{"id":42055,"date":"2013-01-01T00:00:57","date_gmt":"2012-12-31T22:00:57","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/?p=42055"},"modified":"2020-04-20T10:36:42","modified_gmt":"2020-04-20T07:36:42","slug":"ingilterede-emekci-siniflarin-durumu-friedrich-engels-yeni-olusan-sinifin-ilk-analizi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2013\/01\/01\/ingilterede-emekci-siniflarin-durumu-friedrich-engels-yeni-olusan-sinifin-ilk-analizi","title":{"rendered":"\u0130ngiltere\u2019de Emek\u00e7i S\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131n Durumu \/ Friedrich Engels Yeni olu\u015fan s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n ilk analizi"},"content":{"rendered":"

Gen\u00e7 Engels, babas\u0131n\u0131n \u015firketi Ermen & Engels\u2019in i\u015fleri i\u00e7in \u0130ngiltere\u2019de, Manchester\u2019da bir s\u00fcre kalmak zorundad\u0131r. Burada 1843 sonlar\u0131nda yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u201cPolitik Ekonominin Ele\u015ftirisinin Anahatlar\u0131\u201d, onun kapitalist \u00fcretim ili\u015fkilerinin ekonomik incelemesine dair sa\u011flam temelini g\u00f6stermektedir. Almanya\u2019n\u0131n 1840\u2019lar\u0131n devrimci solu\u011funu ta\u015f\u0131yan havas\u0131ndan, yeni geli\u015fen kapitalizmin be\u015fi\u011fine gelmi\u015ftir. Almanya\u2019n\u0131n felsefi tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131nda bilenmi\u015f, somut ve prati\u011fi irdelemeye a\u00e7 Engels i\u00e7in \u0130ngiltere bulunmaz bir toplumsal inceleme alan\u0131 ve Almanya\u2019daki t\u00fcm toplumsal dalgan\u0131n felsefi d\u00fczeyde arad\u0131\u011f\u0131 toplumsal kurtulu\u015fun \u00f6znesini pratikte g\u00f6zleme yeri olmu\u015ftur.
\n\u0130\u015fte 1844 y\u0131l\u0131nda bir s\u00fcredir i\u00e7eriden g\u00f6zlemledi\u011fi \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n ya\u015fam\u0131na dair toplumsal bir inceleme yazmaya karar verir. Ger\u00e7ekte ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7taki plan\u0131 \u0130ngiltere\u2019nin toplumsal tarihini yazmakt\u0131r. Ancak yeni do\u011fan i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n canl\u0131 bir tarihini, tan\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 yazmak bunun ilk ad\u0131m\u0131 olur. \u0130\u015fte 1845\u2019te Almanca olarak yay\u0131mlanan \u0130ngiltere\u2019de Emek\u00e7i S\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131n Durumu<\/em> kitab\u0131, b\u00f6ylelikle Marksizmin ba\u015fyap\u0131tlar\u0131 aras\u0131nda, ilk somut, pratik s\u0131n\u0131f ve alan \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmlemesi olarak tarihe ge\u00e7er. Almanca bask\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n ilk \u00f6ns\u00f6z\u00fc \u0130ngilizcedir ve \u201cB\u00fcy\u00fck Britanya\u2019n\u0131n emek\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131na\u201d, Alman toplumsal kurtulu\u015f hareketi i\u00e7inde soyut ve felsefi d\u00fczeyde s\u00fcren tart\u0131\u015fmalar yerine \u0130ngiltere\u2019de olu\u015fan s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n pratik hareketinin ne b\u00fcy\u00fck bir ger\u00e7ek ve canl\u0131 \u00f6rnek oldu\u011funu anlatmaktad\u0131r. Engels, bu \u00f6ns\u00f6zde ayn\u0131 zamanda \u0130ngiltere\u2019de olu\u015fan i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n ve hareketinin, sermayedar ve toprak sahibi s\u0131n\u0131flardan ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z durma \u00e7abas\u0131n\u0131, bunun olanaklar\u0131n\u0131, tehlikelerini, Almanya\u2019daki toplumsal hareketlere anlatma \u00e7abas\u0131n\u0131 da aktar\u0131r. Ama bu kitap yayg\u0131n kan\u0131n\u0131n aksine \u0130ngiltere\u2019deki emek\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131n i\u00e7inde bulundu\u011fu sefalete dair sosyolojik bir \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmle de\u011fildir; bundan \u00e7ok daha fazlas\u0131d\u0131r.
\nBu kitap, emek\u00e7ilerin sefaletinin, g\u00fc\u00e7s\u00fczl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn ve ma\u011fduriyetinin \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmlemesi de\u011fildir; aksine bu ko\u015fullardaki emek\u00e7ilerin kurtulu\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 yine kendi ko\u015fullar\u0131ndan olu\u015fturacaklar\u0131na dair keskin ve devrimci bir saptamad\u0131r. Ayn\u0131 zamanda Marksizmin kurucular\u0131n\u0131n, kapitalizmin be\u015fi\u011findeki ilk somut, s\u0131n\u0131fsal inceleme ve \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmlemesi olarak tarihe ge\u00e7mi\u015ftir. Eme\u011fin, yo\u011fun s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fc alt\u0131nda birle\u015fme dinamiklerini, bir b\u00fct\u00fcn s\u0131n\u0131f olarak fabrika sahipleri ve sermayedarlar\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131na \u00e7\u0131kma dinami\u011fini i\u015faret etmektedir. \u0130\u015fte Engels\u2019in kitab\u0131, \u00e7a\u011f\u0131n\u0131n yeni ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan kapitalist \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131 kapsaml\u0131 ve derinlemesine irdeleyen toplumsal bir \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmleme olman\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra esas bu y\u00f6n\u00fcyle \u00f6nemlidir.
\nBu y\u00f6n\u00fcyle kitap, yoksulluk ve a\u00e7l\u0131\u011f\u0131 anlat\u0131p k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck burjuvalar\u0131n ve hali vakti yerinde liberallerin vicdanlar\u0131na seslenmemektedir. Aksine d\u00f6nemin ko\u015fullar\u0131, 24 ya\u015f\u0131ndaki gen\u00e7 devrimci Engels\u2019i t\u00fcm bunlardan kesinlikle uzak tutmu\u015ftur. Tam da b\u00f6ylesi sahte \u201cg\u00f6zya\u015flar\u0131\u201dn\u0131n ve liberal \u201cyaz\u0131klanma\u201dlar\u0131n artt\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir d\u00f6nemde bu kitap, ya\u015fanan sefaletin, y\u0131k\u0131m ve s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn i\u00e7erisinden beliren ve birle\u015fen i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n bir s\u0131n\u0131f olarak olu\u015fma ko\u015fullar\u0131, birle\u015fme dinamiklerine dair bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmad\u0131r. Vicdanlara de\u011fil, s\u0131n\u0131f bilincine dair bir \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmlemedir. Kitab\u0131n bu \u00f6zelli\u011fini belirtmek, yaz\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6nemdeki s\u0131n\u0131fsal kutupla\u015fmalar g\u00f6zetilirse \u00f6zellikle \u00f6nemlidir. Engels, kitapta ve daha sonra yaz\u0131lan t\u00fcm \u00f6ns\u00f6zlerde g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc gibi bunlar\u0131n sadece bilincinde de\u011fildir; ayn\u0131 zamanda tam da bu bilince kar\u015f\u0131 i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131 ayr\u0131 bir s\u0131n\u0131f olarak d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnsel olarak ay\u0131rmak ve kendi kurtulu\u015fu i\u00e7in birle\u015fmesine i\u015faret etmek i\u00e7in yazmaktad\u0131r. 1840\u2019larda Fransa\u2019da ve Avrupa\u2019daki i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 hareketine s\u00fcrekli s\u00f6yledikleri gibi, art\u0131k proletarya burjuvazinin 3 renkli (Frans\u0131z devriminin ve Fransa\u2019n\u0131n mavi, beyaz, k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 bayra\u011f\u0131) bayra\u011f\u0131 etraf\u0131nda de\u011fil kendi kurtulu\u015fu etraf\u0131nda birle\u015fmelidir. Kapitalizmin be\u015fi\u011fi \u0130ngiltere, yerini kaybetmekte olan aristokratlar ile egemenli\u011fini kazanmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan burjuva s\u0131n\u0131flar aras\u0131ndaki \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmay\u0131 iliklerine dek ya\u015famaktad\u0131r. Aristokratlar\u0131n ve eski rejim bek\u00e7ilerinin tutucu temsilini Tory partisi yapmaktad\u0131r. Yeni rejimin, y\u00fckselen s\u0131n\u0131f olarak burjuvazinin (fabrikat\u00f6rlerin, imalathane sahiplerinin ve t\u00fcccarlar\u0131n) temsilcisi ise Whig partisidir. \u0130ngiltere tarihinin 1800\u2019lerdeki \u00f6nemli politik tart\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 olan Tah\u0131l Yasas\u0131 \u00fczerinden \u00e7\u0131kan \u00e7at\u0131\u015fma, burjuvazinin aristokrat s\u0131n\u0131fa kar\u015f\u0131, tah\u0131l ithal k\u0131s\u0131tlamas\u0131n\u0131 kald\u0131rmak i\u00e7in u\u011fra\u015f vermesidir. Tah\u0131l ithali serbest hale geldi\u011finde, hem tah\u0131l fiyatlar\u0131 ve \u00fccretler d\u00fc\u015fecek, sermayedar daha fazla k\u00e2r edecek hem de eski toprak sahipleri tah\u0131l tekelini ellerinde tutarak elde ettikleri kazan\u00e7lar\u0131 kaybedeceklerdi. Burjuvazi, sermayedarlar, aristokratlar\u0131n g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc sarsmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yorlard\u0131 ve bunu tah\u0131l yasalar\u0131 tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda ba\u015fard\u0131lar.
\n\u0130\u015fte tam bu politik ortamda, Marx\u2019\u0131n ileride alayla anlataca\u011f\u0131 \u00e7arp\u0131c\u0131 bir durum ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. \u201cH\u0131rs\u0131zlar birbirine d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce, d\u00fcr\u00fcstler bundan kazan\u00e7l\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kar\u201d. Aristokrat s\u0131n\u0131f, t\u00fcm g\u00fcc\u00fcyle, sermayedarlar\u0131n fabrikalarda s\u00fcrd\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fc ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131n vah\u015fili\u011fini, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131n k\u00f6t\u00fc ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131 ve i\u015f\u00e7ilerin sefaletini sergilemeye ba\u015flad\u0131. Buna kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k da sermayedarlar, liberaller, k\u0131rdaki k\u00f6t\u00fc ko\u015fullar\u0131 gazetelerinde, kamuoyunda sergilediler. \u0130\u015fte bu politik tart\u0131\u015fma i\u00e7inde, Engels\u2019in erken d\u00f6nemde sergiledi\u011fi t\u00fcm sefalet, s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fc ko\u015fullar\u0131 resmi raporlarda, gazete ve dergilerde ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmaya ba\u015flad\u0131. Bunlara Marx\u2019\u0131n sonradan Kapital<\/em>\u2019de kullanaca\u011f\u0131 \u201cMavi Kitap\u201d adl\u0131 raporlar da dahildir.
\n\u00d6zcesi bu kitap, yoksul ve a\u00e7 s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131 g\u00f6sterip liberallerin vicdanlar\u0131na seslenmez; aristokrat s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n, Tory\u2019lerin sahte g\u00f6zya\u015flar\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda ise \u00f6d\u00fcns\u00fcz durmak zorundad\u0131r. \u0130\u015fte bu politik kutupla\u015fma i\u00e7inde, i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z bir g\u00fc\u00e7 olarak ortaya \u00e7\u0131kma dinamiklerini incelemek i\u00e7in Engels\u2019in kitab\u0131n\u0131n sadece sefaleti irdelemesi yeterli de\u011fildir; zaten Engels de bir s\u0131n\u0131f olarak \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n birle\u015fme dinamiklerini incelemi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

\"\"
Engels\u2019in eseri, ya\u015fanan sefaletin, y\u0131k\u0131m ve s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn i\u00e7erisinden beliren ve i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n bir s\u0131n\u0131f olarak olu\u015fma ko\u015fullar\u0131, birle\u015fme dinamiklerine dair bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmad\u0131r.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

24 ya\u015f\u0131ndaki gen\u00e7 Engels\u2019in kitab\u0131, \u0130ngiltere\u2019de Emek\u00e7i S\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131n Durumu<\/em>, kapitalizmin be\u015fi\u011fine dair \u00f6nemli bir toplumsal inceleme oldu\u011fu kadar esas olarak bu \u00f6zelli\u011fi ile ba\u015fyap\u0131t olmay\u0131 hak eder. Engels, i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n olu\u015fma ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131, yo\u011fun s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fc alt\u0131nda artan sefaleti, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n kentin olu\u015fumunda ve kentteki yerini, g\u00f6\u00e7le de\u011fi\u015fen yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131, yoksul s\u0131n\u0131flar i\u00e7inde su\u00e7un bir tepki olarak art\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7arp\u0131c\u0131 bi\u00e7imde, hem kendi g\u00f6zlemlerine dayanarak, bizzat i\u00e7eriden, hem de liberal, aristokrat taraflar\u0131n bizzat kendi kaynaklar\u0131ndan yararlanarak \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmlemi\u015ftir.
\nEngels\u2019in kitab\u0131n\u0131n iki temel \u00f6zelli\u011fi vard\u0131r: Birincisi Engels, hen\u00fcz yeni yeni do\u011fmaya ba\u015flayan i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n belirli bir kesimini de\u011fil, b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcn\u00fcn \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131 irdelemi\u015ftir. Onlar\u0131 bir s\u0131n\u0131f olarak b\u00fct\u00fcnle\u015ftiren sefaletleri de\u011fil, kapitalist \u00fcretim s\u00fcrecindeki konumlar\u0131d\u0131r. \u0130kinci olarak ise, i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n kurtulu\u015funun kendi eseri oldu\u011fu kadar, ayn\u0131 zamanda sefalet ve yoksulluk i\u00e7indeki t\u00fcm insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n kurtulu\u015fu olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6ne s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.
\nB\u00f6ylelikle Engels, Alman felsefesi ve kom\u00fcnizmini somut pratikle bulu\u015fturdu\u011fu, kapitalizmin be\u015fi\u011fi \u0130ngiltere\u2019deki i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131 analiz etmede \u00f6nc\u00fc oldu\u011fu bu kitab\u0131yla, felsefi ele\u015ftiriyi de somutla\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131. \u0130\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 sadece kendi kurtulu\u015funun de\u011fil t\u00fcm insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n kurtulu\u015funun evrensel \u00f6znesi ve \u00f6nc\u00fcs\u00fc olacakt\u0131.
\nKitap, toplumsal ara\u015ft\u0131rma yapanlara pek \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli ipu\u00e7lar\u0131 sunmaktad\u0131r. Kentle\u015fme ile i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 ve yoksulluk aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fki, s\u0131n\u0131f olarak olu\u015fma ile su\u00e7 aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fki gibi pek \u00e7ok toplumbilim ara\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131n\u0131n erken habercisi konumundad\u0131r.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Gen\u00e7 Engels, babas\u0131n\u0131n \u015firketi Ermen & Engels\u2019in i\u015fleri i\u00e7in \u0130ngiltere\u2019de, Manchester\u2019da bir s\u00fcre kalmak zorundad\u0131r. Burada 1843 sonlar\u0131nda yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u201cPolitik Ekonominin Ele\u015ftirisinin Anahatlar\u0131\u201d, onun kapitalist \u00fcretim ili\u015fkilerinin ekonomik incelemesine dair sa\u011flam temelini g\u00f6stermektedir. Almanya\u2019n\u0131n 1840\u2019lar\u0131n devrimci solu\u011funu ta\u015f\u0131yan havas\u0131ndan, yeni geli\u015fen kapitalizmin be\u015fi\u011fine gelmi\u015ftir. Almanya\u2019n\u0131n felsefi tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131nda bilenmi\u015f, somut ve prati\u011fi irdelemeye a\u00e7 Engels i\u00e7in […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":356,"featured_media":42056,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[144,38],"tags":[3831,6144],"class_list":["post-42055","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-107-sayi","category-dergi-sayilari","tag-friedrich-engels","tag-ingilterede-emekci-siniflarin-durumu"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t