{"id":4195,"date":"2015-12-14T12:59:12","date_gmt":"2015-12-14T10:59:12","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/?p=4195"},"modified":"2015-12-14T12:59:12","modified_gmt":"2015-12-14T10:59:12","slug":"uzun-ve-saglikli-yasam-genlerimizde","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2015\/12\/14\/uzun-ve-saglikli-yasam-genlerimizde","title":{"rendered":"Genetik m\u00fcdahaleyle ya\u015fam\u0131 uzatmak m\u00fcmk\u00fcn hale geliyor mu?"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>G\u00f6rsel a\u00e7\u0131klamas\u0131:<\/strong> DNA sarmal\u0131. Sonsuz gen\u00e7li\u011fin s\u0131rr\u0131na ula\u015fmak isteyen insan t\u00fcr\u00fc, ya\u015flanman\u0131n tam olarak nas\u0131l oldu\u011funu bulabilmek i\u00e7in y\u00fczy\u0131llard\u0131r \u00e7aba harc\u0131yor. Son on y\u0131llarda ilerleyen molek\u00fcler genetik y\u00f6ntemler, i\u015fin i\u00e7ine genleri de katarak bu aray\u0131\u015fta epeyce h\u0131z kazand\u0131.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u015eimdiye kadar <em>C. elegans<\/em> gibi (nematod) model organizmalarda yap\u0131lan ve ya\u015fam beklentisi d\u00fczeyini etkileyen genetik \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar epeyce k\u0131s\u0131tl\u0131yd\u0131. Sonu\u00e7lar, gen etkisinin y\u00fczde 1 civar\u0131nda olabilece\u011fini g\u00f6steriyordu. Bununla birlikte ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar, evrim plan\u0131na bakt\u0131klar\u0131nda bu etkinin \u00e7ok daha fazla olabilece\u011fini, b\u00fcy\u00fck olas\u0131l\u0131kla insan\u0131n mayas\u0131 olan h\u00fccre \u00e7ekirde\u011finde korunmu\u015f olarak bulundu\u011funu farz ediyorlard\u0131.<\/p>\n<p><strong><em>40.000 gen ba\u015ftan sona tarand\u0131<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Z\u00fcrih ETH\u2019de (Z\u00fcrih Federal Teknoloji Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc olarak da bilinen \u00fcniversite) ve ya\u015flanma biyolojisi sistemlerini ara\u015ft\u0131ran Jen Age Merkezi\u2019nde yap\u0131lan ara\u015ft\u0131rmalarda bilinen t\u00fcm 3 t\u00fcr i\u00e7inde var olan, ya\u015flanmayla ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 genler, 3 farkl\u0131 organizmada sistematik olarak incelenmi\u015ftir. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla genler, yayg\u0131n atalar\u0131m\u0131zdan elde edilmi\u015ftir. Bunlar birbirinden farkl\u0131 organizmalarda bulunmalar\u0131na ra\u011fmen, kendi aralar\u0131nda yak\u0131n ba\u011flant\u0131lar\u0131n oldu\u011fu \u201cortolog genler\u201d (farkl\u0131 organizmalarda bulunan, atasal k\u00f6keni ayn\u0131, dolay\u0131s\u0131yla yap\u0131sal ve i\u015flevsel benzerli\u011fi olan, fakat t\u00fcr olu\u015f s\u00fcrecinde ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olan genler) olarak bilinir.<\/p>\n<p>Bu genleri belirlemek i\u00e7in ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar, nematod <em>C. elegans<\/em>, zebrabal\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve farelerin toplamda 40.000 civar\u0131ndaki genini inceledi. Ayr\u0131\u015ft\u0131rmay\u0131 yapan biliminsanlar\u0131, ya\u015flanmada, yukar\u0131 ya da a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6t\u00fcrme \u00f6zelli\u011fi nas\u0131l olursa olsun, hangi genlerin her \u00fc\u00e7 organizmada \u00f6zde\u015f ya\u015flanma s\u00fcrecini gen\u00e7-olgun-ya\u015fl\u0131 evreleri olacak \u015fekilde d\u00fczenledi\u011fini belirlemek istediler.<\/p>\n<p>Gen aktivitesini \u00f6l\u00e7mek i\u00e7in ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar, hayvanlar\u0131n h\u00fccrelerinde bulunan mesajc\u0131 RNA (mRNA) molek\u00fcl\u00fc miktar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7t\u00fc. Bu, sentezlenecek bir proteinin amino asit dizisine kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k gelen kimyasal \u015fifreyi ta\u015f\u0131yan bir molek\u00fcld\u00fcr. Spesifik bir gende mRNA\u2019n\u0131n \u00e7ok say\u0131da kopyas\u0131 varsa, bu \u00e7ok aktif bir gen oldu\u011funu ve yukar\u0131 bir d\u00fczenleme i\u00e7erdi\u011fini (up-reg\u00fclasyon) g\u00f6sterir. Az mesajc\u0131 RNA olmas\u0131 ise d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck aktiviteyi ve a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 do\u011fru bir d\u00fczenlemeyi (down reg\u00fclasyon) i\u015faret eder.<\/p>\n<p>Bu kadar bilginin d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar, solucan-bal\u0131k ve farede ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde bir d\u00fczenleme bile\u015fkesi oldu\u011funu g\u00f6steren istatistiksel bir model de saptad\u0131lar. 3 organizma, ya\u015fl\u0131l\u0131k s\u00fcrecinin anlaml\u0131 \u015fekilde etkileyen sadece 30 yayg\u0131n gene sahipti.<\/p>\n<p><strong><em>D\u00fc\u015f\u00fck gen aktivitesiyle ya\u015fam uzuyor<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Nematodlarda, mesajc\u0131 RNA ile uyumlu genler ve bunlar\u0131n ya\u015flanma s\u00fcrecine etkileri \u00f6zellikle bloke edilerek \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde; ya\u015fam s\u00fcresinin en az\u0131ndan y\u00fczde 5 oran\u0131nda uzad\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc.<\/p>\n<p>Bu genlerden biri \u00f6zellikle etkiliydi: bcat-1 geni. Ara\u015ft\u0131rmay\u0131 y\u00fcr\u00fcten Prof. Michael Ristow\u2019a (ETH Z\u00fcrih) g\u00f6re, \u00f6zellikle bu geni bloke ettiklerinde nematodlar\u0131n ya\u015fam s\u00fcresi y\u00fczde 25\u2019in \u00fczerinde uzuyordu.<\/p>\n<p>Bu gen, ayn\u0131 isimle an\u0131lan enzimin kodunu ta\u015f\u0131yor ki, bu da BCAA k\u0131saltmas\u0131yla an\u0131lan (branched chain amino asid = dall\u0131 zincirli amino asit) ve normalde v\u00fccudun \u00fcretemeyip besinlerle d\u0131\u015fardan almas\u0131 gereken l\u00f6sin, izol\u00f6sin ve valindir.<\/p>\n<p>Ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar bcat-1 geninin aktivitesini engellediklerinde, BCAA\u2019lar par\u00e7alanmay\u0131p dokuda birikir. Bu da nematodlarda uzun \u00f6mr\u00fc katlayarak artt\u0131ran bir molek\u00fcler sinyali tetikler. Dahas\u0131 bu uzayan \u00f6m\u00fcr sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 bir \u015fekilde s\u00fcrer. Canl\u0131l\u0131k \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fct\u00fc olarak ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar, ya\u015flanma pigmentleri birikimini \u00f6l\u00e7t\u00fc; canl\u0131n\u0131n hareketlilik oran\u0131n\u0131 ve h\u0131z\u0131n\u0131 belirlediler ve ne s\u0131kl\u0131kla ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 \u015fekilde \u00fcreyebildiklerini ortaya koydular. T\u00fcm bu \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fctler, ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar bcat-1 geninin aktivitesini engellediklerinde art\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n<p>Biliminsanlar\u0131 ayr\u0131ca nematodlar\u0131n besinlerine BCAA\u2019lar\u0131 kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131rarak eklediklerinde, ya\u015fam uzat\u0131c\u0131 etkiyi daha belirgin g\u00f6zlemlediler. Bununla birlikte bcat-1 geni halen aktif oldu\u011fundan bu etki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalarda pek \u00f6n planda sunulmad\u0131. Sonu\u00e7ta bu durumda halen aminoasitler indirgenmeye devam ediyor ve ya\u015fam uzat\u0131c\u0131 etki tam olarak ortaya konam\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n<p><strong><em>Korunmu\u015f mekanizma<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Mekanizman\u0131n insanlarda da ayn\u0131 oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmek m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar, evrimsel s\u00fcre\u00e7 i\u00e7inde korunmu\u015f olan genlere bakarak bir inceleme yapmaktad\u0131rlar, bu da insanlar da dahil t\u00fcm organizmalar\u0131 i\u00e7ermektedir.<\/p>\n<p>\u0130nsanlarda birebir inceleme yapman\u0131n imk\u00e2ns\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ortadad\u0131r. Ancak takip eden \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma \u00e7oktan planlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Buna g\u00f6re ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar, insan hayat\u0131nda \u00f6nemli rol oynayan, kan bas\u0131nc\u0131 y\u00fcksekli\u011fi, kolesterol d\u00fczeyi, kan \u015fekeri y\u00fcksekli\u011fi gibi belirleyicileri g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcnde bulunduracaklard\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p><strong><em>Sa\u011fl\u0131\u011fa harcanan para anlaml\u0131 oranda d\u00fc\u015febilir<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Ristow\u2019a g\u00f6re, pek \u00e7ok BCAA zaten karaci\u011fer hasarlar\u0131n\u0131n tedavisinde ve sporcular\u0131n destek besinlerinde kullan\u0131l\u0131yor. Ancak \u00f6nemli olan sadece \u00f6mr\u00fc uzatmak de\u011fil, onun sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 devaml\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayabilmek. Bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma hem \u00f6mr\u00fcn nas\u0131l uzayabilece\u011fini hem de ya\u015fa ba\u011fl\u0131, \u015feker hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131, y\u00fcksek tansiyon gibi sa\u011fl\u0131k sorunlar\u0131n\u0131n nas\u0131l engellenebilece\u011fini belirlememize yard\u0131mc\u0131 olacakt\u0131r. Olumsuz demografik veriler ve durmadan artan uzam\u0131\u015f \u00f6m\u00fcr beklentisinin yan\u0131nda as\u0131l \u00f6nemli olan bu s\u00fcreyi kronik hastal\u0131klardan ar\u0131nm\u0131\u015f olarak ge\u00e7irebilme ve giderek y\u00fckselen sa\u011fl\u0131k harcamalar\u0131n\u0131 belki de yar\u0131dan fazla d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrebilmedir.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00c7eviren: Dr. Ebru Oktay<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Kaynak:<\/strong> <a href=\"http:\/\/www.sciencedaily.com\/releases\/2015\/12\/151201113917.htm\">http:\/\/www.sciencedaily.com\/releases\/2015\/12\/151201113917.htm<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>G\u00f6rsel a\u00e7\u0131klamas\u0131: DNA sarmal\u0131. Sonsuz gen\u00e7li\u011fin s\u0131rr\u0131na ula\u015fmak isteyen insan t\u00fcr\u00fc, ya\u015flanman\u0131n tam olarak nas\u0131l oldu\u011funu bulabilmek i\u00e7in y\u00fczy\u0131llard\u0131r \u00e7aba harc\u0131yor. Son on y\u0131llarda ilerleyen molek\u00fcler genetik y\u00f6ntemler, i\u015fin i\u00e7ine genleri de katarak bu aray\u0131\u015fta epeyce h\u0131z kazand\u0131. &nbsp; \u015eimdiye kadar C. elegans gibi (nematod) model organizmalarda yap\u0131lan ve ya\u015fam beklentisi d\u00fczeyini etkileyen genetik \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":4196,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[19,21,33],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-4195","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-bilim-gundemi","category-biyoloji","category-saglik-bilimleri"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 4.9.8 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"max-image-preview:large\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"author\" content=\"admin\"\/>\n\t<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2015\/12\/14\/uzun-ve-saglikli-yasam-genlerimizde\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"generator\" content=\"All in One SEO (AIOSEO) 4.9.8\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"tr_TR\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Bilim ve Gelecek\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Genetik m\u00fcdahaleyle ya\u015fam\u0131 uzatmak m\u00fcmk\u00fcn hale geliyor mu? 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