buna ek olarak 24 bin Venezuelal\u0131 gencin K\u00fcba\u2019da t\u0131p e\u011fitimi almas\u0131 sa\u011fland\u0131.<\/p>\n

Ayr\u0131ca PVDSA tecr\u00fcbesine dayanarak K\u00fcba Devlet Petrol \u015eirketi CUPET ada \u00e7evresinde yeni petrol rezervlerinin i\u015fletilmesi ve di\u011fer Karayip \u00fclkelerine ham petrol ticaretinde \u00f6nemli ad\u0131mlar atmaktad\u0131r. \u0130ki \u00fclke aras\u0131ndaki dayan\u0131\u015fma sayesinde K\u00fcba enerji sorununu \u00e7\u00f6zm\u00fc\u015f, daha \u00f6nemlisi yar\u0131m as\u0131rd\u0131r s\u00fcren ambargoyu k\u0131rarak, yal\u0131t\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 anakaras\u0131yla yeniden b\u00fct\u00fcnle\u015fme olana\u011f\u0131 kazanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Chavez h\u00fck\u00fcmetinin yaln\u0131zca Venezuela\u2019da de\u011fil Latin Amerika genelinde halklar\u0131n e\u011fitim, sa\u011fl\u0131k, g\u0131da, enerji gibi temel ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131lamaya d\u00f6n\u00fck programlar\u0131 bulunmaktad\u0131r. Venezuela h\u00fck\u00fcmeti k\u0131tadaki ulusal end\u00fcstrileri destekleyen bir ekonomi politikas\u0131 y\u00fcr\u00fctmektedir.<\/p>\n

Kolombiya\u2019yla ili\u015fkiler
\n<\/em><\/strong>Venezuela bat\u0131 kom\u015fusu Kolombiya\u2019yla sosyal, tarihsel, politik ve ekonomik alanda k\u00f6kl\u00fc ba\u011flara sahiptir. Her iki \u00fclke de Simon Bolivar\u2019\u0131n kurdu\u011fu \u201cB\u00fcy\u00fck Kolombiya\u201dn\u0131n par\u00e7as\u0131yd\u0131lar. Jeostratejik d\u00fczeyde birbirine ba\u011fl\u0131 olan Kolombiya\u2019yla Venezuela\u2019y\u0131 birbirinden yal\u0131tmak olanaks\u0131zd\u0131r. Aralar\u0131ndaki ili\u015fki her d\u00f6nem s\u0131n\u0131r kom\u015fusu olmaktan \u00e7ok \u00f6tededir. Bu g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc ba\u011f\u0131n do\u011fal sonucu da iki \u00fclkenin sorunlar\u0131n\u0131 birbirlerine ta\u015f\u0131malar\u0131d\u0131r. \u00d6zellikle daha stratejik bir konuma sahip olan Kolombiya\u2019ya y\u00f6nelik Kuzey Amerika m\u00fcdahaleleri, kirli sava\u015f ve uyu\u015fturucu trafi\u011finin Venezuela\u2019da y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131 etkileri ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmazd\u0131.<\/p>\n

Bunun yan\u0131 s\u0131ra Venezuela end\u00fcstriden yoksun, geleneksel olarak petrol gelirine dayanan bir \u00fclke olman\u0131n dezavantaj\u0131yla ihtiyac\u0131 olan mallar\u0131n \u00f6nemli bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 Kolombiya\u2019dan kar\u015f\u0131lamak zorundad\u0131r. \u00dcretim gelene\u011fi, end\u00fcstri ve pazar tecr\u00fcbesine sahip olan Kolombiya, Venezuela ekonomisindeki etkin g\u00fc\u00e7lerden biridir. Venezuela\u2019da ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcren iki milyon dolay\u0131ndaki Kolombiya vatanda\u015f\u0131 bu ekonomik etkinli\u011fin bir par\u00e7as\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Venezuela sa\u011f\u0131yla s\u0131k\u0131 ba\u011flar\u0131 olan Kolombiya, \u00f6zellikle Alvaro Uribe y\u00f6netiminde, Ch\u00e1vez y\u00f6netimine kar\u015f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015fmanca bir tav\u0131r sergiledi. Venezuela\u2019y\u0131 istikrars\u0131zla\u015ft\u0131rma ad\u0131na her t\u00fcrl\u00fc faaliyeti destekledi: Uyu\u015fturucu trafi\u011fini Venezuela\u2019ya do\u011fru kayd\u0131rd\u0131. S\u0131n\u0131r b\u00f6lgelerine giren kontrgerilla gruplar\u0131 Venezuelal\u0131 k\u00f6yl\u00fcleri \u00f6ld\u00fcrmeye ba\u015flad\u0131. Ba\u015fkent Caracas\u2019taki Kolombiyal\u0131 paramiliter g\u00fc\u00e7ler mahallelerde kokaini \u00fccretsiz da\u011f\u0131tmaya bile ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/p>\n

\u0130ki \u00fclke aras\u0131nda 2007 sonunda ba\u015flayan gerilim (14) 22 Temmuz 2010 tarihinde Amerikan Devletleri \u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fc (OEA) toplant\u0131s\u0131nda Kolombiya\u2019n\u0131n Venezuela\u2019y\u0131 ter\u00f6rizmi desteklemekle su\u00e7lamas\u0131yla doru\u011fa \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. S\u00f6z\u00fc ge\u00e7en toplant\u0131da Kolombiya temsilcisi, FARC ve ELN gerillalar\u0131yla Venezuelal\u0131 askerler aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fkileri g\u00f6steren baz\u0131 foto\u011fraf ve belgeleri sunmu\u015ftu. Venezuela topraklar\u0131nda baz\u0131 gerilla kamplar\u0131 oldu\u011funu iddia eden Kolombiya h\u00fck\u00fcmeti, Venezuela\u2019y\u0131 OEA\u2019ya ba\u011fl\u0131 \u0130nsan Haklar\u0131 Komisyonu\u2019na \u015fikayet etti. Ayr\u0131ca Ch\u00e1vez\u2019in yarg\u0131lanmas\u0131 i\u00e7in Uluslararas\u0131 Ceza Mahkemesi\u2019ne ba\u015fvuruldu. Alvaro Uribe Ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndaki Kolombiya H\u00fck\u00fcmeti OEA\u2019da \u201cter\u00f6rist kamplara\u201d m\u00fcdahale edebilece\u011fini bildirdi. Venezuela h\u00fck\u00fcmeti bu geli\u015fme \u00fczerine Kolombiya\u2019yla ili\u015fkilerini kesti\u011fini a\u00e7\u0131klad\u0131.<\/p>\n

Halbuki Ch\u00e1vez 2008 ba\u015f\u0131ndan beri Kolombiya\u2019da s\u00fcrmekte olan gerilla sava\u015f\u0131n\u0131n ABD\u2019nin b\u00f6lgeye m\u00fcdahalesi i\u00e7in bir bahane oldu\u011funu, bu sayede b\u00f6lgede yeni askeri \u00fcsler a\u00e7ma f\u0131rsat\u0131 yakalad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yleyerek FARC\u2019a silah b\u0131rakma \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131s\u0131nda bulunmaktayd\u0131. Venezuela y\u00f6netimi, Kolombiya\u2019daki gerilla g\u00fc\u00e7lerine -siyasal varl\u0131klar\u0131na ve taleplerine sayg\u0131 duymakla beraber- herhangi bir destek sunmamaktayd\u0131. Az say\u0131da gerilla kamp\u0131n\u0131n Venezuela s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 i\u00e7inde bulunmas\u0131n\u0131n nedeni co\u011frafi i\u00e7 i\u00e7e ge\u00e7mi\u015flikten kaynaklanmaktayd\u0131. (15) \u00dcstelik bu yeni de\u011fil 40 y\u0131ld\u0131r s\u00fcrmekte olan bir durumdu.<\/p>\n

7 A\u011fustos 2010\u2019da Manuel Santos Kolombiya\u2019da ba\u015fkanl\u0131k koltu\u011funa oturdu. 10 A\u011fustos\u2019ta Kolombiya\u2019n\u0131n Santa Marta kentinde s\u00fcrpriz bir toplant\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti. Bir araya gelen Ch\u00e1vez ve muadili Santos 6 maddelik \u201cPrensipler Deklarasyonu\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 alt\u0131nda bir belgeye imza atarak iki \u00fclkenin vard\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00e7at\u0131\u015fma pozisyonuna son verdiler. (16) 20 A\u011fustos\u2019ta iki \u00fclke D\u0131\u015fi\u015fleri Bakanlar\u0131n\u0131n bir araya gelmesiyle \u201cnormal\u201d diplomatik ili\u015fkilere geri d\u00f6n\u00fcld\u00fc.<\/p>\n

2010 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u0130spanya FARC ve ETA\u2019yla ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 ki\u015filerin Venezuela\u2019da bulundu\u011funu iddia ederek iadelerini istedi. Ayn\u0131 y\u0131l\u0131n Aral\u0131k ay\u0131ndan itibaren Ch\u00e1vez, kendinden beklenmeyen ve sol kesimlerde sert ele\u015ftirilere neden olacak \u015fekilde, 4 ELN ve 3 FARC \u00fcyesini tutuklayarak Kolombiya\u2019ya teslim etti.<\/p>\n

Buna kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k Venezuela 2011 May\u0131s\u2019\u0131nda Kolombiya h\u00fck\u00fcmetinden Honduras\u2019\u0131n devrik ba\u015fkan\u0131 Zelaya\u2019n\u0131n yeniden serbest se\u00e7imlere kat\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in destek ald\u0131. Ayr\u0131ca Venezuela, Kolombiya h\u00fck\u00fcmetiyle gerilla g\u00fc\u00e7leri aras\u0131nda bar\u0131\u015f g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmelerine ba\u015flanmas\u0131 i\u00e7in arac\u0131 oldu. 27 A\u011fustos 2012\u2019de Santos h\u00fck\u00fcmeti K\u00fcba ba\u015fkenti Havana\u2019da FARC komutas\u0131yla bar\u0131\u015f s\u00fcrecini ba\u015flatan anla\u015fmaya imza att\u0131. 4 Eyl\u00fcl\u2019de Kolombiya Ba\u015fkan\u0131, Oslo\u2019da ba\u015flay\u0131p K\u00fcba\u2019da devam edecek olan diyalog masas\u0131n\u0131 resmi olarak belirledi.<\/p>\n

B\u00f6ylece Kolombiya\u2019yla Venezuela aras\u0131nda ihtilafa bahane olan gerek\u00e7eler t\u00fcm\u00fcyle ortadan kalkm\u0131\u015f oldu.<\/p>\n

Ch\u00e1vez y\u00f6netiminde ekonomik ve sosyal ilerleme
\n<\/em><\/strong>2003\u2019te %55,1 olan yoksulluk seviyesi 2007\u2019de %27,5\u2019e; a\u00e7l\u0131k s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n\u0131n alt\u0131nda ya\u015fayan %25\u2019lik kesim %7,9\u2019a geriledi. Chavez\u2019in iktidara geldi\u011fi 1999\u2019da asgari \u00fccret 28 dolarken, 2012\u2019de 476 dolar oldu. 2003\u2019te i\u015fsizlik oran\u0131 %20,7\u2019iyken bu rakam 2009\u2019da %7,4\u2019e d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc.<\/p>\n

\u00c7elik \u00fcretimi (Sidor), telekom\u00fcnikasyon (Cantv), \u00e7imento \u00fcretimi (Cemex), bankac\u0131l\u0131k (Banco de Venezuela) ve besin da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m\u0131 (\u00c9xito) gibi alanlardaki kilit end\u00fcstriler kamula\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131. Petrol d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki alanlarda kamula\u015ft\u0131rmalar ge\u00e7 geldi ve -SIDOR\u2019da oldu\u011fu gibi- toplumsal dayatman\u0131n sonucunda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti. Nisan 2008 tarihinde SIDOR \u00e7elik tesisindeki 15 bin i\u015f\u00e7i yakla\u015f\u0131k iki aydan beri grevdeyken Ba\u015fkan Chavez \u015firketin kamula\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klad\u0131. Bu olay greve ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131z bir polis m\u00fcdahalesi sonras\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015fti. (17)<\/p>\n

Bolivarc\u0131 H\u00fck\u00fcmet, Frans\u0131z Lafarge, \u0130svi\u00e7reli Holcim ve Meksikal\u0131 Cemex\u2019in elinde bulunan \u00e7imento sanayini kamula\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131ktan sonra asgari \u00fccreti ve kamu hizmeti maa\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 art\u0131rd\u0131. 2009\u2019da ise g\u0131da sanayinde Cargill gibi \u015firketleri etkileyen \u00f6nemli kamula\u015ft\u0131rmalara imza att\u0131.<\/p>\n

Elektrik alan\u0131ndaki kamula\u015ft\u0131rmalar da sistem tamamen i\u015flemez hale geldi\u011finde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti. Uzun s\u00fcredir bilin\u00e7li \u015fekilde ihmal edilen sistem sebebiyle enerjinin b\u00fcy\u00fck k\u0131sm\u0131 kayboluyor ve b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6zel sanayi \u015firketlerince \u00e7al\u0131n\u0131yordu. Elektrik da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m \u015firketleri yapmalar\u0131 gereken yat\u0131r\u0131m ve bak\u0131m\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmedi\u011finden 2009\u2019da \u00fclkede b\u00fcy\u00fck bir enerji krizi do\u011fdu. Kriz \u00fclke g\u00fcvenli\u011fi ve \u00fcretimini etkilemeye ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 zaman kamula\u015ft\u0131rmalar ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti.<\/p>\n

Ch\u00e1vez k\u0131sa s\u00fcrede devletin \u00fcretilen petrol \u00fczerindeki hakk\u0131n\u0131 %1\u2019den y\u00fczde 33\u2019e \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131. Toprak reformunda oldu\u011fu gibi b\u00fct\u00fcn bu kamula\u015ft\u0131rmalar y\u00fcksek tazminatlarla sonu\u00e7land\u0131. H\u00fck\u00fcmet uluslararas\u0131 bir krize yol a\u00e7mamak i\u00e7in \u201cmal sahiplerine\u201d bedelleri fazlas\u0131yla \u00f6dedi. Fakat yine de Exxon gibi bir \u015firketin 2008 y\u0131l\u0131nda Hollanda ve \u0130ngiltere mahkemeleri taraf\u0131ndan bloke edilen PDVSA\u2019ya ait olan 12 milyar dolar\u0131 elde etmesine engel olamad\u0131. (18)<\/p>\n

2005\u2019te Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler taraf\u0131ndan okuma yazma sorunu kalmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ilan edilen Venezuela, UNESCO listesinde y\u00fcksek \u00f6\u011fretime kay\u0131t oran\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan d\u00fcnyan\u0131n be\u015finci s\u0131ras\u0131nda bulunmaktad\u0131r. Latin Amerika\u2019da n\u00fcfusa oranla \u00fcniversiteye kay\u0131t y\u00fczdesi K\u00fcba\u2019dan sonra ikinci s\u0131radaki en y\u00fcksek \u00fclkedir.<\/p>\n

Ba\u015fta kad\u0131n ve \u00e7ocuk olmak \u00fczere ailelerin ya\u015fam kalitesinin art\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131na d\u00f6n\u00fck yirmiden fazla sosyal programdan milyonlarca Venezuelal\u0131 yararland\u0131. Bug\u00fcn yedi binden fazla merkezde \u00fccretsiz sa\u011fl\u0131k hizmeti verilmektedir. Sadece \u201cMision Milagro\u201d ad\u0131 verilen g\u00f6z sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 program\u0131nda 36 milyon muayene, 4,5 milyon g\u00f6z operasyonu yap\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n

T\u00fcm haberle\u015fme hizmetlerinin devlete ait oldu\u011fu Venezuela\u2019da 1999\u2019da n\u00fcfusun yaln\u0131zca %1,3\u2019\u00fc internet sahibiyken bu oran 2011\u2019de %40,3\u2019e \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 28 milyon n\u00fcfuslu \u00fclkede 30 milyondan fazla cep telefonu abonesi vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Venezuela ilk uydusu Simon Bolivar\u2019\u0131 2008\u2019de ve ikinci uydusu olan Francisco Miranda\u2019y\u0131 2012\u2019de \u00c7in\u2019le ortak in\u015fa ederek d\u00fcnya y\u00f6r\u00fcngesine yerle\u015ftirdi.<\/p>\n

\"\"
Venezuela\u2019da Gayri Safi Yurt \u0130\u00e7i Has\u0131la\u2019n\u0131n geli\u015fimi.
(2005-2008 periyodu D\u00fcnya Bankas\u0131, 2009-2011 periyodu IMF verilerinden derlenmi\u015ftir.)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

1998\u2019te Venezuela\u2019da kamu bor\u00e7lar\u0131 GSY\u0130H\u2019n\u0131n %73\u2019\u00fcne denk gelirken bu oran 2008\u2019de %13\u2019e inmi\u015ftir. \u00dclkenin 2002\u2019deki toplam net borcu 35,4 milyar dolardan, 2010\u2019da 72,9 milyar dolara \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Halihaz\u0131rda %35\u2019lik bir oranla \u00fclkenin en b\u00fcy\u00fck ithalat\u00e7\u0131s\u0131 Venezuela kamu idaresidir.<\/p>\n

\"\"
Venezuela d\u0131\u015f ticaret dengesi (milyar dolar, USD).
(Venezuela Merkez Bankas\u0131 verilerinden derlenmi\u015ftir.)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Demokratik geli\u015fme
\n<\/em><\/strong>Bat\u0131l\u0131 \u00e7evrelerin Ch\u00e1vez\u2019den \u015fikayet etmek i\u00e7in fazla gerek\u00e7eleri bulunmuyor. Zira \u201cbat\u0131n\u0131n diliyle\u201d konu\u015fmak gerekirse; Ch\u00e1vez y\u00f6netimindeki Venezuela \u201cdemokrasi, \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fckler ve f\u0131rsat e\u015fitli\u011fi\u201d alanlar\u0131nda ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc bir s\u0131\u00e7rama ya\u015fad\u0131.<\/p>\n

Bat\u0131l\u0131 normlarda \u201cdemokrasinin\u201d en \u00f6nemli i\u015fareti olan se\u00e7imler a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan Venezuela\u2019n\u0131n, ABD\u2019nin ve bir\u00e7ok Avrupa \u00fclkesinin \u00f6n\u00fcnde oldu\u011fu 7 Ekim 2012 ba\u015fkanl\u0131k se\u00e7imlerinde g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc. Hi\u00e7bir k\u0131s\u0131tlama ve olay\u0131n ya\u015fanmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 kampanya ortam\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, on bin gazetecinin g\u00f6zlemci oldu\u011fu \u00fclkede se\u00e7ime kat\u0131l\u0131m oran\u0131 %81\u2019dir. (19) \u00dcstelik 1999 \u00f6ncesi n\u00fcfusa kay\u0131tl\u0131 se\u00e7men oran\u0131 %79\u2019dan tamam\u0131na ula\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Kullan\u0131lan ikili (elektronik ve zarf usul\u00fc) oy sisteminin g\u00fcvenilirli\u011fi %100 kan\u0131tlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Venezuela se\u00e7imleri d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en a\u00e7\u0131k ve g\u00fcvenilir sonucunu yans\u0131tm\u0131\u015f, her kesimden takdir g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

2006\u2019da \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan Belediye Konseyleri Yasas\u0131yla halk\u0131n yerelden merkeze, y\u00f6netime demokratik kat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 sa\u011flanmas\u0131 hedeflendi. Konseyler her belediyede 15 ya\u015f \u00fczeri n\u00fcfusun en az %20\u2019sini kapsamak durumundad\u0131rlar. 2011 Nisan\u2019\u0131nda say\u0131s\u0131 41600\u2019e ula\u015fan Belediye Konseylerinin 9 bininden fazlas\u0131 daha ileri bir formda \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmi\u015f olan \u201cSosyalist Konseyler\u201ddir. Belediye Konseylerinin m\u00fcdahale alan\u0131 ise neredeyse s\u0131n\u0131rs\u0131zd\u0131r. (20)<\/p>\n

Yap\u0131lan toprak reformu sayesinde kurulan on binlerce kooperatife \u00fcye binlerce aile i\u015fleyecek topra\u011fa sahip oldu. Bor\u00e7lanma, toprak reformu ve kamu e\u011fitimi ile yoksullu\u011fu azaltma gibi toplumsal programlarda kad\u0131nlara ve yerli halklara \u00f6ncelik tan\u0131nd\u0131.<\/p>\n

Bas\u0131n \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan da Ch\u00e1vez d\u00f6nemi sorunsuzdur. Venezuela\u2019da tek bir gazeteci hapis ya da herhangi bir kovu\u015fturma tehdidi alt\u0131nda olmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bas\u0131n yay\u0131n alan\u0131ndaki geli\u015fimden yaln\u0131zca medya tekelleri rahats\u0131zd\u0131r. (21) Bu d\u00f6nemde ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z 243 radyo ile 37 televizyon kurulmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

Se\u00e7imler ve Ch\u00e1vez\u2019in hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131
\n<\/em><\/strong>Yeni Bolivarc\u0131 Venezuela Anayasas\u0131na g\u00f6re 2000 y\u0131l\u0131ndaki ba\u015fkanl\u0131k se\u00e7imlerinde Hugo Ch\u00e1vez oylar\u0131n %59,76\u2019s\u0131n\u0131 (3.757.773 oy) alarak ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011fa hak kazanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. O tarihte kay\u0131tl\u0131 11.720.971 se\u00e7menin yaln\u0131zca %56,63\u2019\u00fc sand\u0131\u011fa gelmi\u015fti. Kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131ndaki LCR\u2019den Francisco Arias C\u00e1rdenas\u2019\u0131n (22) destek\u00e7ileri 2.359.459 oyda kald\u0131.<\/p>\n

2006\u2019da se\u00e7men say\u0131s\u0131 15.784.777\u2019ye y\u00fckseldi ve se\u00e7ime kat\u0131l\u0131m oran\u0131 %74,69\u2019a (11.790.397) ula\u015ft\u0131. %62,84 oy oran\u0131 (7.309.080 oy) Hugo Ch\u00e1vez\u2019i ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011fa ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131. Sa\u011f muhalefetin temsilcisi Manuel Rosales 4.292.466 (%36,90) oy ald\u0131.<\/p>\n

7 Ekim 2012 Ba\u015fkanl\u0131k se\u00e7imleri s\u0131ras\u0131nda se\u00e7men say\u0131s\u0131 18.903.937\u2019ye, kat\u0131l\u0131m oran\u0131 ise tarihinin en y\u00fcksek seviyesi olan %80,72\u2019ye \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Ch\u00e1vez oylar\u0131n 8.185.120\u2019sini (%55,08), rakibi Capriles ise 6.583.426\u2019\u0131n\u0131 (%44,30) elde etti.<\/p>\n

Ch\u00e1vez\u2019in zaferine ra\u011fmen sa\u011f cephenin oylar\u0131ndaki art\u0131\u015f dikkate de\u011ferdi. 12 y\u0131ll\u0131k Bolivarc\u0131 iktidar s\u00fcresince sa\u011f cephe hi\u00e7 bu kadar \u00f6rg\u00fctl\u00fc ve dinamik bir liderli\u011fe sahip olmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Ayr\u0131ca kay\u0131tl\u0131 se\u00e7men say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n %19,76 art\u0131\u015f\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n Ch\u00e1vez kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 oylar %53,37 oran\u0131nda y\u00fckseldi. Ch\u00e1vez\u2019e destek verenlerin oylar\u0131ndaki art\u0131\u015f ise %11,98\u2019de kald\u0131.<\/p>\n

Oysa se\u00e7im rakamlar\u0131n\u0131n bu par\u0131lt\u0131s\u0131 bile sa\u011fc\u0131lar\u0131n yenilgiyi unutmas\u0131 i\u00e7in yeterli de\u011fildi. Capriles se\u00e7im yap\u0131lan 24 eyaletin 22\u2019sinde Ch\u00e1vez\u2019i ge\u00e7meyi ba\u015faramam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Ekonomi 2006\u2019dan bu yana ilk y\u0131llar kadar \u00fcst\u00fcn bir geli\u015fme g\u00f6stermedi\u011fi halde Ch\u00e1vez \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc koruyordu. \u00dcstelik Ch\u00e1vez se\u00e7imlere a\u011f\u0131r bir kanser tedavisi s\u00fcrecinde girmi\u015f, \u00f6lece\u011fi neredeyse kesinle\u015fmi\u015f bir rakipti.<\/p>\n

Sa\u011f cephedeki demoralizasyon, Ch\u00e1vez\u2019in k\u0131r\u0131lamayan etkisinden \u00e7ok, Bolivarc\u0131 Sosyalizmin toplumsal mekanizmalara yerle\u015fmi\u015f oldu\u011funu kabul etmek zorunda kalmas\u0131ndan kaynaklan\u0131yordu. Capriles se\u00e7imi almak i\u00e7in program\u0131n\u0131 Ch\u00e1vez\u2019inkine benzetmi\u015f, hatta onun \u201csol\u201d bir ele\u015ftirisine bile soyunmu\u015ftu. Sa\u011f cephe program d\u00fczeyinde, Ch\u00e1vez\u2019in onca muharebe sonucu kabul ettirdi\u011fi, halk\u00e7\u0131 ve devlet\u00e7i ekonomi politikalar\u0131n\u0131 sahiplenmek mecburiyetinde kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bunca tavize kar\u015f\u0131n se\u00e7imi alamayan sa\u011f, 2019\u2019a kadar i\u015fleri yoluna koyan bir Bolivarc\u0131 iktidar kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda iyice gereksiz hale gelecekti.<\/p>\n

Ba\u015fkan Ch\u00e0vez kanser kaynakl\u0131 hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131 yeniden n\u00fcksetti\u011finden Kas\u0131m sonuna do\u011fru yeniden K\u00fcba\u2019ya gitmek durumunda kald\u0131. Bu \u015fartlarda Aral\u0131k ay\u0131n\u0131n ikinci haftas\u0131 eyalet se\u00e7imleri s\u00fcrecine girildi. Se\u00e7imlerden bir hafta kadar \u00f6nce Ch\u00e0vez, kendisine bir \u015fey olmas\u0131 durumunda yerine yard\u0131mc\u0131s\u0131 Nicolas Maduro\u2019yu \u00f6nerdi\u011fini ilan edince herkes onun yak\u0131n zamanda \u00f6lece\u011fine kesin g\u00f6z\u00fcyle bakmaya ba\u015flad\u0131. Eyalet se\u00e7imlerinin ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilece\u011fi hafta \u00e7ok a\u011f\u0131r bir ameliyata girdi. Bu ko\u015fullarda Partisi PSUV 16 Aral\u0131k b\u00f6lgesel se\u00e7imlerinde 23 valili\u011fin 20\u2019sini kazand\u0131.<\/p>\n

Venezuela Birle\u015fik Sosyalist Partisi (PSUV) ve baz\u0131 ele\u015ftiriler
\n<\/em><\/strong>Latin politikas\u0131nda devlet ba\u015fkan\u0131 adaylar\u0131, bir parti liderinden \u00e7ok, irili ufakl\u0131 siyasal parti ve hareketleri kendi etraf\u0131nda birle\u015ftiren bir rol oynar. Ba\u015fkan\u0131n yetene\u011fi toplumsal s\u0131n\u0131f ve \u00f6rg\u00fctler aras\u0131ndaki \u00e7\u0131kar dengesini iyi y\u00f6netmesiyle \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

Oysa Bolivarc\u0131 Devrim\u2019de Chavez\u2019in liderli\u011fi yar\u0131m as\u0131rl\u0131k siyasal dengeyi bozma \u00fczerine kuruludur. Bolivarc\u0131 liderli\u011fin s\u0131rr\u0131, par\u00e7al\u0131 durumdaki solu birle\u015ftirmi\u015f ve bu sayede demoralize durumdaki yoksul halk kitlelerini harekete ge\u00e7irecek enerjiyi yaratm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Bolivarc\u0131 Devrim Venezuela halk\u0131 i\u00e7in birli\u011fe giden yolu a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Ch\u00e1vez 2006 Aral\u0131\u011f\u0131ndaki Ba\u015fkanl\u0131k se\u00e7imlerine girerken birle\u015fik bir sosyalist partinin in\u015fas\u0131n\u0131n gereklili\u011finden s\u00f6z ediyordu. O se\u00e7im d\u00f6neminde Ch\u00e1vez\u2019i 24 siyasi parti ya da hareket destekliyordu. Se\u00e7im zaferi sonras\u0131 bu yap\u0131lar Ch\u00e1vez\u2019in i\u015faret etti\u011fi gibi Birle\u015fik Sosyalist Parti\u2019nin in\u015fas\u0131 s\u00fcrecine kat\u0131ld\u0131lar ve Kom\u00fcnist Parti gibi birka\u00e7\u0131 haricinde PSUV\u2019u meydana getirdiler. S\u00fcre\u00e7 24 Aral\u0131k 2007\u2019de ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen ilk PSUV toplant\u0131s\u0131ndan 12 Ocak 2008\u2019deki Kurulu\u015f Kongresine uzand\u0131. Venezuela Birle\u015fik Sosyalist Partisi 14 Mart 2008\u2019de resmen kuruldu\u011funda kay\u0131tl\u0131 5 milyon 800 bin \u00fcyesi bulunuyordu. Bunlar\u0131n 1 milyon 200 bini aktif parti militan\u0131yd\u0131.<\/p>\n

PSUV\u2019un in\u015fas\u0131 Bolivarc\u0131 Devrim kurumla\u015fmas\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan b\u00fcy\u00fck bir ad\u0131md\u0131. Parti devrimden reforma ilerici kanatlar\u0131n t\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc kapsama yolunda b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7aba g\u00f6sterdi. Ch\u00e1vez varoldu\u011fu s\u00fcrece partinin b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc ve etki alan\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrece\u011fine kimsenin \u015f\u00fcphesi bulunmuyor. PSUV yeni bir parti olman\u0131n dinamizmine ve esnekli\u011fine sahip. Sosyalist demokrasi k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn yerle\u015fmesi uzun bir prati\u011fi gerektirir fakat parti y\u00f6netiminin Ch\u00e1vez h\u00fck\u00fcmetinin bakanlar\u0131nca doldurulmas\u0131 ve devlet b\u00fcrokrasisiyle partinin i\u00e7 i\u00e7e girmi\u015fli\u011finden kaynaklanan sorunlar mevcut: B\u00fcrokrasi i\u00e7erisindeki yayg\u0131n r\u00fc\u015fvet ve yolsuzluklara partinin de dahil olmas\u0131 gibi.<\/p>\n

Bolivarc\u0131 Devrim 12 y\u0131lda Venezuela\u2019n\u0131n ekonomik yap\u0131s\u0131nda ve siyasetle toplum aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fkide keskin de\u011fi\u015fiklikler yapt\u0131. Ancak \u00fclkenin siyasal ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel al\u0131\u015fkanl\u0131klar\u0131nda bunun yans\u0131mas\u0131 hen\u00fcz g\u00f6r\u00fclmedi. Refah d\u00fczeyinin y\u00fckselmesi kapitalist t\u00fcketim k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc g\u00fc\u00e7lendirdi. T\u00fcketilen \u00fcr\u00fcnlerin b\u00fcy\u00fck k\u0131sm\u0131 yurt d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndan -\u00f6zellikle de ABD\u2019den- geliyor. Bu Karayip b\u00f6lgesinde yerle\u015fik \u201cyanki k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc\u201dn\u00fcn Venezuela\u2019daki toplumsal yap\u0131da yerini korumas\u0131na yol a\u00e7\u0131yor.<\/p>\n

Venezuela\u2019da g\u00fcndelik hayatla politik dil aras\u0131ndaki u\u00e7urum bir \u201cge\u00e7i\u015f\u201d d\u00f6nemine mi i\u015faret etmektedir? Belediye Konseyleri gibi sosyalist halk demokrasisinin temelini olu\u015fturan organlar\u0131n iktidar alan\u0131 daralacak, geni\u015fleyecek ya da s\u00f6necek midir? Valilerin yetkileriyle konseyler aras\u0131ndaki \u00e7arp\u0131\u015fma hangisinin lehine sonu\u00e7lanacakt\u0131r? Giderek kastla\u015fan b\u00fcrokrasi sorunu nas\u0131l \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmlenecektir? PSUV y\u00f6netimi b\u00fcrokratikle\u015fmeden ve \u201ck\u0131z\u0131l bereli burjuvalar\u201ddan nas\u0131l ar\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131lacakt\u0131r? Yaln\u0131zca Bolivarc\u0131 Anayasaya sad\u0131k, ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z yarg\u0131 g\u00fcc\u00fc nas\u0131l olu\u015fturulacakt\u0131r? Ekonomide \u00f6zel giri\u015fimin artan etkisinin s\u00fcrecek midir? Venezuela\u2019da uygulanan devlet\u00e7i planlama petrol gelirine dayanan bir \u201csosyalist pazar ekonomisi\u201d midir? E\u011fer \u00f6yleyse; b\u00fcy\u00fck petrol geliri sebebiyle, \u00fcretmek yerine daha ucuza mal olan ithal \u00fcr\u00fcne y\u00f6neli\u015fin \u00f6n\u00fcne nas\u0131l ge\u00e7ilecektir? (23)<\/p>\n

Chavez sonras\u0131
\n<\/em><\/strong>Ger\u00e7ek \u015fu ki t\u00fcm bu sorular Comandante\u2019nin gidi\u015fiyle ikinci plana d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Bolivarc\u0131 Devrim, sosyo-ekonomik geli\u015fmeyi hen\u00fcz tart\u0131\u015facak durumda de\u011fildir. Venezuela\u2019da devrim, bir \u00fclke sorunu olman\u0131n \u00e7ok \u00f6tesinde b\u00f6lge hatta d\u00fcnya politik dengeleri i\u00e7in hayati bir a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131k arz etmektedir. Chavez\u2019in kurdu\u011fu ittifaklar Venezuela\u2019y\u0131 uluslararas\u0131 dengeler i\u00e7inde stratejik bir konuma getirmi\u015ftir. Bu nedenle Chavez\u2019in hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131yla K\u00fcba, Rusya ve \u00c7in yak\u0131ndan ilgilenmi\u015flerdir.<\/p>\n

Son bir y\u0131ll\u0131k tedavi s\u00fcrecinde Bolivarc\u0131 liderlik neredeyse K\u00fcba\u2019ya ta\u015f\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Defalarca kez Bolivarc\u0131 H\u00fck\u00fcmet Bakanlar Kurulu toplant\u0131s\u0131 K\u00fcba ba\u015fkentinde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015ftir. Comandante\u2019nin halka g\u00f6r\u00fcnmedi\u011fi \u00fc\u00e7 ayl\u0131k s\u00fcre\u00e7, K\u00fcba Devrimi Y\u00fcksek Komutanl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019yla Bolivarc\u0131 liderli\u011fin b\u00fct\u00fcnle\u015fmesinin sonucu m\u00fckemmel bi\u00e7imde y\u00f6netilmi\u015ftir. K\u00fcba s\u00fcrecin t\u00fcm a\u015famalar\u0131n\u0131n planlanmas\u0131ndan istihbarat ve Chavez\u2019in sa\u011fl\u0131k ve g\u00fcvenli\u011fine kadar tecr\u00fcbesini kan\u0131tlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. K\u00fcba\u2019n\u0131n bu uzun s\u00fcreli \u201coperasyon\u201du hi\u00e7bir kar\u015f\u0131 s\u0131zma ya\u015fanmadan m\u00fckemmel bi\u00e7imde y\u00f6netti\u011fini belirlemeliyiz.<\/p>\n

\u0130\u00e7eride sistem t\u00fcm ekonomik-sosyal-siyasal temelleriyle de\u011fi\u015fmi\u015f durumdad\u0131r. Bolivarc\u0131 Ulusal Silahl\u0131 Kuvvetler (FANB), Brezilya\u2019dan sonra Latin Amerika\u2019n\u0131n en g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc ordusu konumuna y\u00fckseldi. FANB Chavez\u2019e kar\u015f\u0131 2002 darbesinden sonra ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc bir de\u011fi\u015fime u\u011fram\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ordunun e\u011fitim, silah-m\u00fchimmat ve komuta kademesi tamamen devrimin ihtiyac\u0131na uygun bi\u00e7imde d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc.<\/p>\n

Chavez\u2019in \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn ilan edildi\u011fi andan itibaren Bolivarc\u0131 Silahl\u0131 Kuvvetler Comandante\u2019ye ba\u011fl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 her bir askerinin g\u00f6zya\u015flar\u0131 ve bir b\u00fct\u00fcn olarak cenaze s\u00fcrecinin sorumlulu\u011funu alarak g\u00f6sterdi. FANB Komutanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 15 Mart gecesi Savunma Bakan\u0131 Amiral Diego Molero\u2019nun a\u00e7\u0131klamas\u0131yla \u201cBirinci g\u00f6revinin Sosyalist Devrimi savunmak\u201d oldu\u011funu t\u00fcm d\u00fcnyaya ilan etti.<\/p>\n

Chavez 8 Aral\u0131k 2012\u2019de halka yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 son konu\u015fmada (24) Devlet Ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in yerine yard\u0131mc\u0131s\u0131 Nicolas Maduro\u2019nun se\u00e7ilmesini istedi. Sendikac\u0131l\u0131ktan gelen Maduro\u2019nun siyasal y\u00f6netimin ba\u015f\u0131na gelmesi yaln\u0131zca Chavez\u2019e g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc ba\u011fl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 nedeniyle de\u011fil iktidar ve halk aras\u0131ndaki ba\u011f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan da \u00f6nemliydi.<\/p>\n

14 Nisan ba\u015fkanl\u0131k se\u00e7imlerinde tahminler Maduro\u2019nun rakibi Capriles\u2019e en az 15 puan fark ataca\u011f\u0131 y\u00f6n\u00fcnde. ABD, Bolivarc\u0131 Devrimi art\u0131k sava\u015fmadan y\u0131kamaz. Kuzey Amerika ku\u015fkusuz y\u0131pratma faaliyetine devam edecektir ama sava\u015f\u0131 g\u00f6ze alamaz. Bolivarc\u0131 y\u00f6netimin y\u0131k\u0131lma ihtimali ise ABD\u2019ye hi\u00e7bir yarar sa\u011flayamayacakt\u0131r. Venezuela\u2019da Bolivarc\u0131lardan ba\u015fka herhangi bir iktidar ABD\u2019nin enerji ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131layacak petrol\u00fc garanti edemez.<\/p>\n

ABD destekli Venezuela sa\u011f\u0131na Bolivarc\u0131 y\u00f6netimin \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc ummaktan ba\u015fka yol g\u00f6z\u00fckm\u00fcyor. Zira mesele se\u00e7im kazanman\u0131n \u00f6tesinde kimsenin hesap etmedi\u011fi bir hal ald\u0131. Onlar\u0131 ne b\u00f6lge \u00fclkeleri ne de bat\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki d\u00fcnya g\u00fc\u00e7leri istiyor. \u00dcstelik art\u0131k Venezuela\u2019da ABD\u2019ci sa\u011fc\u0131larla \u00e7al\u0131\u015facak bir devlet b\u00fcrokrasisi ve bir ordu yok.<\/p>\n

Chavez\u2019in \u201c\u00f6l\u00fcs\u00fc\u201d ABD\u2019ye dirisinden pahal\u0131ya patlad\u0131. Uluslararas\u0131 medyan\u0131n yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 t\u00fcm kar\u015f\u0131 kampanyaya ra\u011fmen Comandante\u2019nin mesaj\u0131 d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en uzak k\u00f6\u015felerine ula\u015ft\u0131. Chavez t\u00fcm d\u00fcnyada anti-emperyalist bir sembole d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc ve ezilen uluslarda yeniden ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k idealini uyand\u0131rd\u0131. Comandante, vedas\u0131yla emperyalizmin yenemeyece\u011fi bir \u201cm\u00fckemmel d\u00fc\u015fman\u201da d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. O art\u0131k d\u00fcnyan\u0131n herhangi bir yerinde y\u00fckselecek halk\u00e7\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7lerin en \u00f6nemli esin kayna\u011f\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

D\u0130PNOTLAR<\/strong>
\n1) Venezuela ordusunun \u201cdarbeci\u201d bir gelene\u011fi yoktur. Bununla beraber Venezuela Silahl\u0131 Kuvvetlerinin G\u00f6rev Belgesinde \u201cHerhangi bir i\u00e7 veya d\u0131\u015f tehdide kar\u015f\u0131 ulusun egemenli\u011finin kal\u0131c\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 garanti ve muhafaza etmektir\u201d denilmektedir. Ch\u00e0vez y\u00f6netiminde 4 \u015eubat \u201cOnur G\u00fcn\u00fc\u201d olarak kutlanmaktad\u0131r. Chavez\u2019in 4 \u015eubat Ayaklanmas\u0131na kat\u0131lan 300\u2019e yak\u0131n silah arkada\u015f\u0131ndan 94\u2019\u00fc bug\u00fcn Bolivarc\u0131 Ulusal Silahl\u0131 Kuvvetlerde \u201cdan\u0131\u015fman\u201d olarak g\u00f6rev s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fcyor.
\n2) Oysa ger\u00e7e\u011fin tam tersi oldu\u011fu, muhalif taraftan provokat\u00f6rlerin Ch\u00e1vez taraftarlar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 silah kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 daha sonra ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131.
\n3) Carneiro 2003-2004 y\u0131llar\u0131nda Savunma Bakan\u0131 ve Genelkurmay Ba\u015fkan\u0131 olarak g\u00f6rev yapt\u0131. Emeklili\u011fi sonras\u0131nda ise Ch\u00e1vez\u2019in partisinden se\u00e7ime girerek Vargas Eyalet Valisi se\u00e7ildi.
\n4) General Romero darbe h\u00fck\u00fcmetinde yoktu fakat bu a\u00e7\u0131klamas\u0131 onun hakk\u0131nda baz\u0131 ku\u015fkular do\u011furmu\u015ftur. General bu a\u00e7\u0131klamay\u0131 Ba\u015fkan\u0131n hayat\u0131n\u0131 korumak ve kan akmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nlemek i\u00e7in yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6ylemi\u015ftir. Romero daha sonra yine Ch\u00e1vez h\u00fck\u00fcmetinde \u0130\u00e7i\u015fleri ve Adalet Bakan\u0131 olarak 2006\u2019ya kadar g\u00f6rev yapt\u0131. O tarihten sonra Venezuela\u2019n\u0131n Portekiz\u2019deki B\u00fcy\u00fckel\u00e7ili\u011fi g\u00f6revini getirildi.
\n5) Tutuklananlar i\u00e7inde Baruta Belediye Ba\u015fkan\u0131 Henrique Capriles Radonski de vard\u0131r. Capriles darbeye destek veren bir grupla K\u00fcba temsilcili\u011fini ku\u015fat\u0131p, el\u00e7ili\u011fi yakma giri\u015fiminde bulunmu\u015ftu. Capriles 2012 ba\u015fkanl\u0131k se\u00e7imlerine sa\u011f cephenin lideri olarak girdi.
\n6) OPEC\u2019e \u00fcye 13 \u00fclke d\u00fcnya petrol rezervinin %70\u2019ini elinde bulundurmaktad\u0131r. OPEC \u00fcyelerinden Angola, Irak, \u0130ran, Libya (ve \u00fcyeli\u011fe davet edilen Suriye) ABD\u2019nin do\u011frudan askeri m\u00fcdahalesine u\u011fram\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.
\n7) Ayn\u0131 tarihte Venezuela\u2019n\u0131n ABD\u2019yle ticaret hacmi 30 milyar dolard\u0131r. Rakam\u0131n y\u00fcksekli\u011finin nedeni Venezuela\u2019n\u0131n g\u00fcnl\u00fck 1,2 milyon varil petrol\u00fc Kuzey Amerika\u2019ya ihra\u00e7 etmesidir.
\n8) Venezuela 2012-2015 d\u00f6neminde 3,2 milyar dolarl\u0131k al\u0131mla Rusya\u2019n\u0131n silah ihracat\u0131nda ikinci b\u00fcy\u00fck m\u00fc\u015fterisi konumuna geldi. Birinci s\u0131rada 14,3 milyar dolarla Hindistan bulunuyor. 2011\u2019de Venezuela\u2019n\u0131n Rusya\u2019n\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra \u00c7in, Hindistan, Belarus ve \u0130ran\u2019la yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 askeri anla\u015fmalar\u0131n toplam\u0131 6-7 milyar dolar kadard\u0131r.
\n9) \u0130ngilizce ad\u0131yla \u201cFree Trade Area of the Americas\u201d serbest ticaret anla\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n t\u00fcm k\u0131taya yay\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 ama\u00e7lamaktayd\u0131. Arjantin\u2019deki IV. Amerikal\u0131lar Zirvesinde 2005\u2019te ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131\u011fa u\u011frat\u0131ld\u0131.
\n10) D\u00f6rt \u00fclkenin ALBA\u2019da ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 karara g\u00f6re Sucre 1,25 USD olarak sabitlendi.
\n11) Venezuela\u2019n\u0131n MERCOSUR \u00fcyeli\u011fi bir s\u00fcredir Paraguay taraf\u0131ndan engellenmekteydi. Devlet Ba\u015fkan\u0131 Fernando Lugo\u2019nun parlamenter bir darbeyle g\u00f6revinden al\u0131nmas\u0131 sonras\u0131 MERCOSUR Paraguay\u2019\u0131n \u00fcyeli\u011fini ask\u0131ya ald\u0131 ve Venezuela\u2019y\u0131 toplulu\u011fa katt\u0131.
\n12) 1958\u2019de K\u00fcba Venezuela\u2019dan 66,5 milyon, devrimin ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti\u011fi y\u0131l 1959\u2019da 48 milyon dolarl\u0131k ithalat yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. %99\u2019u petrol ve t\u00fcrevi olan bu al\u0131mlar 1961\u2019de 0,1 milyon dolar seviyesine d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. Adan\u0131n Venezuela\u2019yla y\u0131ll\u0131k ticaret hacmi 1998\u2019te 388,2 milyon USD, 1999\u2019da 464 milyon USD, 2000\u2019de 744 milyon USD, 2004\u2019te 1,5 milyar USD, 2006\u2019da 3,2 milyar USD\u2019dir. 2008\u2019de 4,4 milyar dolar\u0131 Venezuela\u2019dan ta\u015f\u0131nan petrol, 5,5 milyar dolar\u0131 teknik personel gideri olmak \u00fczere iki \u00fclkenin toplam ticareti 10,4 milyar dolarla rekor k\u0131rd\u0131. 2010\u2019da ise bu oran 6 milyar dolarda kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. (K\u00fcba \u0130statistik B\u00fcrosu\/ONE)
\n13) 2007\u2019de Venezuela\u2019da 31 bini t\u0131p \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan\u0131, toplam 39 bin K\u00fcbal\u0131 personel bulunmaktayd\u0131. 2011\u2019de bu rakam 30 bini t\u0131p alan\u0131nda, 15 bini tar\u0131m-end\u00fcstri-idari ve 5 bini politik karakterde olmak \u00fczere 50 bine y\u00fckseldi (ONE)
\n14) Ayn\u0131 d\u00f6nemde Venezuela\u2019n\u0131n Kolombiya\u2019dan yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ithalat\u0131 h\u0131zla d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc g\u00f6zlenmi\u015ftir. Kolombiya 2008 y\u0131l\u0131nda Venezuela\u2019ya 6 milyar dolarl\u0131k ihracat ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirirken; 2009\u2019da 4 milyar dolar, 2010\u2019da 1,4 milyar dolara kadar gerilemi\u015ftir. 2011\u2019de ise Kolombiya\u2019n\u0131n Venezuela\u2019ya y\u00f6nelik ihracat\u0131 1,7 milyar dolard\u0131. Buna kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k 2003\u2019te Venezuela\u2019ya 130 milyon dolarl\u0131k ihracat yapan Arjantin 2011\u2019de bu rakam\u0131 1,9 milyar dolara \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131.
\n15) Venezuela\u2019n\u0131n en bat\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturan ve Karayip Denizine kadar inen Do\u011fu S\u0131rada\u011flar\u0131 -Kuzey Santander b\u00f6lgesi de dahil- a\u015f\u0131lmaz bir set g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcndedir. 1200 km boyunca uzanan Do\u011fu S\u0131rada\u011flar\u0131n\u0131n %36\u2019l\u0131k k\u0131sm\u0131 Venezuela s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r ve y\u00fcksekli\u011fi 5400 m\u2019dir. S\u0131k ormanlarla kapl\u0131 dik arazi gerilla i\u00e7in do\u011fal bir koruma alan\u0131d\u0131r.
\n16) http:\/\/wsp.presidencia.gov.co\/Prensa\/2010\/Agosto\/Paginas\/20100810_09.aspx
\n17) 1950\u2019lerde devlete ait bir \u015firket olarak kurulan SIDOR, Caldera H\u00fck\u00fcmeti s\u0131ras\u0131nda 1997 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u00f6zelle\u015ftirilerek yabanc\u0131 sermayeye sat\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.
\n18) T\u00fcm bu kamula\u015ft\u0131rmalara ra\u011fmen (CEPAL verilerine g\u00f6re) 2002-2010 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda Venezuela\u2019da \u00f6zel sekt\u00f6r\u00fcn GSY\u0130H\u2019daki pay\u0131 %61 seviyesinde g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir (1998\u2019de kamunun GSY\u0130H i\u00e7indeki pay\u0131 %34,8\u2019ken 2008\u2019de %29,1\u2019e d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc). Bu, Fransa gibi kamunun g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc oldu\u011fu geli\u015fmi\u015f kapitalist \u00fclkelerdekine yak\u0131n bir durum sergilemekte ve ekonominin \u201ckarakteri\u201d hakk\u0131nda ipucu vermektedir.
\n19) ABD\u2019deki 2008 Ba\u015fkanl\u0131k se\u00e7imine kat\u0131l\u0131m oran\u0131 1960\u2019dan beri en y\u00fcksek oran olan %63\u2019t\u00fcr. Venezuela\u2019n\u0131n kom\u015fusu Kolombiya\u2019da ise hi\u00e7bir zaman se\u00e7ime kat\u0131l\u0131m oran\u0131 se\u00e7men say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n yar\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 a\u015fmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.
\n20) \u00d6yle ki 2006\u2019da \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan yasa, konseylerin m\u00fcdahale alan\u0131n\u0131 \u201csa\u011fl\u0131k, e\u011fitim, kentsel ya da k\u0131rsal alanlarda toprak y\u00f6netimi, bar\u0131nma, sosyal g\u00fcvenlik ve toplumsal e\u015fitlik, halk ekonomisi, k\u00fclt\u00fcr, g\u00fcvenlik, ileti\u015fim ve bilgilendirme, bo\u015f vakit ve spor, g\u0131da, su ve gaz konusunda teknik rehberlik, hizmetler ve ele al\u0131nmas\u0131 topluluk a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan faydal\u0131 olacak herhangi bir konu\u201d diye belirlemi\u015ftir.
\n21) Bu konudaki en b\u00fcy\u00fck g\u00fcr\u00fclt\u00fc -2002 darbesi s\u0131ras\u0131nda provokatif yay\u0131nlar yapan- RCTV\u2019nin 2010 Oca\u011f\u0131nda kablodaki s\u00f6zle\u015fmesinin yenilenmemesi nedeniyle kopmu\u015ftu. RT\u00dcK benzeri bir kurumun bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve sans\u00fcr\u00fcn s\u00f6z konusu olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 Venezuela yasalar\u0131na g\u00f6re, RCTV gibi yurtd\u0131\u015f\u0131ndan yay\u0131n yapan kanallar\u0131n kabloya kabul\u00fc i\u00e7in baz\u0131 standartlar bulunmaktayd\u0131. RCTV\u2019nin kablodaki s\u00f6zle\u015fmesinin yenilenmemesi uluslararas\u0131 bir kampanyaya neden oldu ve \u201cCh\u00e1vez Diktat\u00f6rl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne\u201d kan\u0131t olarak sunuldu.
\n22) Cardenas, Ch\u00e1vez\u2019le beraber 4 \u015eubat 1992 darbesinin komutanlar\u0131ndan ve ordu i\u00e7erisindeki MBR-200 \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcn bir \u00fcyesiydi. Ch\u00e1vez\u2019le beraber hapsedildi. 1998\u2019de Ch\u00e1vez\u2019in ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n en \u00f6nemli destek\u00e7ilerinden oldu. Sonra 2000\u2019de fikrini de\u011fi\u015ftirdi ve ona kar\u015f\u0131 sa\u011f cephenin ba\u015fkan aday\u0131 oldu. 2002 darbesi ve ya\u015fanan olaylardan Ch\u00e1vez\u2019i sorumlu tuttu. 2005\u2019te g\u00fcnah \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131 ve geri d\u00f6nd\u00fc. Ch\u00e1vez taraf\u0131ndan Venezuela\u2019n\u0131n BM\u2019deki daimi temsilcisi olarak atand\u0131. PSUV\u2019un kurucular\u0131 aras\u0131nda yer ald\u0131.
\n23) Ch\u00e1vez\u2019in sabit kur politikas\u0131nda 2010 Oca\u011f\u0131nda bir \u201cd\u00fczeltme\u201d yap\u0131ld\u0131. \u00d6ncelikle Ulusal Para Birimi Bolivar %21 deval\u00fce edilerek dolar kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda 2,60\u2019a sabitlendi. Buna ra\u011fmen karaborsada 1 dolar t\u00fcketiciden 6,50 Bolivar\u2019a sat\u0131n al\u0131n\u0131yordu. H\u00fck\u00fcmet yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 deval\u00fcasyona bir de \u201cpetro-dolar\u201d de\u011feri bi\u00e7ti. Petro-dolara g\u00f6re -me\u015frubattan cep telefonuna, bilgisayardan tekstile- ithal mallar\u0131n al\u0131m ve sat\u0131m\u0131nda 1 Dolar 4,30 Bolivar de\u011ferindeydi. Fakat Chavez\u2019in hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u015eubat 2013\u2019te h\u00fck\u00fcmet %32\u2019lik bir deval\u00fcasyon yaparak Dolar\u2019\u0131 6,30 Bolivar\u2019a y\u00fckseltti.
\n24) Konu\u015fman\u0131n tam metni i\u00e7in bkz. http:\/\/www.gazetelatin.com\/Gundem-Chavez%E2%80%99in–Son-Konusmasi-22.html<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Chavez\u2019in \u201c\u00f6l\u00fcs\u00fc\u201d ABD\u2019ye dirisinden pahal\u0131ya patlad\u0131. Uluslararas\u0131 medyan\u0131n yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 t\u00fcm kar\u015f\u0131 kampanyaya ra\u011fmen Comandante\u2019nin mesaj\u0131 d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en uzak k\u00f6\u015felerine ula\u015ft\u0131. Chavez t\u00fcm d\u00fcnyada anti-emperyalist bir sembole d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc ve ezilen uluslarda yeniden ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k idealini uyand\u0131rd\u0131. Comandante, vedas\u0131yla emperyalizmin yenemeyece\u011fi bir \u201cm\u00fckemmel d\u00fc\u015fman\u201da d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. O art\u0131k d\u00fcnyan\u0131n herhangi bir yerinde y\u00fckselecek halk\u00e7\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7lerin en \u00f6nemli esin kayna\u011f\u0131d\u0131r. […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":537,"featured_media":41948,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[147,38,235,1728],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-41946","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-110-sayi","category-dergi-sayilari","category-guncel","category-tartisma"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t