{"id":42173,"date":"2020-04-12T04:03:01","date_gmt":"2020-04-12T01:03:01","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/?p=42173"},"modified":"2020-04-13T15:05:57","modified_gmt":"2020-04-13T12:05:57","slug":"koronavirus-sozlugu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/2020\/04\/12\/koronavirus-sozlugu","title":{"rendered":"Koronavir\u00fcs S\u00f6zl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc"},"content":{"rendered":"

Haz\u0131rlayanlar (soyad\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131yla)
\n<\/strong>Emre Artan, Ogan G\u00fcner, \u0130layda \u0130nan, Nal\u00e2n Mahsereci, Umut Can Y\u0131ld\u0131z<\/strong><\/p>\n

COVID-19 pandemisiyle birlikte bir\u00e7ok bilimsel terim g\u00fcnl\u00fck hayat\u0131m\u0131za s\u0131zd\u0131. G\u00fcndemdeki terimlerin do\u011fru anlamlar\u0131na ula\u015fma gere\u011fi duyacak okurlar\u0131m\u0131z i\u00e7in bir s\u00f6zl\u00fck haz\u0131rlamaya giri\u015ftik. Ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan metin terimlerin yal\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131klamalar\u0131n\u0131 i\u00e7eren bir s\u00f6zl\u00fck olmas\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6tesinde, a\u2019dan z\u2019ye okundu\u011funda, korona g\u00fcndeminin bilimsel ba\u011flam\u0131n\u0131n anla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131na bir temel olu\u015fturacak, konunun akt\u00fcel kimi boyutlar\u0131n\u0131 da derleyen bir nitelik kazand\u0131. \u0130yi okumalar\u2026<\/em><\/p>\n

Antijen testi: <\/strong>Bo\u011faz ve\/veya burundan al\u0131nan \u00f6rnek (s\u00fcr\u00fcnt\u00fc) \u00fczerinden SARS-CoV-2 vir\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn y\u00fczeyindeki \u00e7\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131 do\u011frudan saptayarak sonu\u00e7 veren testtir. Antijen testi, COVID-19 tespitinde PCR y\u00f6ntemlerine g\u00f6re h\u0131zl\u0131 olmakla birlikte hata pay\u0131, yalanc\u0131 pozitif ya da yalanc\u0131 negatif sonu\u00e7 verme ihtimali daha y\u00fcksektir. Toplumda \u201ch\u0131zl\u0131 kit\u201d olarak da an\u0131lan bu test bi\u00e7imi PCR gibi makineye ihtiya\u00e7 duymaz.
\n(bkz.<\/em> PCR)<\/p>\n

Antiseptik: <\/strong>Canl\u0131 dokularda enfeksiyona yol a\u00e7abilecek mikroorganizmalar\u0131 yok etmek ya da geli\u015fmelerini \u00f6nlemek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan kimyasal madde. Antiseptikler, ayn\u0131 ama\u00e7la nesneler i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan dezenfektanlar\u0131n d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck konsantrasyonlaryla haz\u0131rlan\u0131r.
\n(bkz.<\/em> Dezenfektan)<\/p>\n

Asemptomatik vaka:<\/strong> Bir hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131n belirtilerinin (semptom) hi\u00e7birinin g\u00f6zlemlenmedi\u011fi vaka. COVID-19 hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131nda asemptomatik vakalar\u0131n, vir\u00fcs\u00fcn yay\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrebildi\u011fi g\u00f6sterilmi\u015ftir.
\n(bkz.<\/em> Semptomatik vaka)<\/p>\n

A\u015f\u0131: <\/strong>Bir hastal\u0131\u011fa kar\u015f\u0131 daha hastal\u0131\u011fa yakalanmadan v\u00fccutta diren\u00e7 geli\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan biyolojik madde. A\u015f\u0131 yoluyla hastal\u0131k bir anlamda taklit edilerek, ger\u00e7ekten hasta olunmadan ilgili hastal\u0131\u011fa kar\u015f\u0131 v\u00fccutta koruyucu ba\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131k yan\u0131t\u0131 tetiklenir ve ba\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131k belle\u011fiyle bu durumun \u00f6m\u00fcr boyu devam etmesi sa\u011flan\u0131r. A\u015f\u0131, vir\u00fcs\u00fcn canl\u0131, zay\u0131flam\u0131\u015f formlar\u0131n\u0131n veya \u0131s\u0131 ya da kimyasallarla etkisizle\u015ftirilmi\u015f bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n veya tamam\u0131n\u0131n kullan\u0131lmas\u0131yla \u00fcretilir. Bu y\u00f6ntem, canl\u0131 formun konak\u00e7\u0131da geli\u015fmeye devam etmesi veya etki de\u011ferinin bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 yeniden edinmesi gibi riskler ta\u015f\u0131r. Koruman\u0131n elde edilmesi i\u00e7in daha y\u00fcksek dozda veya yeniden aktif olmayan haldeki vir\u00fcs verilmesi gereklidir. COVID-19 a\u015f\u0131s\u0131 i\u00e7in yap\u0131lan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n baz\u0131lar\u0131nda, bu denenmi\u015f yakla\u015f\u0131m kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Daha yeni teknoloji kullanan ba\u015fka \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalarda, \u201crekombinant a\u015f\u0131\u201d olu\u015fturulmas\u0131 hedeflenmi\u015ftir. Bu t\u00fcr a\u015f\u0131n\u0131n \u00fcretimi, insanlarda ba\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131k yan\u0131t\u0131n\u0131 tetikleme olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 en y\u00fcksek olan SARS-CoV-2 vir\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn y\u00fczeyindeki sivri u\u00e7lar\u0131n genetik kodunun \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmas\u0131yla ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilir. Elde edilen kod, bir bakterinin ya da mayan\u0131n genetik materyaline eklenir. Bu organizmalar fazlaca protein \u00fcretmeye zorlan\u0131r. Alternatif bir yakla\u015f\u0131mda, protein \u00fcretimi a\u015famas\u0131 atlan\u0131r ve do\u011frudan genetik yap\u0131 \u00fczerinden a\u015f\u0131lar olu\u015fturulur.<\/p>\n

Bilim kurulu:<\/strong> Salg\u0131n\u0131 kontrol alt\u0131nda tutmak i\u00e7in g\u00f6revde bulunan, siyasi ve bilimsel disiplinlerden bilirki\u015filerin olu\u015fturdu\u011fu kamu olu\u015fumu.<\/p>\n

Bula\u015f\u0131c\u0131l\u0131k:<\/strong> Enfeksiyon \u00fcretme veya \u00fcretebilme durumu. Bula\u015f\u0131c\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n yo\u011funlu\u011fu R0<\/sub> De\u011feri ile tarif edilir.
\n(bkz.<\/em> R0<\/sub> De\u011feri)<\/p>\n

\"\"
G\u00f6rsel 1. Koronavir\u00fcs, \u00fczerindeki \u00e7\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 yap\u0131y\u0131 olu\u015fturan S proteinlerini canl\u0131 h\u00fccreye girmek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131r.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Coronavir\u00fcs (Koronavir\u00fcs): <\/strong>\u0130nsana bula\u015fan t\u00fcrlerinin genellikle hafif so\u011fuk alg\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131na neden olmas\u0131yla uzun s\u00fcredir tan\u0131nan bu RNA vir\u00fcs ailesi, son 20 y\u0131lda insana s\u0131\u00e7rayarak \u00fc\u00e7 yeni SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV ve SARS-CoV-2 t\u00fcrleriyle a\u011f\u0131r akut solunum yolu sendromuna da neden olan \u00f6l\u00fcmc\u00fcl belirtilere yol a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Yarasa, deve, kedi gibi pek \u00e7ok hayvanda y\u00fczlerce t\u00fcr\u00fc bulunan bu ailedeki vir\u00fcsler, kendini kopyalayacak bilgileri saklamak i\u00e7in tek iplik\u00e7ikli bir RNA, RNA\u2019n\u0131n bozulmamas\u0131 i\u00e7in etraf\u0131na sar\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir protein, bu yap\u0131y\u0131 saran \u00e7ift katl\u0131 lipit katman\u0131, bunun \u00fczerinde de bula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 canl\u0131daki h\u00fccrelerin i\u00e7ine girmesini sa\u011flayan \u201cspike\u201d (S) proteinler ta\u015f\u0131r. Kesiti al\u0131narak g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fclendi\u011finde S proteinlerinin \u00e7\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131 ta\u00e7 benzeri bir g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fc olu\u015fturdu\u011fundan Latince ta\u00e7 anlam\u0131na gelen \u201ccorona\u201d kelimesine atfen isimlendirilmi\u015flerdir.
\n(bkz<\/em>. G\u00f6rsel 1)<\/p>\n

COVID-19 (KOV\u0130D-19): <\/strong>Corona Virus Disease 2019.<\/em> Koronavir\u00fcs 2\u2019nin neden oldu\u011fu bula\u015f\u0131c\u0131 solunum yolu hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131. \u0130lk olarak 2019 Aral\u0131k ay\u0131nda \u00c7in\u2019in Hubei b\u00f6lgesi ba\u015fkenti Vuhan\u2019da g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc. \u00d6ks\u00fcr\u00fck, ate\u015f, nefes alma zorlu\u011fu belirtileri g\u00f6steren hastal\u0131k ilerleyen safhalarda zat\u00fcrreye d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ferek \u00f6l\u00fcme yol a\u00e7abiliyor. COVID-19 11 Mart 2020\u2019de DS\u00d6 taraf\u0131ndan pandemi ilan edildi.
\n(bkz.<\/em> Pandemi)<\/p>\n

\u00c7ift katl\u0131 lipit katman\u0131: <\/strong>T\u00fcm canl\u0131lar\u0131n h\u00fccre zar\u0131nda da bulunarak onlar\u0131 d\u0131\u015f d\u00fcnyadan ay\u0131ran bu yap\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015fl\u0131ca bile\u015fenlerinden biri \u201cya\u011f\u201d (lipit) molek\u00fclleridir. Koronavir\u00fcs ailesi de etraf\u0131nda bu zar\u0131 bulundurdu\u011fundan, uzmanlar SARS-CoV-2 vir\u00fcs\u00fcnden korunmak i\u00e7in sabunla el y\u0131kamay\u0131 tavsiye etmektedir.\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00c7in ya da Vuhan vir\u00fcs\u00fc:<\/strong> SARS-CoV-2 vir\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn medyada, \u00f6zellikle Donald Trump\u2019\u0131n \u0131srarla tekrarlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 alternatif ve argovari ad\u0131. \u0130lk olarak \u00c7in\u2019de ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131 sebebiyle Trump\u2019\u0131n bu vir\u00fcs\u00fc bir t\u00fcr \u00c7in sald\u0131r\u0131s\u0131 olarak tarif etme \u00e7abas\u0131n\u0131n \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc. Ge\u00e7mi\u015fte hastal\u0131klar\u0131 k\u00f6ken ald\u0131klar\u0131 yerle ifade etme prati\u011fi bulunsa da; DS\u00d6 art\u0131k co\u011frafi konum, ki\u015fi, hayvan, yiyecek gibi isimlerin kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131, k\u00f6t\u00fc bir iz b\u0131rakabilece\u011fi ya da korku yaratabilece\u011fi i\u00e7in tavsiye etmiyor.<\/p>\n

Dezenfektan: <\/strong>Nesneler \u00fczerindeki bakteri, mantar, vir\u00fcs ve tekh\u00fccreli canl\u0131lar\u0131 \u00f6ld\u00fcrmek, etkisizle\u015ftirmek amac\u0131yla kullan\u0131lan; klor, brom, iyot, ozon, fenol, alkol, hidrojen peroksit, \u00e7e\u015fitli alkaliler veya asitler i\u00e7eren kimyasal madde.
\n(bkz.<\/em> Antiseptik)<\/p>\n

DS\u00d6 (D\u00fcnya Sa\u011fl\u0131k \u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fc): <\/strong>WHO (World Health Organization).<\/em> Toplum sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131yla ilgili \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar yapan, Cenevre merkezli Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler kurumu.<\/p>\n

Endemik: <\/strong>S\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 bir b\u00f6lgede varolan hastal\u0131k.
\n(bkz.<\/em> Epidemi)
\n(bkz.<\/em> Pandemi)<\/p>\n

Endositoz resept\u00f6r proteinleri: <\/strong>\u0130nsan gibi karma\u015f\u0131k canl\u0131lardaki h\u00fccreler herhangi bir yabanc\u0131 cismi i\u00e7eri almayacak \u015fekilde evrimle\u015fti\u011finden h\u00fccre d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndan bir maddenin h\u00fccre i\u00e7ine girmesi (endositoz) i\u00e7in onun kendi h\u00fccreleri taraf\u0131ndan g\u00f6nderildi\u011fini belirten bir etiket ta\u015f\u0131mas\u0131 gerekir. Bu etiketi onaylayarak i\u00e7eri alma i\u015flemini ba\u015flatan y\u00fczey proteinleri endositoz resept\u00f6r proteinleridir. Bu s\u00fcre\u00e7 resept\u00f6r arac\u0131l\u0131 endositoz olarak isimlendirilir.<\/p>\n

Vir\u00fcs gibi baz\u0131 hastal\u0131k yap\u0131c\u0131lar h\u00fccre i\u00e7ine girmek i\u00e7in h\u00fccre zar\u0131nda bulunan bu etiketi taklit eder. \u00d6rne\u011fin SARS-CoV-2\u2019nin, h\u00fccrelere girmek i\u00e7in normalde farkl\u0131 bir biyolojik i\u015flev i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan Anjiyotensin D\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fc Enzim 2\u2019yi (ACE-2) kullanan ACE-2 resept\u00f6r\u00fcne, y\u00fczeyindeki ACE-2 benzeri \u00e7\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131larla ba\u011fland\u0131\u011f\u0131 bilinmektedir. SARS-CoV-2\u2019nin ACE-2 resept\u00f6rlerinin daha \u00e7ok bulundu\u011fu solunum yolu ve akci\u011feri daha \u00e7ok enfekte etti\u011fi (bula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131) d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmektedir.<\/p>\n

Ent\u00fcbe etme: <\/strong>Solunum yetmezli\u011fi ya\u015fayan hastan\u0131n solunumunun destekleyici makine arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla sa\u011flanabilmesi i\u00e7in, hastan\u0131n a\u011fz\u0131ndan nefes borusuna ula\u015fan bir t\u00fcp\u00fcn tak\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u015flemi.<\/p>\n

Epidemi: <\/strong>Bir hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131n tek bir b\u00f6lgenin s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131na \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131 (salg\u0131n), geni\u015f \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde yay\u0131lmas\u0131, farkl\u0131 b\u00f6lgelerde g\u00f6r\u00fclmesi.
\n(bkz.<\/em> Salg\u0131n)
\n(bkz.<\/em> Pandemi)<\/p>\n

Fiziksel mesafe ya da sosyal mesafe:<\/strong> \u0130nsanlar aras\u0131 temas\u0131 k\u0131s\u0131tlayan ve bireylerin birbiriyle aras\u0131na yakla\u015f\u0131k 1,8 metre koymas\u0131n\u0131 sal\u0131k veren tedbir. Alternatif kullan\u0131m\u0131 sosyal mesafedir.<\/p>\n

Flattening the curve (E\u011friyi d\u00fczle\u015ftirme):<\/strong> G\u00fcncel COVID-19 salg\u0131n\u0131nda takip edilmesi gereken birtak\u0131m \u00f6nlemler sonucunda, hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131n bula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 hasta say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n zamana g\u00f6re da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 kontrol alt\u0131na alma \u00e7abas\u0131. Toplam hasta say\u0131s\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fmemekle birlikte, birim zamandaki maksimum hasta say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n azalt\u0131lmas\u0131 ve daha ge\u00e7 bir zaman noktas\u0131na \u00f6telenmesi ile vuku bulur. B\u00f6ylece sa\u011fl\u0131k kurumlar\u0131na ba\u015fvuracak hastalar\u0131n zamana yay\u0131lmas\u0131 \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr.
\n(bkz<\/em>. G\u00f6rsel 2)<\/p>\n

\"\"
G\u00f6rsel 2. COVID-19 salg\u0131n\u0131nda al\u0131nan \u00f6nlemlerle, hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131n bula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 hasta say\u0131s\u0131\u0131n\u0131 geni\u015f zamana yaymak -e\u011friyi d\u00fczle\u015ftirmek- isteniyor.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

In silico: <\/strong>Bilgisayarlar\u0131n bilgi i\u015flemesini sa\u011flayan mikro\u00e7iplerin silikon temelli olmas\u0131ndan ismini alan tabir, biyolojide toplanan verilerin bilgisayar yaz\u0131l\u0131mlar\u0131yla analiz edildi\u011fi biyoinformatik alan\u0131 i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Epidemisi devam eden SARS-CoV-2 vir\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn farkl\u0131 \u00fclkelerde yap\u0131lan genomik dizilemeleri, mutasyonlar\u0131n belirlenmesi, su\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n D\u00fcnya\u2019ya nas\u0131l yay\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi bilgilere \u201cin silico\u201d y\u00f6ntemlerle ula\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.
\n(bkz<\/em>. Mutasyon, Su\u015f)<\/p>\n

In situ:<\/strong> Latince bulundu\u011fu yer anlam\u0131na gelen \u201csitu\u201d kelimesinden k\u00f6ken al\u0131r ve \u201cbulundu\u011fu yerde\u201d anlam\u0131na gelir. Bir bilimsel ara\u015ft\u0131rman\u0131n do\u011fal ortam\u0131nda yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ifade eder. Bu bir ku\u015fun ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ormanda g\u00f6zlemlenmesi olabilece\u011fi gibi, bir h\u00fccrenin, v\u00fccudunun i\u00e7indeyken incelenmesi ya da h\u00fccre yap\u0131s\u0131 korunurken h\u00fccre bile\u015fenlerinin incelenmesi gibi farkl\u0131 katmanlar\u0131 ifade etmek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131labilir.<\/p>\n

Index vaka (Patient zero):<\/strong> \u0130lk vaka (0 numaral\u0131 hasta). Bula\u015f\u0131c\u0131 hastal\u0131k, genetik olarak aktar\u0131lan hastal\u0131k ya da mutasyon belirtisini g\u00f6steren belirlenmi\u015f ilk vaka.<\/p>\n

In vitro: <\/strong>Bir \u015feyin ya da eylemin, organizman\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda, laboratuvar ortam\u0131nda bulundu\u011funu ya da ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirildi\u011fini ifade eder. Cam anlam\u0131na gelen Latince \u201cvitro\u201d kelimesinden k\u00f6ken alan kelime \u201ccam i\u00e7inde\u201d anlam\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131r. Ge\u00e7mi\u015fte laboratuvar ekipmanlar\u0131n\u0131n genellikle cam olmas\u0131ndan k\u00f6ken alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Kanadal\u0131 bir ekip SARS-CoV-2\u2019yi izole ederek \u201cin vitro\u201d deneyleri m\u00fcmk\u00fcn hale getirmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

In vivo: <\/strong>Latince canl\u0131 anlam\u0131na gelen \u201cvivo\u201d kelimesinden k\u00f6ken al\u0131r ve \u201ccanl\u0131 i\u00e7inde\u201d anlam\u0131na gelir. Canl\u0131, doku ya da h\u00fccrenin bir b\u00fct\u00fcn olarak kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131 betimlemek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u0130zolasyon:<\/strong> Bir vir\u00fcsle (burada koronavir\u00fcs\u00fc) enfekte olmu\u015f ki\u015finin ba\u015fkalar\u0131yla temas\u0131n\u0131 keserek evde veya hastanede kalmas\u0131, hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131 ba\u015fkalar\u0131na bula\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nlemek amac\u0131yla al\u0131nan tedbir.<\/p>\n

Karantina:<\/strong> Bula\u015f\u0131c\u0131 hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131n yo\u011fun oldu\u011fu b\u00f6lge ya da \u015fehirlerin d\u0131\u015far\u0131s\u0131yla temas\u0131n\u0131n kesilmesi. Burada, COVID-19 hastas\u0131 biriyle temas\u0131 olmu\u015f ki\u015finin evde kalarak kendini s\u0131n\u0131rlamas\u0131.<\/p>\n

Konak: <\/strong>Do\u011fal ko\u015fullar alt\u0131nda bula\u015f\u0131c\u0131 bir hastal\u0131k yap\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n yerle\u015fti\u011fi, kendini \u00e7o\u011faltt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve evrimle\u015fti\u011fi canl\u0131lar i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Bu hastal\u0131k yap\u0131c\u0131lar, konak\u00e7\u0131s\u0131na genellikle \u00e7ok zararl\u0131 de\u011fildir. Bu, organizman\u0131n ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmesi ve hastal\u0131k yap\u0131c\u0131y\u0131 yaymas\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00f6nemlidir. SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2 vir\u00fcslerinin \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn\u00fcn de ana kona\u011f\u0131n\u0131n yarasalar oldu\u011fu g\u00f6sterilmi\u015ftir. Yarasalar interferona dayal\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc ba\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131k sistemleri nedeniyle vir\u00fcslerin kendilerine zarar vermesini engeller, ancak onlar\u0131 tamamen yok etmez. Bu nedenle ebola gibi \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc y\u00fcksek pek \u00e7ok zoonotik hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131n k\u00f6keninde yarasa t\u00fcrleri yer al\u0131r.
\n(bkz.<\/em> Zoonotik Hastal\u0131k)<\/p>\n

Kulu\u00e7ka s\u00fcresi (\u0130nk\u00fcbasyon s\u00fcresi):<\/strong> Ki\u015finin hastal\u0131k etkenine (patojene) maruz kalmas\u0131n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan semptom g\u00f6sterene kadar ge\u00e7en s\u00fcre.
\n(bkz.<\/em> Patojen)<\/p>\n

Maske:<\/strong> \u0130nsanlar\u0131n havada bulunan toz ve partik\u00fclleri solumalar\u0131n\u0131 engelleyen ekipman. COVID-19 salg\u0131n\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda iki maske tipi, cerrahi ve solunum sistemi koruyucu maskeler g\u00fcndeme geldi. Cerrahi maskeler, sa\u011fl\u0131k \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan hastalara ya da hastalardan kendilerine bula\u015f\u0131 engellemek amac\u0131yla kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Cerrahi maskelerin TS EN 14683 standard\u0131na g\u00f6re, \u00fc\u00e7 kattan olu\u015fmas\u0131, y\u0131rt\u0131lmaya dayan\u0131kl\u0131 ve hipoalerjik olmas\u0131, s\u0131v\u0131 bariyeri olu\u015fturmas\u0131 ve bakterileri y\u00fczde 99, partik\u00fclleri ise y\u00fczde 95 oran\u0131nda filtrelemesi gerekir. Tek kullan\u0131ml\u0131kt\u0131r. Solunum sistemi koruyucu maskeler ise, sa\u011fl\u0131k sekt\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcn yan\u0131 s\u0131ra di\u011fer sekt\u00f6rlerde de i\u015f g\u00fcvenli\u011fi ve sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131r. FFP ve N kodlar\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131rlar. Avrupa Birli\u011fi standard\u0131na g\u00f6re solunum sistemi koruyucu maskeler (\u201cfiltering facepiece\u201d – filtreli y\u00fcz maskesi, FFP), FFP1, FFP2, FFP3 kategorilerine ayr\u0131l\u0131r. FFP1 y\u00fczde 80, FFP2 y\u00fczde 94 ve FFP3 ise y\u00fczde 99,97 koruma sa\u011flar. N tipi kategorizasyon ise ABD\u2019nin belirledi\u011fi standartt\u0131r. Filtreme etkinliklerine g\u00f6re N95 y\u00fczde 95, N99 y\u00fczde 99, N100 ise y\u00fczde 100 koruma sa\u011flar. DS\u00d6 (D\u00fcnya Sa\u011fl\u0131k \u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fc), sa\u011fl\u0131k \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n\u0131n kullanaca\u011f\u0131 maskelerin en az N95 veya FFP2 kategorisinde olmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nermektedir.\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

Mikroorganizma ya da mikrop: <\/strong>\u00c7\u0131plak g\u00f6zle g\u00f6r\u00fclemeyecek kadar k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck canl\u0131. \u00d6rn. bakteri, protozoa, tekh\u00fccreli alg, fungi. Vir\u00fcslerin kendi metabolizmalar\u0131 yoktur, yaln\u0131zca konak h\u00fccrenin yard\u0131m\u0131yla \u00e7o\u011falabilirler. Bu nedenle mikroplar gibi ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z organizma olarak kabul edilmezler.
\n(bkz.<\/em> Vir\u00fcs)<\/p>\n

MERS <\/strong>(Middle East Respiratory Syndrome<\/em>): ODSS<\/strong> (Orta Do\u011fu Solunum Sendromu<\/em>). Bir koronavir\u00fcs enfeksiyonudur. 2012 y\u0131l\u0131nda Suudi Arabistan\u2019da ilk vaka tespit edildi. \u015eimdiye kadar 2500\u2019\u00fcn \u00fczerinde vaka tespit edilen hastal\u0131k nedeniyle 866 ki\u015finin \u00f6ld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc biliniyor. MERS vakalar\u0131 ayn\u0131 co\u011frafyada saptanmaya devam etmektedir. Hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131karan MERS-CoV isimli vir\u00fcs\u00fcn, do\u011fal kona\u011f\u0131 M\u0131s\u0131r mezar yarasas\u0131nda (Taphozous perforatus<\/em>) evrimle\u015ftikten sonra, deve arakona\u011f\u0131 arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla insana s\u0131\u00e7rad\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmektedir.<\/p>\n

Mutasyon: <\/strong>Kal\u0131tsal bilgi ta\u015f\u0131yan DNA ya da RNA\u2019n\u0131n bir nesilden di\u011ferine aktar\u0131l\u0131rken ge\u00e7irdi\u011fi de\u011fi\u015fimlerdir. Kopyalama hatas\u0131 gibi i\u00e7 ya da radyasyon veya kimyasal gibi d\u0131\u015f etkenlerin sonucunda ortaya \u00e7\u0131kabilir. Daha h\u0131zl\u0131 \u00e7o\u011falan ve kopyalama hatas\u0131 kontrol mekanizmas\u0131 geli\u015fmemi\u015f bakteri ve vir\u00fcslerde mutasyon oran\u0131 y\u00fcksektir. Bu nedenle yeni ortamlara uyum sa\u011flama, yeni \u00f6zellik kazanma ve kaybetme h\u0131zlar\u0131 da karma\u015f\u0131k canl\u0131lara g\u00f6re fazlad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

SARS-CoV-2\u2019nin ge\u00e7irdi\u011fi mutasyonlar farkl\u0131 \u00fclkelerde RNA dizilemesi yoluyla incelenmektedir. Bunlar\u0131n ortaya konmas\u0131 olas\u0131 farkl\u0131la\u015fmalar\u0131n g\u00f6zlemlenmesini ve olas\u0131 yeni tehditlerin erken tespitini saptayabilir. Sabitleyici mutasyonlara sahip SARS-CoV-2\u2019nin yeni \u00f6zellikler geli\u015ftirme olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir.<\/p>\n

\u00d6z-karantina: <\/strong>Ki\u015finin kendi iradesiyle ba\u015fkalar\u0131yla temas\u0131n\u0131 kesecek \u015fekilde sosyal hayattan ka\u00e7\u0131nmas\u0131, kendini tecrit etmesi.<\/p>\n

Pandemi:<\/strong> Bula\u015f\u0131c\u0131 hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131n salg\u0131n ve epidemi s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131n\u0131n da d\u0131\u015f\u0131na \u00e7\u0131karak k\u00fcresel \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde yay\u0131lmas\u0131.
\n(bkz.<\/em> Epidemi)
\n(bkz.<\/em> Salg\u0131n)<\/p>\n

Patojen:<\/strong> Hastal\u0131k yap\u0131c\u0131. \u00dczerinde bulundu\u011fu canl\u0131ya h\u00fccre b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc bozarak ya da kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131 t\u00fcketerek zarar veren varl\u0131klar\u0131n hepsi i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan ortak terimdir. \u00c7okh\u00fccreli parazitler, tekh\u00fccreli fungi ya da bakteriler, vir\u00fcsler ve prionlar gibi \u00e7e\u015fitli bi\u00e7imlerde bulunabilirler.<\/p>\n

PCR: <\/strong>Polymerase Chain Reaction.<\/em> Polimeraz zincir reaksiyonu, 1985 y\u0131l\u0131nda Kary Mulis taraf\u0131ndan geli\u015ftirilen, DNA kopyalayan enzimler (DNA polimeraz) ve di\u011fer bile\u015fenleri laboratuvar ortam\u0131nda bir araya getirerek DNA\u2019n\u0131n bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc kopyalamay\u0131 ve \u0131s\u0131l d\u00f6ng\u00fcler yard\u0131m\u0131yla \u00fcssel olarak \u00e7o\u011faltmay\u0131 sa\u011flayan in vitro<\/em> molek\u00fcler biyoloji y\u00f6ntemidir. Genellikle \u00fczerinde ara\u015ft\u0131rma yap\u0131lacak DNA k\u0131sm\u0131ndan \u00e7ok say\u0131da \u00fcretmeyi sa\u011flayan bu y\u00f6ntem, hangi k\u0131s\u0131mlar\u0131n kopyalanaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fcksek keskinlikle \u00f6nceden belirlenebildi\u011fi ve tek bir DNA\u2019dan bile h\u0131zla milyonlarca kopya \u00fcretebildi\u011fi i\u00e7in kesin tan\u0131 koyma i\u015flemlerinde de kullan\u0131labilmektedir.<\/p>\n

SARS-CoV-2 vir\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn tespiti i\u00e7in \u015fu anda genellikle q-RT-PCR ismi verilen y\u00f6ntem kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Bu y\u00f6ntemde \u00f6nce ters transkripsiyon enzimi yard\u0131m\u0131yla vir\u00fcs\u00fcn RNA\u2019s\u0131 DNA\u2019ya d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcr, ard\u0131ndan ger\u00e7ek zamanl\u0131 PCR\u2019la aranan DNA dizisinin bulunup bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 tepkime ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmeye devam ederken saptan\u0131r. \u00c7ok hassas olmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n \u201ch\u0131zl\u0131 test\u201d ismiyle bilinen antijen testine g\u00f6re daha fazla vakit al\u0131r ve q-PCR cihazlar\u0131na ihtiya\u00e7 duyar.
\n(bkz.<\/em> In vitro)
\n(bkz. <\/em>Antijen testi)<\/em><\/p>\n

Proflaksi: <\/strong>Bir hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6nlemek i\u00e7in yap\u0131lan eylem. COVID-19 pandemisinde, sa\u011fl\u0131k kurumlar\u0131 ve uzmanlar\u0131n sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 beslenme, spor yapma, do\u011fru el y\u0131kama ve dezenfeksiyon kurallar\u0131na uyma \u00f6nerileri de proflaksi kapsam\u0131ndad\u0131r. Gene salg\u0131n s\u0131ras\u0131nda, hidroksiklorokin etken maddesini i\u00e7eren bir ilac\u0131n proflaktik (\u00f6nleyici) olarak i\u015fe yarad\u0131\u011f\u0131, kamuoyunda tan\u0131nan fakat konunun uzman\u0131 olmayan insanlarca dillendirilmesiyle g\u00fcndeme gelmi\u015fti. \u00dczerindeki bilimsel ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar hen\u00fcz yetersiz d\u00fczeyde olan ve bir\u00e7ok yan etki i\u00e7eren bir ilac\u0131n, bu ilaca ger\u00e7ekte gereksinimi olmayan insanlarca stoklanmas\u0131na, yanl\u0131\u015f kullan\u0131m\u0131na ve gereksinimi olan insanlarca bulunamamas\u0131na yol a\u00e7acak bu \u00f6neri, biliminsanlar\u0131 ve uzmanlarca yanl\u0131\u015f bulundu.<\/p>\n

R0<\/sub> de\u011feri:<\/strong> Enfekte eden ajan\u0131n bula\u015ft\u0131r\u0131c\u0131l\u0131k katsay\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 tan\u0131mlayan de\u011fer. Bir ki\u015finin vir\u00fcs\u00fc bula\u015ft\u0131raca\u011f\u0131 ki\u015fi say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6steren R0<\/sub> de\u011feri hesaplan\u0131rken vaka say\u0131s\u0131 ve can kayb\u0131 oran\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra kulu\u00e7ka ve bula\u015f\u0131c\u0131l\u0131k s\u00fcresi, bula\u015fma yolu ve y\u00f6ntemi gibi etkenler de hesaplamalara dahil ediliyor. COVID-19 i\u00e7in WHO taraf\u0131ndan a\u00e7\u0131klanan R0<\/sub> de\u011feri 2-2,5. Basit\u00e7e s\u00f6ylemek gerekirse bu, 1 ki\u015fi ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131 hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131 ortalama 2 ila 2,5 ki\u015fiye bula\u015ft\u0131r\u0131yor anlam\u0131ndad\u0131r.
\n(bkz.<\/em> G\u00f6rsel 3)<\/p>\n

\"\"
G\u00f6rsel 3. COVID-19’un bula\u015f\u0131c\u0131l\u0131k katsay\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n kimi ba\u015fka viral hastal\u0131klar\u0131n katsay\u0131lar\u0131yla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Resept\u00f6r protein: <\/strong>Genellikle h\u00fccre zar\u0131n\u0131n i\u00e7inden ge\u00e7er bi\u00e7imde bulunan ve d\u0131\u015far\u0131dan gelen bir uyarana h\u00fccre tepkisi olu\u015fturan protein grubudur. Bir sinyal molek\u00fcl\u00fcn\u00fc ya da s\u0131cakl\u0131k, elektrik gerilim, \u0131\u015f\u0131k gibi fiziksel de\u011fi\u015fkenleri alg\u0131layabilirler. \u00d6rne\u011fin burunda koku so\u011fanc\u0131\u011f\u0131ndaki h\u00fccreler koku molek\u00fcllerini alg\u0131lar ya da deride bir yara a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda kan yoluyla iletilen yeni deri h\u00fccrelerinin \u00fcretilmesini sa\u011flayan epidermal b\u00fcy\u00fcme fakt\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcn (EGF) molek\u00fcl\u00fc EGF resept\u00f6r\u00fcne ba\u011flan\u0131r. G\u00f6zlerdeki fotoresept\u00f6r h\u00fccrelerinin resept\u00f6r proteinleri \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011fa tepki vererek g\u00f6rmeyi sa\u011flar.<\/p>\n

Risk grubu:<\/strong> Hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131n a\u011f\u0131rla\u015fma riskinin daha y\u00fcksek oldu\u011fu grup. COVID-19 i\u00e7in bu grup 65 ya\u015f \u00fcst\u00fc olarak tan\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca hipertansiyon, kalp rahats\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131, ast\u0131m, KOAH gibi hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131 olanlar da ya\u015ftan ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z olarak risk grubu i\u00e7inde tan\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

RNA vir\u00fcsleri: <\/strong>Kal\u0131t\u0131m malzemesi olarak DNA yerine RNA ta\u015f\u0131yan vir\u00fcslerdir. Tek iplik\u00e7ikli ya da \u00e7ift sarmal RNA\u2019ya sahip olabilirler. Baz\u0131 t\u00fcrleri kendi genlerini kona\u011f\u0131n genomuna yerle\u015ftirebilirken, koronavir\u00fcsler gibi baz\u0131lar\u0131 do\u011frudan RNA\u2019y\u0131 kopyalayacak kendi proteinlerini kona\u011fa \u00fcrettirerek \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Semptomatik vaka:<\/strong> COVID-19 semptom\/semptomlar\u0131n\u0131n g\u00f6zlemlendi\u011fi vaka.
\n(bkz.<\/em> Asemptomatik vaka)<\/p>\n

Salg\u0131n:<\/strong> K\u0131sa bir zaman i\u00e7inde \u00e7evredeki insanlar\u0131n, hayvanlar\u0131n ya da bitkilerin b\u00fcy\u00fck bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcne bula\u015fan (hastal\u0131k). 15. ve 16. y\u00fczy\u0131llarda \u201csinsi hastal\u0131k\u201d olarak bilinir, 17. y\u00fczy\u0131ldan itibaren bula\u015f\u0131c\u0131 hastal\u0131k olarak tan\u0131mlan\u0131r.
\n(bkz.<\/em> Epidemi)
\n(bkz.<\/em> Pandemi)<\/p>\n

SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome):<\/strong> \u015eiddetli Akut Solunum Yolu Sendromu.<\/strong> Kas\u0131m 2002 ve Temmuz 2003 tarihleri \u200b\u200baras\u0131nda Hong Kong’da ba\u015flayan SARS salg\u0131n\u0131 neredeyse pandemik hale gelmi\u015f ve d\u00fcnya \u00e7ap\u0131nda 8422 vaka ve 916 \u00f6l\u00fcm g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. \u00d6l\u00fcm oran\u0131 %10,9 olarak a\u00e7\u0131klanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.
\n(bkz.<\/em> SARS-CoV-1)
\n(bkz.<\/em> SARS-CoV-2)<\/p>\n

SARS-CoV (SARS-CoV-1): <\/strong>A\u00e7\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 \u201c\u015fiddetli akut solunum yolu sendromu koronavir\u00fcs\u00fc\u201d anlam\u0131na gelen vir\u00fcs, 2002 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n Kas\u0131m ay\u0131nda ilk kez Hong-Kong\u2019da tespit edilmi\u015ftir. 2013 y\u0131l\u0131nda d\u00fcnyaya yay\u0131lan vir\u00fcs, SARS-CoV-2\u2019ye g\u00f6re y\u00fcksek \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fcl\u00fck ve d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck kulu\u00e7ka s\u00fcresi sayesinde daha az ki\u015fiye bula\u015fm\u0131\u015f, b\u00f6ylece kontrol alt\u0131na al\u0131nabilmi\u015ftir. D\u00fcnya genelinde toplamda 8 binden fazla ki\u015fiye bula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 saptanan vir\u00fcs, 916 \u00f6l\u00fcme yol a\u00e7t\u0131. Vir\u00fcs\u00fcn sebep oldu\u011fu SARS hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131na yakalananlar\u0131n neredeyse hepsinde y\u00fcksek ate\u015f belirtisi g\u00f6zlemlenirken, s\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131na g\u00f6re \u00f6ks\u00fcr\u00fck, \u00fc\u015f\u00fcme-titreme ve solunum zorlu\u011fu belirtileri bunu takip etmi\u015ftir. Vir\u00fcs\u00fcn do\u011fal kona\u011f\u0131 olan nalburunlu yarasada evrimle\u015fti\u011fi ve misk kedisi arakona\u011f\u0131 arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla insana s\u0131\u00e7rad\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmektedir.<\/p>\n

SARS-CoV-2:<\/strong> Ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta yeni koronavir\u00fcs 2019 (nCoV-2019) denilen, daha sonra SARS-CoV\u2019la ayn\u0131 k\u00f6kenden t\u00fcredi\u011finin ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131yla Uluslararas\u0131 Vir\u00fcs Taksonomisi Komitesi\u2019nin (ICTV) \u201c\u015fiddetli akut solunum yolu sendromu koronavir\u00fcs 2\u201d (SARS-CoV-2) ad\u0131n\u0131 verdi\u011fi, pandemisi devam eden yeni koronavir\u00fcs\u00fcn bilimsel ad\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Semptomlar\u0131 SARS\u2019a benzeyen ve ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde genellikle zaat\u00fcrre kaynakl\u0131 solunum zorlu\u011fuyla \u00f6l\u00fcme yol a\u00e7an vir\u00fcs\u00fcn \u00f6l\u00fcm oran\u0131n\u0131n (mortalite) d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck, kulu\u00e7ka s\u00fcresinin uzun ve asemptomik vaka say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n fazla olmas\u0131 nedeniyle daha fazla yay\u0131labildi\u011fi tahmin edilmektedir. Do\u011fal kona\u011f\u0131 yarasalarda evrimle\u015fti\u011fi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclen vir\u00fcs, do\u011frudan yarasadan ya da pangolin gibi bir arakonak (vekt\u00f6r) arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla insana s\u0131\u00e7ram\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Semptom: <\/strong>Hastal\u0131\u011fa e\u015flik eden fenomenler, bulgu.<\/p>\n

Su\u015f:<\/strong> Genellikle e\u015feysiz \u00fcreyen bakteri gibi canl\u0131lar veya vir\u00fcslerin aralar\u0131nda k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck genetik farkl\u0131l\u0131klar bulunan ve ayn\u0131 k\u00f6kenden gelen gruplar\u0131n\u0131 tarif etmek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan bir terimdir. Bu varl\u0131klar aralar\u0131nda altt\u00fcr ya da t\u00fcr tan\u0131m\u0131 yap\u0131labilecek kadar farkl\u0131l\u0131k bar\u0131nd\u0131rmaz. Hastal\u0131k yap\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n farkl\u0131 su\u015flar\u0131, ila\u00e7lara ve d\u0131\u015f m\u00fcdahaleye dayan\u0131kl\u0131l\u0131k gibi konularda gelecekte farkl\u0131 \u00f6zellikler sergileyebilir. \u00d6rne\u011fin, Sars-Cov-2\u2019nin farkl\u0131 su\u015flar\u0131 s\u00fcrekli incelenmekte ve takip edilmektedir. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki ilk dizileme ve k\u00f6ken a\u011fac\u0131 \u00e7\u0131karmaya y\u00f6nelik \u00f6n \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma sonucu 9 Nisan\u2019da yay\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. http:\/\/www.ekoevo.org\/turkiyenin-ilk-sars-cov-2-genomu-ile-ilgili-on-calisma\/<\/a><\/p>\n

S\u00fcper bula\u015ft\u0131r\u0131c\u0131:<\/strong> Super-Spreader.<\/em> Bir patojen taraf\u0131ndan enfekte olmu\u015f, s\u0131rad\u0131\u015f\u0131 say\u0131da insan\u0131 enfekte eden birey, hastal\u0131k bula\u015ft\u0131r\u0131c\u0131. G\u00fcney Kore\u2019de COVID-19 hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n kontrolden \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131na sebep olan ve 31 Nolu Hasta (Patient 31) diye an\u0131lan ki\u015finin, k\u0131sa s\u00fcrede 1160 ki\u015fiyle temas ederek \u00fclkede salg\u0131n\u0131n kontrols\u00fcz bir \u015fekilde yay\u0131lmas\u0131na sebep oldu\u011fu s\u00f6ylenmektedir.<\/p>\n

S\u00fcr\u00fc ba\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ya da toplum ba\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131: <\/strong>Herd Immunity. <\/em>Yo\u011fun a\u015f\u0131lama veya yo\u011fun enfeksiyon arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131n pop\u00fclasyon i\u00e7inde yay\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n k\u0131s\u0131tlanmas\u0131; kolektif veya sosyal ba\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131k. Bir hastal\u0131k bir pop\u00fclasyon ya da insan toplulu\u011funda belirli bir miktar\u0131n \u00fczerinde yay\u0131lm\u0131\u015fsa, ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131lar, zaten hasta ya da hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131 ge\u00e7irerek do\u011fal ba\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131k kazanm\u0131\u015f ki\u015filere hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131 yeniden bula\u015ft\u0131ramayaca\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131n yay\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n durma noktas\u0131na gelmesi durumuna denir. A\u015f\u0131lama yap\u0131lmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 durumlarda salg\u0131nlara kar\u015f\u0131 herhangi bir \u00f6nlem ifade etmez, bu nedenle COVID-19 i\u00e7in a\u015f\u0131 geli\u015ftirilene kadar olu\u015facak s\u00fcr\u00fc ba\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131klar\u0131 bir \u00f6nlem de\u011fil, sadece sonu\u00e7tur. \u00d6rne\u011fin R0<\/sub> de\u011feri 12 civar\u0131nda olan kabakulak vir\u00fcs\u00fc i\u00e7in s\u00fcr\u00fc ba\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131 e\u015fi\u011fi toplumun y\u00fczde 97\u2019sinin bu vir\u00fcs i\u00e7in a\u015f\u0131lanm\u0131\u015f ya da hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131 ge\u00e7irmi\u015f olmas\u0131n\u0131 gerektirir. R0<\/sub> de\u011feri 2 civar\u0131nda oldu\u011fu tahmin edilen COVID-19 i\u00e7in bu de\u011fer y\u00fczde 70\u2019in \u00fczerinde hesaplanmaktad\u0131r. D\u00fcnya \u00fclkelerinin \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu bu de\u011fere ula\u015fmay\u0131, ancak bunu sa\u011fl\u0131k sistemi kapasitesini a\u015fmadan, \u00f6l\u00fc say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 y\u00fckseltmeden ve bir a\u015f\u0131 geli\u015ftirilmesine kadar uzatarak yapmay\u0131 hedefliyor.<\/p>\n

COVID-19 salg\u0131n\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda s\u00fcr\u00fc ba\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131 terimi \u00f6zelikle \u0130ngiltere h\u00fck\u00fcmetinin ilk d\u00f6nemdeki a\u00e7\u0131klamalar\u0131yla g\u00fcndeme geldi. Bu a\u00e7\u0131klamalara g\u00f6re h\u00fck\u00fcmet, COVID-19\u2019un bula\u015f\u0131c\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 engellemek i\u00e7in \u00f6nlem almamay\u0131 ve n\u00fcfusun b\u00fcy\u00fck oranda enfeksiyon ge\u00e7irmesiyle birlikte hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131n yay\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 do\u011fal seyrine b\u0131rakarak engellemeyi planl\u0131yordu. Ama s\u00fcr\u00fc ba\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n, bula\u015f\u0131c\u0131l\u0131k ve \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc daha d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck seyreden hastal\u0131klarda i\u015fe yarad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bilinmektedir. Benzeri \u015fekilde ABD\u2019den ilk a\u00e7\u0131klamalar da bu y\u00f6ndeydi. Ancak bu politikan\u0131n 3 ay gibi k\u0131sa bir s\u00fcrede milyonlar\u0131 a\u015fabilecek \u00f6l\u00fcmlerle sonu\u00e7lanabilece\u011fine dair bilimsel modellemelerin yay\u0131lmas\u0131yla, her iki \u00fclke de politikalar\u0131nda radikal de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fe gitmek zorunda kald\u0131.<\/p>\n

Test\/Pozitif: <\/strong>Yap\u0131lan test say\u0131s\u0131 ile pozitif \u00e7\u0131kan \u015f\u00fcpheli say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n b\u00f6l\u00fcnmesinden elde edilen y\u00fczdesel oran.<\/p>\n

Vaka: <\/strong>T\u0131bbi olgu.<\/p>\n

Vaka \u00f6l\u00fcm oran\u0131: <\/strong>CFR: Case Fatality Rate<\/em>. Belirlenen vaka say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n kaybedilen hasta say\u0131s\u0131na b\u00f6l\u00fcnmesiyle elde edilen oran. Bu oran \u00f6zellikle hastal\u0131kla m\u00fccadelede sa\u011fl\u0131k sisteminin verimlili\u011fini g\u00f6stermesi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan kritik ve de\u011fi\u015fkendir. COVID-10 hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n standart veya evrensel denebilecek bir vaka \u00f6l\u00fcm oran\u0131 yoktur, sa\u011fl\u0131k hizmetlerinin etkinli\u011fine g\u00f6re \u00f6l\u00fcm oran\u0131 de\u011fi\u015febilmektedir. \u00d6rne\u011fin sa\u011fl\u0131k sisteminin yo\u011funluktan dolay\u0131 t\u0131kand\u0131\u011f\u0131 Vuhan\u2019da \u00f6l\u00fcm oran\u0131 y\u00fczde 5,8 iken, \u00c7in\u2019in Vuhan d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki b\u00f6lgeleri i\u00e7in oran y\u00fczde 0,7\u2019de kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Ventilat\u00f6r veya solunum cihaz\u0131: <\/strong>Kendi solunumunu sa\u011flayamayan hastalara oksijenli hava deste\u011fi sa\u011flayan makine. \u0130leri durumlarda hastan\u0131n nefes borusuna bir t\u00fcp yerle\u015ftirilerek (ent\u00fcbasyon), solunum cihaz\u0131yla oksijen oran\u0131, bas\u0131nc\u0131 ve s\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ayarlanabilir \u015fekilde hava pompalan\u0131r. Baz\u0131 hekimler, COVID-19 hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131nda vir\u00fcs akci\u011fer duvarlar\u0131na zarar verebildi\u011fi i\u00e7in, di\u011fer solunum zorluklar\u0131ndaki d\u00fczeyde y\u00fcksek bas\u0131n\u00e7l\u0131 hava verilmesinin ba\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131k sistemini daha fazla uyararak iltihaplanmay\u0131 artt\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyor. Bu nedenle hekimlerin bir k\u0131sm\u0131 zorunlu olmad\u0131k\u00e7a ent\u00fcbe yapmazken, yapt\u0131klar\u0131nda da asgari bas\u0131n\u00e7la solunum deste\u011fi vermeyi tercih ediyorlar.<\/p>\n

Virion: <\/strong>\u0130zole edilmi\u015f ve b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc koruyan vir\u00fcs.<\/p>\n

Vir\u00fcs: <\/strong>S\u0131kl\u0131kla sadece bir n\u00fckleik asit molek\u00fcl\u00fcnden (DNA ya da RNA) ve protein zarf\u0131ndan olu\u015fan, metabolizmaya sahip olmayan ve yaln\u0131zca konak\u00e7\u0131 h\u00fccrenin yard\u0131m\u0131yla \u00e7o\u011falan, parazitik n\u00fckleo-protein kompleks. Bitki, hayvan ve bakteriler de dahil olmak \u00fczere her t\u00fcr canl\u0131ya bula\u015fabilen vir\u00fcsler, biyolojik varl\u0131klar\u0131n en geni\u015f grubunu olu\u015fturur. Vir\u00fcs \u00fczerine \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan bilim alan\u0131na viroloji denir.<\/p>\n

Vir\u00fcs zarf\u0131: <\/strong>RNA veya DNA molek\u00fcllerini korumak, ba\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131k sistemi taraf\u0131ndan tan\u0131nmay\u0131 \u00f6nlemek, vir\u00fcs giri\u015fini kolayla\u015ft\u0131rmak gibi fonksiyonel \u00f6zelliklere sahip, proteinlerden olu\u015fan yap\u0131.<\/p>\n

Viroid: <\/strong>Vir\u00fcslerden daha k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bula\u015f\u0131c\u0131 patojen.<\/p>\n

Vuhan (Wuhan)<\/em>:<\/strong> \u00c7in Halk Cumhuriyeti\u2019nin Hubei eyaletindeki \u015fehir. COVID-19\u2019un ilk ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 yer olan Vuhan 78 g\u00fcn boyunca karantina alt\u0131nda tutulmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

WHO (World Health Organization)<\/em>:<\/strong> (bkz. <\/em>DS\u00d6)<\/p>\n

Yang\u0131, iltihaplanma ya da enflamasyon:<\/strong> V\u00fccuttaki bir dokunun \u00f6ncelikli ba\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131k tepkisi olan, h\u00fccrelerin kendilerini d\u0131\u015far\u0131ya kapatmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayan interferon tepkisinden sonra ikinci savunma sistemi tepkisidir ve hastal\u0131k yap\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n tespit edilerek yok edilmesine dayan\u0131r. Ba\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131k sistemi h\u00fccrelerinin dokuda birikmesiyle olu\u015fur. Yang\u0131, akci\u011ferde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti\u011finde zat\u00fcrre ismini al\u0131r. Bu birikim ve salg\u0131lanan di\u011fer s\u0131v\u0131lar COVID-19\u2019un neden oldu\u011fu solunum zorlu\u011fu ve buna ba\u011fl\u0131 \u00f6l\u00fcmlerin ba\u015fl\u0131ca nedenidir.<\/p>\n

Yo\u011fun bak\u0131m (\u00fcnitesi): <\/strong>Hastanenin, a\u011f\u0131r durumda ve s\u00fcrekli takip alt\u0131nda tutulmas\u0131 gereken hastalar i\u00e7in ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, \u00f6zel ekipmanlara ve personele sahip b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc.<\/p>\n

Yo\u011fun bak\u0131m yatak say\u0131s\u0131:<\/strong> Hastanenin yo\u011fun bak\u0131m \u00fcnitesinde bulunan yatak say\u0131s\u0131 toplam\u0131. COVID-19 gibi bir pandemi kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda yo\u011fun bak\u0131ma yat\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 gereken hastalara gereken hizmetin sa\u011flanabilmesi i\u00e7in kritik \u00f6nemdeki bu istatistik, sa\u011fl\u0131k sisteminin salg\u0131n s\u0131ras\u0131nda verimli \u00e7al\u0131\u015fabilece\u011finin bir g\u00f6stergesi niteli\u011findedir. COVID-19 salg\u0131n\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda, liberal politikalar sonucunda \u00f6zelle\u015ftirilmi\u015f ve yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131 kesilmi\u015f sa\u011fl\u0131k sisteminin bir\u00e7ok \u00fclkede yetersiz kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Zoonotik hastal\u0131k:<\/strong> Hayvanlar ile insanlar aras\u0131nda, besinden ve farkl\u0131 ajanlar taraf\u0131ndan ta\u015f\u0131nan (\u00f6rn: Malarya), bilinen en eski hastal\u0131klar\u0131 kapsayan (\u00f6rn: Kuduz) enfeksiyon hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Haz\u0131rlayanlar (soyad\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131yla) Emre Artan, Ogan G\u00fcner, \u0130layda \u0130nan, Nal\u00e2n Mahsereci, Umut Can Y\u0131ld\u0131z COVID-19 pandemisiyle birlikte bir\u00e7ok bilimsel terim g\u00fcnl\u00fck hayat\u0131m\u0131za s\u0131zd\u0131. G\u00fcndemdeki terimlerin do\u011fru anlamlar\u0131na ula\u015fma gere\u011fi duyacak okurlar\u0131m\u0131z i\u00e7in bir s\u00f6zl\u00fck haz\u0131rlamaya giri\u015ftik. Ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan metin terimlerin yal\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131klamalar\u0131n\u0131 i\u00e7eren bir s\u00f6zl\u00fck olmas\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6tesinde, a\u2019dan z\u2019ye okundu\u011funda, korona g\u00fcndeminin bilimsel ba\u011flam\u0131n\u0131n anla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131na […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":429,"featured_media":39839,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[19],"tags":[6157,5911,5827,492,5762],"class_list":["post-42173","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-bilim-gundemi","tag-koronavirus-sozlugu","tag-maske","tag-sars-cov-2","tag-virus","tag-wuhan"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/42173","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/429"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=42173"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/42173\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/39839"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=42173"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=42173"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bilimvegelecek.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=42173"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}